EC2601:SIGNALS AND

SYSTEMS

Introduction to Sampling

By
AJIT KUMAR SAHOO
Associate Prof. (ECE)
NIT,Rourkela
Introduction to Sampling
Classification of Analog Signal ?

Analog Signal

Continuous Time Discrete Time

• It is defined for every value • It is defined only at
of time and take on values certain specific point
in the Continuous interval of time
(a,b) (-∞<a,b<∞)
 All continuous time signals are Analog, but not all Analog
signals are continuous.

 A discrete time signal having a set of discrete values is

called digital signal

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 Sampling an analog signal
Measure xa(t) at intervals T to obtain {x[n]}:
{ ..., x[-1], x[0], x[1], x[2], x[3], ... }

x[5]
x[3]
xa(t) x[2]
x[1]

X[0]
x[-1]

-3T -2T
-T T 2T 3T 4T 5T
t
x[-2]
x[-3]
x[1] = xa(T), x[2] = xa(2T), etc.
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Sampling with Periodic
Impulse train

xa(t) xa(t)

3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T 4T
t 8T 4T 2T 0 2T 4T 8T 10T
t

x(n) x(n)

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
n 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
n
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 Nyquist sampling criterion

For perfect reconstruction of signal, the sampling rate must be greater

than twice the maximum frequency of the signal xa(t). That is

𝐹𝑠 ≥ 2𝐹 where 𝐹 is the maximum frequency of the signal.

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𝐹𝑠 =
𝑇

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 C/D
xa(t) x(n)= xa(nT)
T
Sampling rate

Continuous Analog
time

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𝑥𝑎 (𝑡ሻ = 𝐴cos(2𝜋𝐹𝑡 + 𝜃ሻ
𝑥𝑎 𝑛𝑇 ≡ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴 cos(2𝜋𝐹𝑛𝑇 + 𝜃ሻ
2𝜋𝑛𝐹
= 𝐴 cos +𝜃
𝐹𝑠

𝐹
𝑓= F= Continuous time frequency in Hz
𝐹𝑠
𝛺 = 2𝜋𝐹
𝜔 = 𝛺𝑇

f= Normalized frequency
𝜔 = 2𝜋f

𝑥(𝑛ሻ = 𝐴cos(𝜔𝑛 + 𝜃 ሻ
𝑥(𝑛ሻ = 𝐴cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑛 + 𝜃 ሻ

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−∞ < 𝐹 < ∞
−∞ < 𝛺 < ∞

𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠
− ≤𝐹≤
2 2
1 1
− <𝑓<
2 2
−𝜋 < 𝜔 < 𝜋

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Example

𝑥1 (𝑡ሻ = cos2𝜋(10ሻ𝑡
𝑥2 (𝑡ሻ = cos2𝜋(50ሻ𝑡
Find the discrete time signal if the sampling frequency 𝑖𝑠 𝐹𝑠 =40Hz

10 𝜋
𝑥1 (𝑛ሻ = cos2𝜋 𝑛 = cos 𝑛
40 2
50 5𝜋
𝑥2 (𝑛ሻ = cos2𝜋 𝑛 = cos 𝑛
40 2
cos5 𝜋𝑛Τ2 = cos(2𝜋𝑛 + 𝜋𝑛Τ2ሻ = cos 𝜋𝑛Τ2
Thus the sinusoidal signals are identical and, consequently,
indistinguishable
F2 =50 Hz is an alias of the frequency F1 = 10 Hz at the sampling
rate of 40 samples per second. 11
Continuous
time

Analog

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 Summary
 Analog and digital signals are related to y-axis while continuous
and discrete signal are related to x- axis of the waveform.

 If a signal can take any value on the x-axis (time axis) then it is
called as continuous signal and if it can only take finite values
on x-axis (time axis) then it will be a discrete signal.

 Similarly, if a signal takes any value on y-axis (amplitude

axis) then it is an analog signal. On the other hand Digital
signal can take only fix values on the y-axis (amplitude axis)

 A continuous signal can take any value on the y-axis as well. So, a
continuous signal will also be an analog signal.

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 Reference:

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Principles, Algorithms, and Applications

By
J. G. Proakis
D. G. Manolakis

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THANK YOU

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