Vehicle Dynamics

MSC.Ahmed mohsin alsayah

Lecture 4
Force Acting on A Crank Gear

*To determine the loads on engine bearing we

must analyze all the forces acting a crank gear.
*The forces divided into three categories:-
1- The forces of gas pressure in the cylinder (Fg).
2- The forces of inertia of the moving parts, that
forces divided in turn into two forces, the
inertia of reciprocating parts (Fi) and the
rotating parts(FR).
3- the friction forces (Ff)
 GAS PRESSURE FORCES
The plot of the engine cycle on P-V coordinates is often
called indicator diagram
PRESSURE

VOLUME
TDC BDC
 GAS PRESSURE FORCES

Work is the output of any heat engine.

In IC engine the work is generated by the
gasses in the combustion chamber.
Work is the result of force acting through a
distance.
W = 𝐹𝑑𝑥 = 𝑃𝐴𝑃 𝑑𝑥
F = Force
P = Pressure in combustion chamber.
Ap = Area against which the pressure acts.
x = Distance piston travelled.
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑥
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑φ
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓(𝑑φ)
 GAS PRESSURE FORCES

The gas pressure force is a function of a distance

(piston travel)
𝑃𝑔 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑁/𝑚2

𝐹𝑔 = 𝑃𝑔 × 𝐴𝑝 𝐴𝑝 = 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

cylinder Fg

piston
 Fg

cylinder Fg

piston

Fg
’
 INERTIA FORCES

To determine the inertia forces we must estimate the

masses of moving parts.
The moving parts divided into three groups:-

1- Reciprocating parts (Piston, Rings, Piston pin )

2- Rotating parts (crank shaft)

3- Complex plan parallel motion (connecting rod group

)
 REDUCED SYSTEM

* The crank gear is a complicated group of different members.

* These members moved in a different shapes to perform the

final function.

* To determine the forces acts the crank gear we must reduces

these members to two groups one of them have a linear
motion, and the other is rotates around a fixed axis.

* The new shape called the reduced system.

 Reciprocating parts
* Reciprocating parts include the following parts:-
- Piston
- Rings
- Piston pin

mp
- The piston mass to be lumped on the axis of piston pin axis it
designated by (mP)
 REDUCED SYSTEM

*The mass of crank shaft

This mass reduced to the crank radius (R) and

designated by (mcr ).

*The mass of crank pin and balance mass (web) was

lumped on the axis of crank pin, and designated (mcp).
 REDUCING THE CRANK SHAFT

mcp
web mcr

R +cg R
ρ
x
* The mass of the crank web mcw have a center of gravity
lies in the point denoted (cg) which located at (ρ ) distance
from the crank shaft center. This mass will reduced to the
radius (R):-
=
mcw ρ ω2 mcwR 𝑅 ω2
𝜌
∴ mcwR = 𝑅 mcw
The reduced mass of crank is to be :-
𝜌
mcr = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 + 2mcwR = 𝑚 𝑐𝑝 + 2 𝑅 mcw
x
* The connecting rod reduced into two masses:-

1- The mass lumped on the piston pin axis(mrodpp)

2- The mass lumped on the crank pin axis(mrodcp)

x
my = m 𝑧
𝑦+𝑧
mz
𝑦
z
mz = m 𝑦+𝑧

cg
y my
x
 mrodpp
Lrodpp
Lro
d

m
Cg
Lrodcp

mrod
mrodcp
x
* 𝑚𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝 × 𝑙𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 𝑚 𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝

* 𝑚𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑙𝑙𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝

𝑟𝑜𝑑

* 𝑚𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝 × 𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 𝑚 𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝

* 𝑚𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝 = 𝑚 𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑙𝑙𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝

𝑟𝑜𝑑
x
The conditions of reduced system
• There are three conditions observed to
obtain dynamically equivalent system:-

1- A constant total mass:-

𝑚𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝 + 𝑚 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝 = 𝑚 𝑟𝑜𝑑

x
2- A constant position of center of gravity of the
System:-

𝑚𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝 × 𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝 − 𝑚 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝 × 𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝 = 0

x
 3- A constant moment of inertia
with respect to the center of gravity

I 𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝 × 𝑙2𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝 + 𝑚 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝 × 𝑙2𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝

𝑙𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝 𝑙𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝 2
𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑑 = (𝑚𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑙2𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝) + (𝑚𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝)
𝑙𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑙𝑟𝑜𝑑

𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝 × 𝑙𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝 × 𝑚𝑟𝑜𝑑

x
 A
mi=mp+mrodp
p

ω
mR=mcr+mrodcp
ϕ
B
x
*Now the entire crank gear replaced by a
system of two masses connected by a rigid
weightless links :-
*The first at point (A)
𝑚𝑖 = 𝑚 𝑝 + 𝑚 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑝𝑝
*The second at point (B)
𝑚 𝑅 = 𝑚 𝑐𝑟 + 𝑚 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝
In V-engine
𝑚𝑅 = 𝑚𝑐𝑟 + 2 𝑚 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑐𝑝
x