MODULE 7

Topic

1. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Operations

2. Crime Mapping and Crime Analysis

BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY OPERATIONS

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology was created on January 2, 1991 pursuant to Republic
Act 6975, replacing its fore runner, the Jail Management and Penology Service of the defunct Philippine
Constabulary-Integrated National Police.

The BJMP exercises administrative and operational jurisdiction over all district, city and municipal
jails. It is a line bureau of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG).

The BJMP exercises supervision and control over all district, city and municipal jails. As such, it shall
ensure the establishment of secure, clean, adequately equipped sanitary facilities; and ensure the
provision of quality services for the custody, safekeeping, rehabilitation and development of district, city
and municipal inmates, any fugitive from justice, or person detained awaiting or undergoing
investigation or trial and/or transfer to the National Penitentiary, and/or violent mentally ill person who
endangers him/herself or the safety of others as certified by the proper medical or health officer,
pending transfer to a mental institution.

RECEPTION AND RELEASING PROCEDURES, CLASSIFICATION BOARD, DISCIPLINARY BOARD AND

PUNISHABLE ACTS OF INMATES

One of the Guiding Principles of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of
Prisoners states that “Imprisonment and other measures which result in cutting off an offender from the
outside world are afflictive by thevery fact of taking from a person the right of self-determination by
depriving him/her of his/her liberty. Therefore, the prison system shall not, except asincidental to
justifiable segregation or the maintenance of discipline, aggravate thesuffering inherent in such a
situation”. Hence, a well -planned and organized reception of detainees is critical to achieving this. The
inmate’s first impression of the correctional process greatly influences his/her attitude and behavior
toward thecustodial and rehabilitative regimens he/she must undergo during confinement andperhaps,
to some extent, affect his/her outlook and adjustment after his/herrelease. This Rule provides guidance
on the reception and disciplinary aspects of jail management.

RECEPTION PROCEDURES

A decent and humane program of confinement starts with a systematic reception of inmates for
commitment to the BJMP’s jail facilities. The following procedures should therefore be observed:

A. Gater

He or she checks the credentials of the person bringing the inmate/the committing officer to determine
his/her identity and authority. Also, he or she reviews the completeness of the following documents
before the person bringing an inmate/the committing officer is allowed to enter the facility. The
documents mentioned earlier refer to the:

1. Commitment Order;

2. Medical Certificate recent medical certificate taken within 24 hours prior to mission;

3. Complaint/Information;

4. Police Booking Sheet; and

5. Certificate of Detention from PNP and/or NBI.

Additionally, the "gater" shall subject the person to be committed and his/her escorts for search and
inspection as prescribed. Finally, he or she (gater) refers the person to be committed and his or her
escorts to the Records Unit.

B. Records Unit

This unit examines the completeness and authenticity of the requirements for Commitment
(Commitment Order, Booking Sheet, Arrest Report and Information) before it refers the inmate for
physical examination by the Health Unit.

C. Health Unit:

1. Checks the authenticity of the entries in the medical certificate; conducts thorough physical
examination of the inmate to determine his or her true physical condition; and asks searching questions
to determine injury/injuries found to have been sustained by the inmate after the conduct of medical
examination or those injuries not diagnosed prior to commitment in jail. Inmate is required to undress
while undergoing medical examination. A female inmate shall be examined by female health personnel.
A male inmate maybe examined by either male or female health personnel;

2. In case of any discrepancy found during physical examination but same discrepancy is not
indicated in the medical certificate, the committing officer shall be required to secure another medical
certificate of the inmate. The commitment of an inmate shall beheld in abeyance pending the
submission of a new medical certificate with findings congruent to the medical findings of the jail
physician/nurse. The reason for the deferment of commitment shall be recorded in the jail blotter. In
case the committing officer fails to return the inmate to jail within twenty-four (24) hours, the reported
immediately to the court that issued the commitment order;

3. In the absence of a jail nurse/medical personnel, the receiving officer shall refer the person to
be committed to the nearest government health facility for medical evaluation (check the medical
certificate and observe the mental alertness, physical abnormalities and the overall appearance of the
inmates); and

4. If no discrepancy is found during physical examination, the inmate shall be referred back to
the Records Unit.

D. Records Unit

Receives the inmate and the documents from the committing officer and conducts the following:
 1. Start the booking procedures:

a. Accomplish the jail booking sheet;

b. Strip-search the inmate to check for any birth marks, tattoos, etc;

c. Encode the inmate's information to the NIMS;

d. Fingerprint and photograph the inmate with mug shot back ground; and

e. List the names of the visitors authorized by the inmate.

2. Apprise the inmate in a dialect that he/she understands of the provisions of Art 29 of the
RPC which was further amended by R.A.10592;

E. Property Custodian

Checks the inmate’s belongings for presence of contraband.

1. Discovery of any contraband shall be treated in accordance with existing policies.

2. Takes all cash and other personal properties from the inmate, lists them down on a receipt
form with duplicate, duly signed by him/her and countersigned by the inmate. The original receipt
should be given to the inmate and the duplicate be kept by the Property Custodian.

3. Keeps all cash and other valuables of the inmate in a safety vault. Said cash and valuables may
be turned over to any person authorized by the inmate.

4. Refers the inmate to the desk officer.

F. Desk Officer

Books the newly committed inmate in the jail blotter; assigns the inmate to a reception area, if any,
where he/she shall be scheduled for orientation on jail rules and regulation, and shall undergo risk
assessment and classification, evaluation and conduct of further medical evaluation/screening by the
Medical Officer.

G. Assistant Warden or Officer of the Day

Orients the newly committed inmates on jail rules and regulations using the Inmate’s Orientation Sheet.

H. Jail Warden

Coordinates with concerned agencies regarding the case of inmate for speedy disposition and to furnish
them with copies of the available needed documents. The jail warden shall see to it that all concerned
agencies and persons will be informed of the commitment of the inmate in his/her jail by submitting a
written report. Through his/her paralegal officer, he/she shall ensure that the courts and prosecutors’
office are attending to the case of the inmate by constantly coordinating with them for the purpose of
speeding up the disposition of the case. For this purpose, the sharing of non-confidential information
with the concerned agencies is encouraged.
PROCEDURE ON RELEASING

The procedures shall be observed when inmates are to be released from detention.

1.Desk Officer

Upon receipt of release order, the desk officer shall coordinate with the paralegal officer for verification
of the authenticity of said order.

2. Paralegal Officer

Verifies the authenticity of the release order.

3. Records/Admin Officer

a. Starts processing inmate’s release.

b. Checks inmate records to ensure that the data in the release order coincide with the
data in the inmate’s carpeta (spelling of name, offense, Criminal Case Number, etc.).

c. Checks that the inmate has no other pending case/s

d. Routes the release paper to different signatories.

4. Property Custodian

Checks on the receipt of property and returns to the inmate his/her deposited items.2. Makes sure that
returned items of the inmate are duly received and properly recorded.

5. Desk Officer

Records the release of inmate and the condition of the inmate upon his/her release.

6. Jail Warden

Reports to concerned agencies/persons the release of inmate for aftercare program. Upon release of
the inmate, the warden shall notify the following agencies/persons: Barangay Captain mandatory Priest
or religious minister, mandatory Family - if release is not witnessed by any member of immediate family
Court - in case of convicted inmate.

HANDLING INMATES WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

The following guidelines shall be observed in handling inmates with special needs:

1. Female

a. The female dorm should be completely separated from the male dorm;

b. A female personnel shall be designated to keep the keys of the female dorms;

c. Only work suitable to their age and physical condition should be assigned to female inmates

d. No male inmate shall be allowed to enter the female dorm;

 e. Male personnel must provide female inmate with utmost privacy and respect for personal
space;

f. No male jail personnel should be allowed to enter the female dorm except in emergency cases
or when necessary;

g. Searches shall be performed by a female personnel trained in the conduct of appropriate

searching methods, shall be made in accordance with established rules, and shall be provided with
privacy during the procedure;

h. Medical/physical examination shall be performed by female health personnel. In the absence

of a female health staff, the examination shall be performed by a male health personnel in the presence
of a female staff; and

i. Female inmates shall be provided with the opportunity to avail themselves of all programs and
activities male inmates are provided with.

2. Drug Users/Dependents/Alcoholics

a. Inmates found to be drug users/dependents/alcoholics should be segregated from other

inmates, especially during the withdrawal period;

b. Inmates undergoing drug/alcohol withdrawal must be referred to the jail psychiatrist,

physician or nurse for evaluation and management;

c. Appropriate measures should be taken to enable inmates to follow the jail physician’s advice
regarding diet and other medical interventions/treatments during the withdrawal period;

d. Maintain close supervision over inmates to prevent attempts to commit suicide or self-
mutilation by designating a jail personnel trained to manage such cases; and

e. Conducts a regular search of the inmate’s dorm and maintain constant alertness to prevent
the smuggling of narcotics, liquors and other dangerous drugs.

3. Mentally-ill

a. Inmates manifesting signs and symptoms of mental illness must be referred to the jail
psychiatrist for evaluation and treatment;

b. Disturbed inmates (mentally-ill inmates) should be transferred to mental institutions for proper
psychiatric treatment upon the issuance of a courtorder;

c. Close supervision and medical management of mentally-ill inmates should be maintained by a

jail medical personnel;

d. Place the mentally-ill inmates in separate dorms or in a special restraint room provided for
violent cases; and

e. Maintain close supervision over inmates to guard against suicidal attempts or violent attacks on
others

4. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT)

Segregate LGBTs to prevent their maltreatment and abuse by other inmates and to prevent them from
maltreating and abusing other inmates.

5. Sex Offenders

a. Inmates charged with sexually-related crimes should be segregated to prevent them from taking
advantage of other inmates; and

b. Maintain close supervision and control.

6. Suicidal Inmates

a. Inmates manifesting signs and symptoms of depression/suicidal tendency must be referred to

the jail psychiatrist for evaluation and management;

b. Inmate who attempts to commit or has attempted to commit suicide must be transferred to a
government psychiatric hospital immediately upon issuance of court order;

c. Maintain close supervision over suicidal inmates at all times and designated personnel trained
to handle such cases; and

d. Subject them to frequent strip/frisk searches, and greyhound operation for tools/materials that
can be used for suicide.

7. Sex Deviates

Homosexuals should be segregated immediately to prevent them from influencing other inmates or
being maltreated or abused by other inmates;

Likewise, other sex deviates should be separated from other inmates for closer supervision and
control.8.

8. Escape-Prone Inmates

a. Escape-prone inmates should be held in the most secure quarters, preferably in single-inmate
cells, to minimize their contact with one another;

b. Their conduct behavior should be closely watched/observed during and after visiting hours and
their activities, closely monitored;

c. They should be frequently strip searched and their quarters frequently inspected;

d. Special attention should be given to the examination of items recovered from strip searches;
and

e. Telephone calls must be restricted and only calls that can be monitored through an extension
line shall be allowed.

9. Inmates with Disability

a. Inmates with disability should be segregated and closely supervised to protect them from
maltreatment and any form of abuse by other inmates, personnel and visitors;
b. Individual case management and special activities should be developed and conducted to address
distinct of the inmates;

c. Collaboration with other government agencies should be done to ensure that disabled inmates are
provided with the services and benefits contemplated under the Magna Carta for disabled persons; and

d. Tasks related to self-care of inmates with disability shall be supervised and assisted to avoid potential
self-harm or accidents

10. Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL) Pursuant to the RA 9344, CICL shall not be confined in jails.
Hence, serious efforts shall be exerted by Wardens to immediately transfer the custody of any CICL to a
Youth Detention Home or Youth Rehabilitation Center.

a. Upon admission, CICL shall be subjected to a thorough physical examination. The results of
such examination shall form part of the records of the case of the CICL;

b. Provide a separate detention cell for CICL;

c. Continuously coordinate with the Public Attorney’s Office (PAO) for the provision of paralegal
assistance to expedite CICL cases;

d. Continuous coordination and follow-up of CICL cases should be made facilitate the provision
of appropriate intervention programs by the DSWD;

e. The Law on Proportionality" in the implementation of rehabilitation programs should be

observed making said rehabilitation programs distinct and different from those given to adult inmates;

f. Unless absolutely necessary, a child in conflict with law should not be handcuffed nor other
instruments of restraint applied on him/her, when he or she attends hearings or when he or she is
brought to the hospital or Is transferred to other institutions;

g. The use of vulgar or profane words should be avoided in dealing CICL;

h. CICL should not be required to wear prison uniforms; and

i. Upon release from confinement, the records of the CICL shall be sealed, and at an appropriate
time, expunged.

11. Senior Citizen Inmates

a. Senior citizen inmates should be segregated and close supervised to protect them from
maltreatment and other forms of abuse by other inmates;

b. Individual case management strategies should be developed and adopted to respond to the
special needs of elderly inmates;

c. Collaboration with other government agencies and community-based senior citizen

organizations should be done to ensure that the services due the senior citizen inmates are provided;
and

d. Senior citizen inmates should be made to do tasks deemed fit and appropriate, their age,
capability, and physical condition considered.
12. Infirm Inmates

a. Inmates with contagious diseases must be segregated to prevent the spread of said
contagious diseases;

b. Infirm inmates should be referred to the jail physician or nurse for evaluation and
management; and

c. Infirm inmates must be closely monitored and provide with appropriate medication and
utmost care.

13. Pregnant Inmates/Female Inmates with Infants

a. Pregnant inmates must be referred to jail physician or nurse for pre-natal examination;

b. They should be given tasks that are deemed fit and proper, their physical limitations,
considered;

c. During active labor, pregnant inmates should be transferred nearest government hospital;

d. Treatment of mother and her infant/s shall be in accordance with the BJMP Policy (Refer to
DIWD Manual); and

e. Female inmates with infants shall be provided with ample privacy during breastfeeding
activity.

14. Inmates of Other Nationalities

a. The Warden shall report in writing to the Bureau of Immigration and the respective embassies of the
detained foreigners the following:

1) Name of Jail;

2) Name of Foreigner;

3) Nationality and the number of his/her Alien Certificate of Registration, if any;

4) Age/Sex;

5) Offense Charged;

6) Case Number;

7) Court/Branch;

8) Status of Case; and

9) Additional data information.

CRIME MAPPING AND CRIME ANALYSIS

In a law enforcement agency, the central focus is crime, both those reported to the police and those
that are not. Thus, the central type of data analyzed is crime and the information surrounding it, such as
arrests, offenders, victims, property, and evidence. In addition to crime, law enforcement agencies
address many other issues and thus collect many other types of data. These data are essential
information that can aid the authorities for assessment and proper planning. This information could be
used to develop crime prevention and crime solution suggestions.

However, without using crime analysis and crime mapping we cannot effectively address the peace and
order problem of a certain locality. In analyzing crimes, law enforcement agency can be able to
undertake appropriate interventions on how to address the problem. They may be able to determine
the root cause of the crime volume and the occurrence of most prevalent crimes in the specific areas.

In the Philippines, the increased of crime volume and crime rate were recorded as compare to the same
period of 2018 and 2019 especially on the eight (8) focus crimes incidents. (Murder, Homicide, Physical
Injuries, Rape, Robbery, Thief and Carnapping) To undertake these circumstances, the PNP initiated best
practices implemented nationwide in accordance with their PATROL Plan 2030, to include the crime
mapping and analysis.

A. Crime Analysis

It is the qualitative and quantitative study of crime and law enforcement information in combination
with socio-demographic and spatial factors to apprehend criminals, prevent and control crime, and
evaluate organizational procedures conducted by a group or individual analyst.

Socio-demographic. This type of information refers to characteristics of individuals and groups such as
sex, race, income, age, and education. On an individual (micro) level, socio-demographic information is
used in law enforcement to search for and identify crime suspects. On a macro level, socio-demographic
information is used to determine the characteristics of groups and how they relate to crime.

Spatial. The location where crimes or activities occur and the relationship of those places to one another
and to other information is an important factor in the analysis of crime. It is not only important where a
crime takes place but also the characteristics of those places and the environment in which the crime
occurs. Thus, examination of spatial data such as streets networks, parcel information,
orthophotographs, school locations, business and residential zoning, among others, is imperative for
effective crime analysis.

Qualitative data and analytical techniques refer to non-numerical data as well as the examination and
interpretation of observations for the purpose of discovering underlying meanings and patterns of
relationships. This is most typical of field research, content analysis, and historical research.

Quantitative data are data primarily in numerical or categorical format. Quantitative analysis consists of
manipulations of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those
observations reflect and is primarily statistical.

Crime analysis employs both types of data and techniques depending on the analytical and practical
need. For example, crime data can be used in various ways, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The
information such as date, time, location, and type of crime is quantitative in that statistics can be used
to analyze these variables. On the other hand, narratives of crime reports are considered qualitative
data in that a large number of narratives are nearly impossible to analyze statistically and are primarily
examined to determine general themes and patterns.

TYPES OF CRIME ANALYSIS

a) Intelligence Analysis - The study of “organized” criminal activity, whether or not it is reported to law
enforcement, to assist investigative personnel in linking people, events, and property.

The purpose of intelligence analysis is to assist sworn personnel in the identification of networks and
apprehension of individuals to subsequently prevent criminal activity. A related goal is to link
information together, prioritize information, identify relationships, and identify areas for further
investigation by putting the analysis in a framework that is easy to understand. Much of the information
analyzed in the field of intelligence analysis is not reported to the police by citizens but is gathered by
law enforcement.

b) Criminal Investigative Analysis - The study of serial criminals, victims, and/or crime scenes as well as
physical, socio-demographic, psychological, and geographic characteristics to develop patterns that will
assist in linking together and solving current serial criminal activity.

This type of analysis has also been called “profiling,” which is the process of constructing a
“profile” of an unknown offender based on the nature of the crime, the facts of the case, and the
characteristics of the victim. As with intelligence analysis, this type of analysis focuses primarily on
qualitative data surrounding serious serial crimes such as murder and rape. Data are collected and
analyzed on an individual level for those persons primarily or peripherally involved with the incidents.
The spatial nature of the incidents and related locations such as the body dump sites or the encounter
sites is also considered. The primary purpose of criminal investigative analysis is to develop patterns of
serial crimes crossing city, state, and even national boundaries by linking behavior and evidence within
and among incidents in order to catch the offender and/or clear cases. This is a very specific type of
crime analysis that is primarily done on the federal law enforcement level since these types of crime
occur infrequently and cross jurisdictional boundaries.

c) Tactical Crime Analysis - The study of recent criminal incidents and potential criminal activity by
examining characteristics such as how, when, and where the activity has occurred to assist in problem
solving by developing patterns and trends, identifying investigative leads/suspects, and clearing cases

Tactical crime analysis focuses on information from recent crimes reported to the police. “Recent” can
refer to the last few months or longer periods of time for specific ongoing problems. Tactical crime
analysis also focuses on specific information about each crime such as method of entry, point of entry,
suspects actions, type of victim, type of weapon used, as well as the date, time, location, and type of
location. Field information such as suspicious activity calls for service, criminal trespass warnings, and
persons with scars, marks, or tattoos collected by officers is also considered in the analysis. Although
quantitative analysis is often conducted once a pattern has been identified, qualitative analysis, (i.e.,
critical thinking and content analysis) is used to identify patterns and trends initially.

Three purposes of tactical crime analysis:

1) Linking cases together and identifying the notable characteristics of the patterns and trends;

2) Identifying potential suspects of a crime or crime pattern; and

3) Clearing cases.

The focus of tactical crime analysis is examining data daily in order to identify patterns, trends, and
investigative leads for recent criminal and potential criminal activity. Once a crime pattern, suspect, or
investigative lead is identified, the information is compiled and disseminated to patrol officers and
detectives.

d) Strategic Crime Analysis - The study of crime and law enforcement information integrated with socio-
demographic and spatial factors to determine long term “patterns” of activity, to assist in problem
solving, as well as to research and evaluate responses and procedures.

Strategic crime analysis consists primarily of quantitative analysis of aggregate data. Monthly,
quarterly, and/or yearly compilations of criminal and non-criminal information such as crime, calls for
service, and traffic information are analyzed in aggregate form. That is, general categories such as date,
time, location, and type of incident are analyzed instead of qualitative data such as narrative
descriptions of incidents. Variables including race, class, sex, income, population, location, and location
type are examined along with law enforcement information in the analysis process. The two primary
purposes of strategic crime analysis are 1) to assist in the identification and analysis of long-term
problems such as drug activity or auto theft and 2) to conduct studies to investigate or evaluate relevant
responses and procedure.

Administrative Crime Analysis - The presentation of interesting findings of crime research and analysis
based on legal, political, and practical concerns to inform audiences within law enforcement
administration, city government/council, and citizens. Administrative crime analysis is different from the
previous types of analysis in that it refers to presentation of findings rather than to statistical analysis or
research. The decision of what and how to present information is the primary focus of administrative
crime analysis. Often, the type of information that is presented represents the “tip of the iceberg” of all
the work and analysis that has previously been done, for example, an executive summary of a report.
The purpose and the audience of the information determine “what” is presented along with legal (e.g.,
privacy and confidentiality), political (e.g., union issues, election concerns), and practical concerns (e.g.,
complexity of the information presented). The primary purpose of administrative crime analysis is to
inform audiences. These audiences may vary from one situation to the next, which is why the type and
quantity of information should vary as well. Audiences can be police executives, city council, media,
citizens, and neighborhood groups or a combination. An excellent example of administrative crime
analysis is the use of the Internet to provide information to the general public. Audiences of a police
Internet site include citizens, police personnel, businesses, victims, criminals, and media—essentially
everyone; therefore, the type of information published should be appropriate for an array of diverse
customers. The information provided should be simple, clear, and concise and should not disclose
sensitive information. One rule of thumb would be to only publish information that one would be
comfortable seeing on the evening news

B. Crime mapping

Crime mapping is a very important tool in managing and controlling crime in an area. By analyzing the
spatial and temporal data provided by maps investigator are able to understand the crime patterns and
trend it also help in resource allocation and in geographic profiling of criminals and suspicious locations.
It is a tool used to identify and highlight suspicious incidents and events that may require further
investigation. It helps individuals to understand events and dynamics in a neighborhood including
person, events and hazards. Maps increase the knowledge of existing problems present in a territory.
They allow the identification of hot spots and the destination of resources to areas with more needs and
not to the ones with low priority despite of resident’s pressure. Crime mapping also helps investigators
to identify suspicious offenders and suspects of crime thus increasing investigative suspect list based
even when no lead is evident.

Crime mapping help practitioners be able to reveal and identify pattern and trend analysis across
multiple jurisdictions and in addition help to uncover difference between the rural and urban
environment in term of criminality (Schultz and Tabanico) Through crime mapping analysis
practitioners are able to understand t`he local criminal trend and the urban crime trend and can be
able to link the two or even differentiate them. Law enforcement is able to recognize and understand
the type of crimes which occurs in cities and those occurs in rural areas.

TYPES OF MAPPING

a) Manual Pin Mapping

Wall maps have long been a simple and useful way to depict crime incidents or hot spots. Many
police departments still have large maps tacked to the wall of the briefing room with the most recent
crimes represented by pins. Although useful, manual wall maps, offer limited utility because they are
difficult to keep updated, keep accurate, make easy to read, and can only display a limited amount of
data. For example, although different colored pins could be used to represent different types of crime,
date and time of incidents, the nature of incidents, and other information cannot be displayed easily. In
order to update a manual wall map, for example, the pins must be removed each month. Unless a photo
or some other mechanism is used to record the previous month’s map, the information illustrated on
the map is lost. Thus, comparison is difficult, if not impossible, from one month to the next. Finally, the
maps become unreadable when they display large amounts of data because of the numerous pins
and/or holes.

b) Computer Mapping

In essence, a computer map is similar to a wall map, in that the computer is used to place a
point at a specific location just as a person would put a pin on a wall map. Thus, computer maps have
limitations similar to wall maps. For instance, when using MapQuest© to map an address, clicking on a
point will not provide information behind that point, such as the specific address. While visually
appealing and easy to use, computer mapping does not allow any more effective analysis than manual
pin mapping.

c) Geographic Information System (GIS)

A geographic information system (GIS) is a set of computer-based tools that allow a person to
modify, visualize, query, and analyze geographic and tabular data. A GIS is a powerful software tool that
allows the user to create anything from a simple point map to a three-dimensional visualization of
spatial or temporal data. A GIS is different from manual pin maps and computer maps in that it allows
the analyst to view data behind the geographic features, combine various features, manipulate the data
and maps, and perform statistical functions. There are many different types of GIS programs, which
include desktop packages (e.g., ArcView®, MapInfo®, GeoMedia®, Atlas GIS®, Maptitude®) as well as
professional software (e.g., ArcInfo® and Intergraph®).