Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 s2.0 S1026309811000745 Main
1 s2.0 S1026309811000745 Main
KEYWORDS Abstract The kinetics of side reactions in the dehydrogenation of propane over a supported platinum
Propane dehydrogenation; catalyst modified by tin, were investigated. Catalytic dehydrogenation over a commercial Pt-Sn/γ -Al2 O3
Side reactions; was carried out in a laboratory-scale plug-flow reactor at 580–620 °C under atmospheric pressure. Several
Platinum catalyst; kinetic models derived from different reaction mechanisms were tested using experimental data obtained
Kinetics. under a range of reaction conditions. It was found that the kinetics of the main dehydrogenation reaction
was best described in terms of a Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism, where the adsorption of propane
was the rate controlling step. Simple power low rate expressions were used to express the kinetics of side
reactions.
© 2011 Sharif University of Technology. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
Open access under CC BY license.
C3 H8 + H2 → CH4 + C2 H6 . (R4)
Reaction (R1) is the main reaction and reactions (R2)–(R4)
are the possible side reactions. Reaction (R2) can take place
A. Farjoo et al. / Scientia Iranica, Transactions C: Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 18 (2011) 458–464 459
Diameter 1.8 mm
Bulk Density (ρb ) 0.65 cm3
g
C3 H6 Produced
Selectivity to C3 H6 = . (1)
Input(C3 H8 ) − Output(C3 H8 )
Figure 4 shows the effect of temperature on the formation
of side products. Temperature increase beyond 650 °C is not
recommended, as it would result in a significant decrease in
propylene yield. To investigate the extent of thermal cracking
reactions, dehydrogenation was carried out in the absence of
the catalyst at 580 °C, 600 °C and 620 °C, and results were Figure 5: Comparison of formation of thermal catalytic side products.
Temperature and WHSV are two parameters that affect 3.5. Kinetic modeling
propane conversion. WHSV is the inverse of residence time
and as indicated by Figures 6 and 7, respectively, both propane Intrinsic kinetics of the main reaction in catalytic dehy-
conversion and the formation of side products increase with drogenation of propane over the Pt-Sn/γ -Al2 O3 catalyst can
decreasing WHSV. For a given reaction temperature, the molar be well represented in terms of Langmuir–Hinshelwood rate
A. Farjoo et al. / Scientia Iranica, Transactions C: Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 18 (2011) 458–464 461
Figure 6: Effect of residence time on propane conversion. Figure 9: Effect of residence time on propylene selectivity.
Figure 7: Effect of residence time on formation of side products (T = 600 °C). The estimation of the kinetic parameters involved a two step
optimization procedure. The first step involved the estimation
of parameters appearing in the rate expression for the main
propane dehydrogenation reaction (as specified in Table 5).
Having evaluated the parameters for the main reaction, the
second step involved the estimation of kinetic constants for
the side reactions (as specified in Table 6). This two-step
procedure was necessary, since the side products were present
in very small amounts compared with propane and propylene
as major species. The governing differential equations for the
isothermal plug flow reactor employed in the experiments
are:
dFi −
= −ri ,
dW j
i = C3 H8 , C3 H6 , C2 H4 , C2 H6 , CH4 , (2)
Figure 8: Molar ratio of side products to all products at different WHSV and where Fi is the molar flow rate of component i, W is the mass
reaction temperatures.
of catalyst, −ri is the reaction rate for component i, and the
summation covers all reactions j leading to the formation and/or
expressions [13], where either an adsorption, surface reac-
disappearance of component i. Experimental data for each run
tion, or desorption step is considered as the rate controlling
included the inlet molar flow rate of propane and the exit
step. Based on experimental data, Airaksinen et al. (2002) indi-
molar flow rates of propane, propylene, methane, ethylene
cated that desorption of propylene from the surface sites was
and ethane. Hydrogen flow rates were obtained by difference
not likely to be the rate controlling step and suggested sev-
from an overall material balance. Numerical integration of
eral mechanisms for propane dehydrogenation, where either
the system of Eqs. (2) was carried out by the ode15s, and
adsorption or surface reaction was rate controlling [14]. A re-
the optimization procedure was performed with the aid of
cent study, where the same commercial catalyst as that used in
the current investigation was employed, suggested that mech- the Genetic Algorithm function of MATLAB. For each reaction
anisms involving propane adsorption either on single or dual temperature, the optimized kinetic parameters were obtained
sites as the Rate Controlling Step (RCS) were most consistent by minimizing the following objective function:
with experimental data [15]. 4 −
5
The Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanisms that were studied
−
OF = (FiEexp − FiEpre )2 Wi , (3)
in the current investigation to describe the kinetics of the k=1 i=1
462 A. Farjoo et al. / Scientia Iranica, Transactions C: Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 18 (2011) 458–464
Mechanism I Mechanism II
Table 5: Langmuir–Hinshelwood rate expressions for the main propane dehydrogenation reaction.
exp pre
where FiE and FiE are the experimental and predicted molar Table 6: Proposed reaction rate equations for side reactions.
flow rates of component i at the reactor exit, Wi are weight-
Side reaction Kinetic equation
ing factors, and summation k extends over experimental data at
different WHSV. The optimized parameter values were highly Catalytic cracking (I) r = k1 PC3 H8
influenced by the choice of weighting factors, as propane and Ethylene hydrogenation (II) r = k2 PC2 H4 PH2
Hydrogenolysis (III) r = k2 PC3 H8 PH2
propylene were major species, while methane, ethane and Thermal cracking (IV) r = k4 PC3 H8
ethylene were present in minor quantities. In the optimization
procedure for parameter estimation, first a preliminary esti-
mate for the kinetic parameter was obtained using a weigh-
ing factor of one for each component. Subsequently, the revised The constants are reported in Table 7 for the main reaction using
weighting factors were evaluated as follows: different reactions [10–12]. Proposed Langmuir–Hinshelwood
rate expressions. Having evaluated the parameters for the main
Wi = Errori /Total error, (4) reaction, the second step involved the estimation of the rate
4
− exp expressions of the optimized kinetic parameters for the main
Errori = (FiE − FiEpre )2 , (5) reaction, and the rate constants for the side reactions using the
k=1 following objective function:
5
− 4 −
3
Total error = Errori . (6)
−
OF = (FiEexp − FiEpre )2 , (9)
i=1
k=1 i=1
The normalized weighting factors were then used to optimize
where summation i extends for side products only. The
the kinetic parameters of the main reaction for each reaction
temperature. The temperature dependence of the rate con- optimized rate constants for each of the side reactions were
stants and equilibrium adsorption constants were determined obtained for different temperatures and the corresponding
by the Arrhenius and van’t Hoff equations, respectively, as Arrhenius parameters are reported in Table 8. It should be noted
follows: that the Arrhenius parameters for the rate constants of the
thermal cracking side reaction were obtained from separate
ln(ki ) = ln(ki0 ) + (−Ei /RT ), (7) experimental data at different temperatures, under similar
ln(Ki ) = ln(Ki0 ) + (−1Hi /RT ). (8) conditions, but in the absence of the catalyst.
A. Farjoo et al. / Scientia Iranica, Transactions C: Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 18 (2011) 458–464 463
Table 7: Kinetic constants for the proposed Langmuir–Hinshelwood rate expressions, E (kJ/mol), 1H (kJ/mol).
KCH4 = 9.07 × 10−3 exp 16RT.06 KC2 H6 = 1.34 × 10−6 exp 64RT.39 KC2 H6 = 1.85 × 104 exp 38RT.23 KH2 = 2.01 × 10−4 exp 51RT.24
. .
4.17 .
KC2 H6 = 3.60 × 10−2 exp RT 5 75
KC2 H4 = 5.15 × 10−5 exp RT 42 84
KC2 H4 = 7.22 × 10 exp RT
5
KCH4 = 1.98 × 10−2 exp RT 6 83
16.44 7.41
KPr H2 = 1.67 × 10−2 exp 18RT.35
5.48
KC2 H4 = 6.97 × 10 exp RT KPr H2 = 3.70 × 10 exp RT KC2 H6 = 2.99 × 10 exp RT
−3 −2
−2
.97
K ′′′ = 1.02 × 10+4 exp −49 K ′ = 7.73 × 104 exp 68RT.46
RT
Table 8: Rate constants for proposed rate expressions for side reactions.
k2 = 1.34 × 107 exp k2 = 9.62 × 107 exp k2 = 3.94 × 1011 exp k2 = 1.25 × 109 exp −25692
−27393 −28187 −30754
T T T T
.6
k3 = 3.36 × 104 exp k3 = 5.57 × 105 exp k3 = 1.47 × 101 exp k3 = 2.85 × 109 exp −5757
−14723 −17926 −8498
T T T T
−1598.23 −1598.23 −1598.23 .23
k4 = 1.53E + 09 exp k4 = 1.53E + 09 exp k4 = 1.53E + 09 exp k4 = 1.53E + 09 exp −1598
T T T T
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments [13] Fogler, H.S., Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 2nd ed., p. 581.
Prentice Hall International, New York, US (1999).
[14] Airaksinen, S.M.K., Harlin, M.E. and Krause, A.O.I. ‘‘Kinetic modeling of
The authors acknowledge financial support from the Iranian dehydrogenation of isobutane on chromia/alumina catalyst’’, Industrial &
National Petrochemical Research and Technology Company for Engineering Chemistry Research, 41, pp. 5619–5627 (2002).
the experimental work involved in this study. [15] Mohagheghi, M. and Bakeri, G. ‘‘Kinetic studies of propane dehydrogena-
tion over Pt-Sn/γ -Al2 O3 catalyst’’, in: Presented at International Conference
on Chemical Reactors, CHEMREACTOR-18, Malta (29 September–3 October
References 2008).
[1] Miracca, I. and Piovesan, L. ‘‘Light paraffin dehydrogenation in a fluidized Afrooz Farjoo was born in 1985. She obtained her B.S. degree from Isfahan
bed reactor’’, Catalysis Today, 52, pp. 259–269 (1999). University of Technology in 2007 and her M.S. degree in 2009 from the
[2] Loc, L.C., Gaidai, N.A., Kiperman, S.L., Thoang, H.S. and Novikov, P.B. Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering at Sharif University of
‘‘Kinetics of side reactions in the dehydrogenation of n-butane and ISO- Technology in the area of Thermo Kinetics and Catalysis.
butane over platinum–potassium catalyst’’, Kinetics and Catalysis, 36(4),
pp. 504–510 (1995).
[3] Pop, E., Goidean, N., Giodean, D. and Serban, G. DE 2401955 (17 July 1975). Farhad Khorasheh was born in 1961. He took his B.S. degree in Chemical
[4] Schramm, B., Kern, J., Schwahn, H., Preuss, A.W., Gottlieb, K. and Engineering in 1983 from Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada and his M.S.
Bruderreck, H. DE 3739002 A1 (24 May 1989). and Ph.D. degrees in Chemical Engineering, in 1986 and 1992, respectively,
[5] Kirner, J.F. GB 2162082 A1 (29 January 1986). from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. He is now a Professor in
[6] Box, E. US 3692701 (19 September 1972). the Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering at Sharif University of
[7] Wilhelm, F.C. US 3998900 (21 December 1976). Technology. His research interests include Modeling and Reactor Design.
[8] Barri, S.A.I. and Tahir, R. EP 351066 A1 (17 January 1990).
[9] Cottrell, P.R. and Fettis, M.E. US 5087792 (11 February 1992). Saeed Niknaddaf was born in 1985. He obtained his B.S. and M.S. degrees from
[10] Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Qiu, A., Wang, Y., Xu, Y. and Wu, P. ‘‘Propane the Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering at Sharif University of
dehydrogenation on Pt–Sn/ZSM-5 catalyst: effect of tin as a promoter’’, Technology in 2007 and 2009, respectively, in the area of Thermo Kinetics and
Catalysis Communications, 7, pp. 860–866 (2006). Catalysis.
[11] Bobrov, V.S., Digurov, N.G. and Skudin, V.V. ‘‘Propane dehydrogenation
using catalytic membrane’’, Journal of Membrane Science, 253, pp. 233–242
(2005). Mahnaz Soltani was born in 1974. She obtained her B.S. and M.S. degrees from
[12] Guo, J., Lou, H., Zhao, H., Zheng, L. and Zheng, X. ‘‘Dehydrogenation the Department of Chemical Engineering at Tehran University in 1996 and 1998,
and aromatization of propane over rhenium-modified HZSM-5 catalyst’’, respectively. She is now working as a Chemical Engineer in the National Iranian
Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 239, pp. 222–227 (2005). Petrochemical Company.