11

Pre-Calculus
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Parabolas
Pre-Calculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Parabolas
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Pre-Calculus
Quarter 1– Module 2:
Parabola
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Pre-Calculus - Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Parabolas!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

1
For the learner:

Welcome to the Pre-Calculus - Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Parabolas!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

2
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

3
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the concept of Parabolas. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course.

The module consists of one lesson, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Parabolas

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define parabola; and
2. graph a parabola given an equation in vertex form.

What I Know

Use the graph above and determine the following:

___________1. Vertex _____________5. Axis of Symmetry

___________2. Focus _____________6. Endpoints of
___________3. Directrix Latus Rectum
___________4. Opening of the graph _____________7. Equation of the graph

4
 Lesson

1 Parabola

Imagine when you play volleyball; have you observe how the ball moves when
you hit it? How about when you pass the ball to the other player? The movement of
the ball follow a certain path. This path of motion is called projectile motion. It is a
motion observed to an object that is projected near the Earth’s surface. The object
moves along a certain path (curve) under the action of gravity. This curve path is
another kind of conic section which is a Parabola.

What’s In

To understand the concept of parabolas lets us recall some important

lessons that we already discussed.

Notes to the Teacher

This module is intended for the learners to work
independently. It will provide learners with the opportunities to
develop the necessary skills to master the competencies. The
learners will use a separate sheet of paper for their answers in
every activity.

5
Now, let us observe the pictures below.

Which of these pictures illustrate the graph of the quadratic function?

A B

C D

Source: https://romaiahm.wordpress.com/2016/08/23/conic-sections-in-architecture/

These pictures will help you recall the graph of the quadratic function.
The graph of a quadratic function is an example of a parabola. All quadratic
functions are parabolas, but not all parabolas are quadratic functions.

What’s New

Draw at least two (2) structures that look like a quadratic function in
your community.

6
 What is It

A parabola is another kind of conic section. It is a locus of all points in

a plane that are of the same distance from a line in the plane, the directrix,
as from a fixed point in the plane, called the focus.

Focus
Latus
Rectum

Vertex

Directix

Axis of Symmetry

The parabola has one axis of symmetry, which intersects the parabola
at its vertex.

The distance from the vertex to the

focus is |𝒑|.
|𝟐𝒑| |𝟐𝒑| The distance from the directrix to
the vertex is also |𝒑|.
The line segment joining two points
on a parabola which passes through
the focus and is perpendicular to its
axis of symmetry is called the latus
rectum. The distance from the
focus to one endpoint of the latus
rectum is |𝟐𝒑|. The length of the
latus rectum is |𝟒𝒑|

The Standard Form of the Equation with Vertex (h,k)

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 For a parabola with the axis of symmetry parallel to the y-axis and
vertex (h,k), the standard form is
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘)

If 𝑝 > 0 or p is a positive value, then the parabola opens upward.

The equation of the axis of symmetry is

𝒙=𝒉

The coordinates of the focus are

(𝒉, 𝒌 + 𝒑)
The equation of the directrix is
𝒚= 𝒌−𝒑
The endpoints of latus rectum are
(𝒉 − 𝟐𝒑, 𝒌 + 𝒑)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒉 + 𝟐𝒑, 𝒌 + 𝒑)

If 𝑝 < 0 or p is a negative value, then the parabola opens downward.

The equation of the axis of symmetry is

𝒙=𝒉

The coordinates of the focus are

(𝒉, 𝒌 + 𝒑)

The equation of the directrix is

𝒚= 𝒌−𝒑
The endpoints of latus rectum are
(𝒉 − 𝟐𝒑, 𝒌 + 𝒑)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒉 + 𝟐𝒑, 𝒌 + 𝒑)

8
 For a parabola with the axis of symmetry parallel to the x-axis and
vertex (h,k), the standard form is
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ)

If 𝑝 > 0 or p is a positive value, then the parabola opens to the

right.

The equation of the axis of symmetry is

𝒚=𝒌

The coordinates of the focus are

(𝒉 + 𝒑, 𝒌)
The equation of the directrix is
𝒙=𝒉−𝒑
The endpoints of latus rectum are
(𝒉 + 𝒑, 𝒌 − 𝟐𝒑)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒉 + 𝒑, 𝒌 + 𝟐𝒑)

If 𝑝 < 0 or p is a negative value, then the parabola opens to the left.

The equation of the axis of symmetry is

𝒚=𝒌

The coordinates of the focus are

(𝒉 + 𝒑, 𝒌)

The equation of the directrix is

𝒙=𝒉−𝒑
The endpoints of latus rectum are
(𝒉 + 𝒑, 𝒌 − 𝟐𝒑)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒉 + 𝒑, 𝒌 + 𝟐𝒑)

Sketching the parabola

Step 1: Plot the vertex, focus, and endpoints of latus rectum
Step 2: Sketch the equation of the directrix (broken line) and axis of
symmetry (Straight line).
Step 3. Connect the endpoints of the latus rectum passing through the
vertex.

9
Let us try some problems involving parabolas.

Example 1. Determine the vertex, focus, directrix, axis of symmetry,

endpoints of latus rectum, length of latus rectum, the opening of the parabola
with the given equation, and sketch the graph.
a. 𝑥 2 = 8𝑦 c. (𝑦 + 2)2 = 4𝑥
b. (𝑦 − 3)2 = −12(𝑥 + 2)

a. Solution Given
(Since 𝑥 is the square, then the
𝑥 2 = 8𝑦 parabola can be opens upward or
downward)

(𝑥 − 0)2 = 8(𝑦 − 0) Rewriting into (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘)

to emphasize the value of h and k
ℎ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 0

(𝑥 − 0)2 = 4(2)(𝑦 − 0) Since 8 = 4p, then 8 = 4(2). The

value of p is 2.

We already have values of The equation of directrix is 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑝

h, k and p. 𝑦 = 0−2
ℎ = 0 , 𝑘 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 = 2 𝑦 = −2
Since p > 0, then the The equation of axis of symmetry is
parabola opens upward 𝑥=ℎ
𝑥=0
The vertex at (h,k) Endpoints of latus rectum
V(0,0)
(𝒉 − 𝟐𝒑, 𝒌 + 𝒑) (𝟎 − 𝟐(𝟐), 𝟎 + 𝟐)
The focus at (h, k + p)
(𝟎 − 𝟒), 𝟎 + 𝟐)
(0, 0+2)
(−𝟒, 𝟐)
F(0,2)
(𝒉 + 𝟐𝒑, 𝒌 + 𝒑) (𝟎 + 𝟐(𝟐), 𝟎 + 𝟐)
The length of the Latus
(𝟎 + 𝟒, 𝟎 + 𝟐)
Rectum is |4𝑝|.
(𝟒, 𝟐)
|4(2)| = |8| = 8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
The endpoints are (−𝟒, 𝟐)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟒, 𝟐)

10
Graph of 𝑥 2 = 8𝑦

Endpoints of
Latus Rectum

F (0,2)

b. Solution
Given
(𝑦 − 3)2 = −12(𝑥 + 2) (Since 𝑦 is the square, then the
parabola can be open to the left or
right).
This is in a form of
(𝑦 − 3)2 = 4(−3)(𝑥 + 2) (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ), then find h and k

To find h. Copy the expression 𝑥 + 2

𝑥+2= 0 from (𝑦 − 3)2 = −12(𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 = −2 and equate to 0, then
solve for x. (x = h)
ℎ = −2

To find k.
Copy the expression 𝑦 − 3
𝑦−3=0
from (𝑦 − 3)2 = −12(𝑥 + 2)
𝑦=3
and equate to 0, then
𝑘=3 solve for y. (y = k)

Since -12 = 4p, then -12 = 4(-3).

The value of p is -3.

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 We already have values of h, The equation of directrix is 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑝
k, and p. 𝑥 = −2 − (−3)
ℎ = −2 , 𝑘 = 3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 = −3 𝑥 = −2 + 3
Since p < 0, then the 𝑥=1
parabola is open to the left The equation of axis the of symmetry is
𝑦=𝑘
The vertex at (h,k) 𝑦=3
V(-2,3) Endpoints of latus rectum are
The focus at (h + p, k)
(𝒉 + 𝒑, 𝒌 − 2𝒑) (−𝟐 + (−𝟑), 𝟑 − 𝟐(−𝟑))
(-2 + (-3), 3)
(−𝟓, 𝟑 + 𝟔)
F(-5,3)
(−𝟓, 𝟗)
The length of the Latus
(𝒉 + 𝒑, 𝒌 + 2𝒑) (−𝟐 + (−𝟑), 𝟑 + 𝟐(−𝟑))
Rectum is |4𝑝|.
(−𝟓, 𝟑 − 𝟔)
|4(−3)| = |−12| = 12 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
(−𝟓, −𝟑)
The endpoints are (−𝟓, 𝟗)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (−𝟓, −𝟑)

Graph of (𝑦 − 3)2 = −12(𝑥 + 2)

Endpoint of
Latus Rectum

Endpoint of
Latus Rectum

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c. Solution Given
(Since 𝑦 is the square, then the
(𝑦 + 2)2 = 4𝑥 parabola can be open to the left or
right).

This is in a form of
(𝑦 + 2)2 = 4(𝑥 − 0)
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ), then find h and k

To find h. Copy the expression 𝑥 − 0

(𝑦 + 2)2 = 4(1)(𝑥 − 0) from (𝑦 + 2)2 = −12(𝑥 − 0)
𝑥=0
ℎ=0 and equate to 0, then
solve for x. (x = h)
To find k.
𝑦+2=0 Copy the expression 𝑦 + 2
𝑦 = −2 from (𝑦 + 2)2 = −12(𝑥 − 0)
𝑘 = −2 and equate to 0, then
solve for y. (y = k)

Since 4 = 4p, then 4 = 4(1). The

value of p is 1.

We already have values of h, The equation of directrix is 𝒙 = 𝒉 − 𝒑

k, and p. 𝑥 = 0−1
ℎ = 0 , 𝑘 = −2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 = 1 𝑥 = −1
Since p > 0, then the The equation of axis the of symmetry is
parabola is open to the 𝒚=𝒌
right 𝑦 = −2
Endpoints of latus rectum are
The vertex at (h,k)
(𝒉 + 𝒑, 𝒌 − 2𝒑) (𝟎 + 𝟏, −𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟏))
V(0,-2)
(𝟏, −𝟐 − 𝟐)
The focus at (h + p, k)
(𝟏, −𝟒)
(0 + 1, -2)
(𝒉 + 𝒑, 𝒌 + 2𝒑) (𝟎 + 𝟏, −𝟐 + 𝟐(𝟏))
F(1,-2)
(𝟏, −𝟐 + 𝟐)
The length of the Latus
(𝟏, 𝟎)
Rectum is |𝟒𝒑|.
|4(1)| = |4| = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
The endpoints are (𝟏, −𝟒)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟏, 𝟎)

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Graph of (𝑦 + 2)2 = 4𝑥

(1, 0)

(1, -4)

Example 2. (Application) A satellite dish has a diameter of 20ft. The position

of the receiver (focus) is 6 ft from the base (vertex), how deep (h) is the dish?

Given:
Diameter of Satellite dish = 20 ft
Receiver (focus) = 6ft from the base (vertex)

Illustration:

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 Solution

The parabola opens upward, then we will use

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘)

Vertex is (0,0), then

(𝑥 − 0)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 0)
(𝑥)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦)

The focus is 6ft from the base, so p = 6.

The radius of the satellite is 10 ft which is the value of x.

By substitution,
(10)2 = 4(6)(𝑦)
100 24(𝑦)
=
24 24
100
𝑦=
24
𝑦 = 4.17 𝑓𝑡.
The height of the dish is 4.17 ft.

Example 3. (Application) A parabolic arch has a height of 20 m and a width

of 36 m at the base. If the vertex of the parabola is on top of the arch, at
which height above the base is 18 m wide?

Given:
Height of parabolic arch is 20 m
Width of the base is 36 m
The vertex of the parabolic arch is (0,20)
Illustration:

15
 Solution

The parabola is open downward, then we will use the equation

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘) equation 1

Vertex is (0,20) and the value of h = 0 and k = 20, then substitute to

equation 1, then
(𝑥 − 0)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 20)
(𝑥)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 20) equation 2

We need to find the value of p. To solve this, substitute to equation 2 any

given points of the endpoints of the base. It can be (-18,0) or (18,0).
What’s
If we will use (18,0), then byMore
substitution
(𝑥)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 20)
(18)2 = 4𝑝(0 − 20)
324 = 4𝑝(−20)
Determine the vertex, focus,324 directrix,
−80𝑝axis of symmetry, latus rectum,
length of latus rectum, opening of the = graph.
−80 −80
1. (𝑥 + 1) = −4𝑦
2
𝑝 = −4.054. (𝑦 − 7)2 = 8𝑥
2. 𝑦 2 = 16(𝑥 − 2) 5. (𝑥 − 3)2 = −20(𝑥 + 1)
Thus,3.the − 5)2 = −24(𝑥
(𝑦 equation of the− parabola
3) is
(𝑥)2 = 4(−4.05)(𝑦 − 20)
(𝑥)2 = −16.2(𝑦 − 20)
To find the height since the given point is (9,h), then substitute to the
equation of the parabola.
(𝑥)2 = −16.2(𝑦 − 20)
(9)2 = −16.2(ℎ − 20)
81 = −16.2ℎ + 16.2(20)
81 = −16.2ℎ + 324
81 − 324 = −16.2ℎ
−243 −16.2ℎ
=
−16.2 −16.2
ℎ = 15

Therefore, the height of the arch is 15 m tall when the base is 18 m wide
from the center.

The height (h) of the dish is 4.17 ft.

16
 What’s More

Determine the vertex, focus, directrix, axis of symmetry, latus rectum,

length of latus rectum, and the opening of the graph.
1. (𝑥 + 1)2 = −4𝑦 4. (𝑦 − 7)2 = 8𝑥
2. 𝑦 2 = 16(𝑥 − 2) 5. (𝑥 − 3)2 = 20(𝑦 + 1)
3. (𝑦 − 5)2 = −24(𝑥 − 3)

What I Have Learned

I learned that…

If the equation of parabola is (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒚 − 𝒌),then …

Opening of the p > 0, the parabola p < 0, the parabola
graph opens upward opens downward
Vertex (h , k)
Focus (h , k + p)
Axis of Symmetry x=h
Directrix y=k-p
Endpoints of Latus
(h – 2p , k + p) and (h + 2p, k + p)
Rectum
Length of Latus
|4p|
Rectum

If the equation of parabola is (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒙 − 𝒉),then…

Opening of the p > 0, the parabola p < 0, the parabola
graph opens to the right opens to the left
Vertex (h , k)
Focus (h + p, k)
Axis of Symmetry y=k
Directrix x=h-p
Endpoints of Latus
(h + p , k – 2p) and (h + p, k + 2p)
Rectum
Length of Latus
|4p|
Rectum

17
 What I Can Do

Solve the following problems.

1. The receiving dish of a cable TV is in the shape of a paraboloid of
revolution. Find the location of the receiver which is placed at the focus
if the dish is 12 feet across and 3 feet deep.
2. The suspension bridge cables are in the shape of a parabola. The
distance between two towers supporting the cable are 800 feet apart
and the height is 200 feet. If the vertical support cables are at 100 feet
intervals along the level roadway, what are the lengths of these vertical
cables?

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following illustrates parabola?
a. Fire a missile
b. Ocean waves
c. Predicting profit
d. Population growth

2. It is a curve where any point is at an equal distance from a fixed point, and a
fixed straight line.
a. Circle
b. Ellipse
c. Parabola
d. Hyperbola

3. What is the opening of the graph of (𝑦 − 1)2 = −4(𝑥 + 1)?

a. Opens upward
b. Opens downward
c. Opens to the left
d. Opens to the right

4. Determine the vertex and focus of (𝑥 + 5)2 = 8(𝑦 − 3).

a. Vertex at (5,3) and the focus at (5,5)
b. Vertex at (5,-3) and the focus at (5,5)
c. Vertex at (-5,3) and the focus at (-5,5)

18
 d. Vertex at (-5,-3) and the focus at (-5,5)

5. The receiving dish of a cable TV is in the shape of a paraboloid of

revolution. Find the location of the receiver which is placed at the focus
if the dish is 8 feet across and 2 feet deep. Which equation best
describes the problem?
a. 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥
b. 𝑦 2 = −8𝑥
c. 𝑥 2 = −8𝑦
d. 𝑥 2 = 8𝑦

Additional Activities

Determine the vertex, focus, directrix, axis of symmetry, endpoints of

latus rectum, and sketch the graph.
1. 𝑥 2 = −4𝑦
2. 𝑦 2 = 8(𝑥 + 3)

19
 20
Additional Activities What’s In
No. 1 No. 2 B and D illustrate
Vertex (0,0) (-3,0) the greaph of
Focus (0,-1) (-1,0) quadratic function.
Axis of
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
Symmetry
Directrix 𝑦=1 𝑥 = −5
Endpoints of
(2,-1), (-2,-1) (-1,-4), (-1,4)
latus rectum
Assessment What I Can Do What I Know
1. D 1.(0,3) 1. (0,0)
2. C 2. 2. (0,3)
3. B 3. y = -3
X y
4. C 4. opens upward
100 12.5
5. A 5. x=0
200 50
6. (-6,3) and (6,3)
300 112.5 7. 𝑥 2 = 12𝑦
400 200
Answer Key
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What's More
No. 1 No. 2 No. 3
Vertex (-1,0) (2,0) (3,5)
Focus (-1,-1) (6,0) (-3,5)
Axis of
𝑥 = −1 𝑦=0 𝑦=5
Symmetry
Directrix 𝑦=1 𝑥 = −2 𝑥=9
Endpoints of
(1,-1), (-3,-1) (6,-8), (6,8) (-3,17), (-3,7)
latus rectum
Length of latus
4 units 16 units 24 units
rectum
Opening Opens to the
Opens downward Opens to the left
right
No. 4 No. 5
Vertex (0,7) (3,-1)
Focus (2,7) (3,4)
Axis of
𝑦=7 𝑥=3
Symmetry
Directrix 𝑥 = −2 𝑦 = −6
Endpoints of
(2,3), (2,11) (-7,4), (13,4)
latus rectum
Length of latus
8 units 20 units
rectum
Opening Opens to the right Opens upward
References

Analytic Geometry and Calculus I A worktext for Math 26 Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc., 2004
Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources. General
Mathematics: Learner’s Material Pasig City: Department of Education,
2016

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