Information Literacy Formulated Questions with RRL

Existing Strategies Use by the Teachers in Enhancing Students 21st Century

Literacy Skills

Title: Assessment, plagiarism and its effect on academic integrity: Experiences of

academics at a university in South Africa

Summary: Abstract

The quality of teaching, learning, and assessment is compromised by the growing

problem of academic dishonesty, especially in large class sizes as a result of the
'massification' of education. In South Africa and around the world, student plagiarism
and cheating have become a matter of concern, especially when it comes to teaching
large classes. This concern has received much attention as it impacts negatively on the
maintenance of academic standards and integrity at many universities. Academics have
a major role to play in the process of maintaining academic integrity. Through an
'interpretivism' and qualitative approach, we explored the experiences of three emerging
academics within the Discipline of Curriculum Studies at a university in South Africa. We
used Pinar's method of currere as a lens that focuses on academics' experiences of
assessment and plagiarism in teaching large classes and its effect on academic
integrity. The findings suggest that although the 'massification' of education in South
Africa is commended for addressing past social injustices and for facilitating
accessibility to education, quality teaching and learning including assessment is
seriously compromised. This demands a serious rethink of assessment strategies to
deter academic dishonesty, and a reconsideration of the way academics and institutions
think about plagiarism detection tools in teaching large classes.

Link: http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-
23532019000600004

Note: Innocent until proven guilty or guilty until proven innocent: Using Turnitin

Question:

1. My teacher uses Turnitin as a plagiarism-checking tool to ensure that

assignments, essays, and activities are not plagiarized.

Title: Does Mentoring Directly Improve Students’ Research Skills? Examining the
Role of Information Literacy and Competency Development

Summary:
 This work proposes a structural model highlighting the research skills of
undergraduate students. Due to the stages in their research project implementation,
mentoring students becomes a crucial initiative in higher education institutions.
Despite substantial progress in the literature linking mentoring and skills
development, there is a lack of greater emphasis on research skills, especially for
undergraduate students facing research work for the first time. Consequently, the
direct relation between mentoring and research skills may not be straightforward.
Thus, driven by social learning theory, the proposed model highlights the mediating
effects of information literacy constructs and competency development on the
relationship between mentoring and research skills. An empirical study of 539
participants via Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling supports six of
the seven hypothesized paths. Three major theoretical contributions arise from the
findings. Firstly, mentoring improves information-seeking skills and information-
sharing behaviors and facilitates students’ competency development due to the
technical knowledge transfer from the faculty mentor to student mentees. Secondly,
information literacy constructs and competency development promote research
skills, emphasizing that students with those behaviors and capacities will achieve
enhanced research skills. Finally, our findings suggest that mentoring does not
directly translate to improved research skills; instead, information-seeking and
sharing behaviors and competency development fully mediate such a link. Thus,
mentors must shape these behaviors for mentoring to develop students’ research
skills. Theoretical and practical insights are outlined from these findings for university
leadership to inform the design of mentoring initiatives for undergraduate students.

Hint: Discussion and insights

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/13/7/694

Question:

2. My teacher uses journal articles, conference papers, and books to analyze the
difference between online information and in libraries and to improve our
information research skills.

Title: Online Learning Self-Efficacy as Correlates to Academic Procrastination

among Pre-Service Teachers

Link: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=445477

Summary:

This study explores the link between academic procrastination and self-efficacy in
online learning. This curiosity arose from observing students in our larger academic
community who often delayed completing assignments and studying for exams despite
receiving prior advice. We also noticed instances where students managed to submit
projects on time without procrastinating. To investigate this further, I focused on third-
year Bachelor of Secondary Education students from five different majors.

In this study, I employed a descriptive-correlational research design. The results

showed that students with high levels of self-efficacy tended to be more internally
motivated and generally succeeded in completing their tasks. However, it was
interesting to note that even students with high self-efficacy sometimes struggled with
procrastination. Therefore, a student's ability to resist or succumb to procrastination
seemed closely tied to their level of academic self-efficacy.

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, I recommend that students employ
various tools and productivity apps like Forest and Pomodoro to help them stay focused
and avoid procrastination. Additionally, providing students with a checklist can assist
them in prioritizing and managing their tasks effectively. These strategies can be
valuable in supporting students' progress and productivity in online learning
environments.

Hint: page 180

Question:

3. My teacher creates educational materials by utilizing computer and Internet

resources to teach a certain lesson and deliver instruction.

Title: DEVELOPING STUDENT INFORMATION LITERACY SKILL IN SENIOR HIGH

SCHOOL

Link: https://ejournal.uin-suka.ac.id/tarbiyah/manageria/article/view/2021.61-08/2111?
fbclid=IwAR0QRRZ8hW9po5_8TgFsfZJAZva2YhULTKuSKrs4455haacOsfEMhlx_8t4

Summary: Information literacy skills are essential for students to manage the vast
amount of information available. School libraries play a crucial role in equipping
students with these skills through programs and activities. This study, conducted at the
Ganesha Library of SMA Negeri 1 Jetis in Yogyakarta, explores the library's efforts to
enhance information literacy. The research involved observations, documentation, and
interviews with library staff, teachers, and students. The findings indicate that the library
has successfully developed students' information literacy skills, enabling them to
effectively sort and use information for their academic pursuits.

Hint: Page 136, Through the Teacher's Role

Question: 4. My teacher helps us learn better by filling in our knowledge gaps related to
information we find on websites.
Title: Challenges of remote assessment in higher education in the context of
COVID-19: a case study of Middle East College
Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11092-020-09340-w

Summary: Abstract: Due to the unprecedented COVID-19 incident, higher education

institutions have faced different challenges in their teaching-learning activities.
Particularly conducting assessments remotely during COVID-19 has posed
extraordinary challenges for higher educa- tion institutions owing to lack of preparation
superimposed with the inherent problems of remote assessment. In the current study,
the challenges of remote assessment during COVID-19 incident in higher education
institutions were investigated taking Middle East College as a case study. For the study,
questionnaires were prepared and data from 50 faculties were collected and analyzed.
The study focused on the challenges of remote assessment in general and academic
dishonesty in particular. The main challenges identified in remote assessment were
academic dishonesty, infrastructure, coverage of learning outcomes, and commitment
of students to submit assessments. To minimize academic dishonesty, preparing
different questions for each student was found to be the best approach. Online
presentation was also found to be a good option to control academic integrity violations.
Combining various assessment methods, for instance report submis- sion with online
presentation, helps to minimize academic dishonesty since the examiner would have a
chance to confirm whether the submitted work is the work of the student.

Question: 5. My teacher teaches us to compile annotated bibliographies by

summarizing and presenting sources related to a specific topic.

Hint: Page 529,

Title: Information literacy and fake news: How the field of librarianship can help
combat the epidemic of fake news
Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0099133320301099

Summary: This research explores how librarianship can combat fake news and
misinformation. It includes a review of existing literature on fake news, information
literacy, and librarianship, focusing on defining fake news, analyzing information literacy
frameworks, and describing library efforts to counter fake news. The paper suggests
effective initiatives from the Library and Information Systems (LIS) profession and
provides recommendations for librarians to contribute to the digital age effectively.

Question: 6. My teacher guides us in recognizing biases and misinformation in the

language learning materials or resources.

Hint: Page 6, Left side

Title: Primary Sources of Data and Secondary Sources of Data

Link: file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/PrimarySecondary_Sources_of_data.pdf
Summary: Data consists of values from qualitative or quantitative variables, serving as
the foundation for drawing conclusions. Before information can be presented and
understood, there's a need to gather and organize data. Just as trees are transformed
into paper, data can be seen as the raw material for obtaining information. Data, in a
broad sense, denotes existing knowledge represented or coded in a usable form. It's
only when data is collected and analyzed that it becomes information suitable for
decision-making. Gathering data can be done through primary sources (researchers
collect the data) or secondary sources (researchers use data already collected by
others, like that found in scientific journals).

Question: 7. My teacher suggests that we should use the school library to learn the
distinction between primary and secondary sources.
Hint: Page 3, sources of primary data

Title: Engaging Student Teachers in Collaborative andReflective Online Video-

Assisted Extensive Listening in an Indonesian Initial Teacher Education (ITE)
Context
Link:

Summary:This article discusses a study on how intermediate-level English student

teachers in Indonesia used online videos for extensive listening practice, combining
reflection and online discussions. The research, based on Day and Bamford extensive
reading principles, shows that even though students initially faced language difficulties,
they found value in collaborative online video-assisted listening, enhancing their
autonomy and reflective language learning.

Question: 8. My teacher assigns us homework to watch TV news or listen to the radio

to stay informed about local and global events.
I was given homework by my teacher to watch TV news or listen to the radio to stay
informed about both local and global issues.

Hint: page 237, Highlighted text: We decided to watch a video of the Borobudur Temple
because it is one world’s historical site and one of the Indonesia’s national heritages of
which many Indonesians are proud. We have been to this tourist destination, but we
never heard or watched the news about it in English. It would be more useful for us if we
could have the opportunity to know how this temple was reported in English.

Title: Mapping the state of information literacy education in primary schools: The
case of Pakistan
Link: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/148399/1/batool%20webber%20accepted
%20paper%202.pdf

Summary: This paper examines the state of information literacy (IL) in primary schools
in Lahore, Pakistan. It emphasizes the importance of IL for students' development and
highlights the need for collaboration between school librarians and teachers. The study
aims to address the lack of research on IL in Pakistani schools.
Question: 9. My teacher gives creative writing assignments to help us structure our
online research findings.
Hint: 6. Discussion

Title: Teaching Media and Information Literacy in Philippine Senior High Schools:
Strategies Used and Challenges Faced by Selected Teachers

Author: Angelito P. Bautista Jr.

Year: 2021

Summary:

Abstract

In the Philippines, the most recent and significant achievement in media and
information literacy education is its inclusion in the senior high school (SHS)
curriculum. However, since MIL is still relatively new, it remains to be seen how this
subject can be effectively taught in the Philippines’ SHS. This qualitative case study
explored how SHS teachers taught MIL in the early years of its implementation. In
addition, in-depth interviews were conducted among seven SHS teachers of MIL. The
participants believe that there is confusion and misunderstanding about teachers’
competencies to teach MIL. Furthermore, teachers are inadequately prepared to teach
the subject due to a lack of proper training and availability of materials. The informants
also agree that they did not have a deep understanding of the subject’s meaning,
significance, and scope when asked to teach MIL. To compensate for the lack of
preparedness and inadequacy of materials, the teachers used familiar strategies.
Despite these limitations, participants are open and willing to teach MIL, recognizing its
importance and relevance to their students. However, there is also a need to review
the curriculum guide prepared by the country’s Department of Education. In addition,
teachers found it challenging to finish the topics within the prescribed time frame.

Link: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3930867

Hint: Page 27, Teaching Materials used by MIL Teachers.

Question:

10. My teacher uses textbooks and news articles from different publishers, with some
receiving school-provided books and the internet for references in a certain activity or
task.
Assessment of Students 21st Century Literacy Skills

Title: Output-based approach in media and information literacy toward 21st

century skills development in the Philippines.

Link: International Journal of Research Studies in Education. (2020). Output-based

approach in media and information literacy toward 21st century skills development in
the Philippines. Santos, R. (Ed.). Volume 9, Number 7, 13-29. Retrieved from
https://www.consortiacademia.org/wp-content/uploads/IJRSE-2020-9.7-13-29.pdf

Summary:

Discusses a research study on the development of cognitive, interpersonal, and

intrapersonal potentials of students in the Philippines through an output-based approach
in media and information literacy (MIL) using a reinvented and project-based 21st-
century skills (21CC) paradigm. The study aims to contribute to the development of
21CC in the country and explore the implications of integrating information and
communication technology in pedagogy. The file includes details on the study's
methodology, results, and implications, as well as information on the MIL curriculum and
recommended readings.

Hint: According to the International Journal of Research Studies in Education 1,

students in the MIL course used various tools to improve their information literacy skills.
These tools included a learning management system called Canvas, group
presentations, book publications, visual media design, audio production, interviews with
history professors, photography and photo exhibits, text analysis, media fasting with a
reflection paper, responsible media and gadget use, and introspection [T1, p. 3]. The
students were assessed through regular seat work, quizzes, and two major tests that
required the use of gadgets such as laptops, smartphones, and Canvas. The target
competencies were cognitive and intrapersonal domains. Group presentations involved
two tasks, one at the beginning of the term and the other toward the end. Both must be
delivered via ubiquitous media such as Microsoft PowerPoint programs, videos, and
graphics. The first involves data-gathering of students’ media use and the second is
about an assigned topic that must be discussed by the student. The development of
cognitive, interpersonal, and intrapersonal competencies was the ultimate goal of the
course [T1, p. 3-4; T3, p. 5].

Question: I use different Information tools like Canvas, group presentations, books, and
audio production to organize information for my class report.

Title: Information literacy standards and the World Wide Web results from a
student survey on evaluation of Internet information sources
Link: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1050475.pdf

Summary:
This paper aims to determine how appropriate information literacy instruction is for
preparing students for these unmediated searches using commercial search engines
and the Web. Method. A survey was designed using the 2000 Association of College
and Research Libraries literacy competency standards for higher education. Survey
questions examined how subjects perceived the source evaluation criteria of reliability,
validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness and point of view or bias. Analysis: Quantitative
analysis was carried out on the data collected from 389 survey respondents who
answered twenty-seven multiple choice questions concerning their information search
practice and their evaluations of information sources. Results: Subjects primarily use
Google as a research source for academic work and appear to be confused about how
to determine the author of a source and how to determine the qualifications of the
author. About half of the subjects indicated they may not be able to determine the
author of an Internet source yet consider it possible to determine the objectivity of the
source. Conclusions: Information literacy instruction on source evaluation criteria may
need to be reexamined in relation to the various information sources available today.
More effective information literacy instruction methods that address the issues identified
in this study may need to be implemented.

Hint: Conclusion, Pages 15 to 33

Question: When I'm checking a website, I examine its URL and consider the domain
(.com, .edu, .org, .net, etc.) to help me figure out if it's a reliable and trustworthy source
to organize.

Title: Assessment of Information Literacy Skills among Students of Alagappa

University, India
Link: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188141187.pdf

Summary: According to the study conducted by Chu, C., Chu, S. and Yeung, A. (2018),
they examined the information skills of Alagappa University Central library users. I used
a simple random sampling technique. The study explored several aspects, such as
awareness of library sources and services, both printed and electronic documents,
knowledge about cataloged items, internet usage, familiarity with ICT and online
databases. Information literacy is a crucial factor in shaping the information society. The
findings revealed that the majority of students use the internet in the university central
library, with many relying on various information resources to enhance their knowledge
and prepare for seminars, conferences, and journal article writing. Additionally, the
study identified the primary barrier to computer usage by university library users as the
lack of electricity.

Question: I can write a summary of an article online in my own words to prevent

plagiarizing the content while staying closely connected to the original content.
Hint: Page 3, Literature Review

Title: Using technology to teach students information literacy skills: An online

module for first-year students at the University of Johannesburg (uj)
Year: 2018
Link: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/context/iatul/article/2233/viewcontent/
Du_Toit_Using_technology_to_teach_information_literacy_paper.pdf
Summary: In today's education landscape, being information literate is essential,
especially with the increasing shift towards e-learning and technology integration. As we
embrace these changes, it's clear that libraries, including our UJ library, must adapt to
support web-based learning rather than traditional methods. To enhance students'
academic journey, we took the initiative to create an online information literacy module.
We conducted a pilot study with twelve first-year UJ students, using pre- and post-tests
to evaluate the impact of this module. Our findings indicate that students greatly
benefited from the online activities, improving their information literacy skills. While our
study focused on first-year students, some university departments have since made the
module mandatory for their students, prompting further exploration of its benefits for
students at different levels of study. Looking ahead, we're considering making this
module compulsory for all UJ first-year students. Our online information literacy module
stands out for its interactive multimedia approach, integrating a web-based system
(Library LibGuide) with a Learning Management System (Blackboard).

Question: I give credit to the author when including their claims in my research
assignments.
Hint: Discussion, page 7

Title: Multidimensional Analysis of Determinants in the Academic Achievement of

Basic Education Learners: Its Implication to Higher Education Institutions
Link: file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/125989120.pdf

Summary: This study is a comprehensive investigation into the challenges and

opportunities of implementing quality basic education, focusing on Northern Mindanao.
It dissects basic education policies outlined in RA 10533, also known as the "Enhanced
Basic Education Act of 2013." The main goal is to analyze what factors influence the
academic performance of basic education students and then propose solutions to
enhance the quality of education in the region. The study primarily concentrates on the
following aspects: Governance and Management, Basic Education Curricula, Teacher
Development, and Student/Learner Development. It employs a mixed methods
approach to address research questions and study variables. Participants included
Basic Education teachers in Grades 3, 6, 10, and 12 in government schools, as well as
students who took the 2017-2018 National Achievement Test (NAT) and school
administrators from the Department of Education. The findings revealed discrepancies
in the implementation of the K to 12 policies, particularly in the curriculum. Basic
Education teachers displayed strong competencies in key result areas. However, the
study found that basic education students had limited proficiency in critical thinking,
problem-solving, and information literacy skills across most subject areas.

Question: I can analyze and interpret graphs that display data without text.
Hint: Page 695, Conclusions

Title: Multidimensional Analysis of Determinants in the Academic Achievement of

Basic Education Learners: Its Implication to Higher Education Institutions
Link: file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/125989120.pdf

Summary: This study is a comprehensive investigation into the challenges and

opportunities of implementing quality basic education, focusing on Northern Mindanao.
It dissects basic education policies outlined in RA 10533, also known as the "Enhanced
Basic Education Act of 2013." The main goal is to analyze what factors influence the
academic performance of basic education students and then propose solutions to
enhance the quality of education in the region. The study primarily concentrates on the
following aspects: Governance and Management, Basic Education Curricula, Teacher
Development, and Student/Learner Development. It employs a mixed methods
approach to address research questions and study variables. Participants included
Basic Education teachers in Grades 3, 6, 10, and 12 in government schools, as well as
students who took the 2017-2018 National Achievement Test (NAT) and school
administrators from the Department of Education. The findings revealed discrepancies
in the implementation of the K to 12 policies, particularly in the curriculum. Basic
Education teachers displayed strong competencies in key result areas. However, the
study found that basic education students had limited proficiency in critical thinking,
problem-solving, and information literacy skills across most subject areas.

Question: I can analyze and interpret graphs that display data without text.
Hint: Page 695, Conclusions

Title: Who Is Behind this? Preparing high school students to evaluate online content

Link: https://jrtdd.com/index.php/journal/article/view/957

Summary: Abstract
The researchers examined college students' perceptions, motivation, and use of
Wikipedia as a resource for their course-related research assignments. To obtain
information on Wikipedia's usefulness, reliability, and accuracy, the researchers
surveyed 210 senior students from the College of Arts and Sciences, Cagayan State
University, Philippines. To understand the students' opinions on Wikipedia use and
substantiate the survey results, the authors conducted a focus group discussion (FGD).
Results of the survey revealed that students overall had a neutral perception of
Wikipedia as a resource for their course-related writing assignments. These Gen Z
digital natives use the site as a starting point to get an initial orientation on topics
assigned to them. Results revealed that students consider themselves occasional users
who visit the platform for quick help but only at the start of the research process.
Results, however, showed evidence proving that those who worked with Wikipedia
remained neutral in their opinion on the site's reliability and accuracy of information. The
researchers also ran a Chi-Square test to assess the association between students'
academic program and perception, motivation, and use of the people ‘s encyclopedia.
Results manifested a link between academic programs and perception of the accuracy
of Wikipedia information. They concluded that students use Wikipedia and rely on it to
get a head start on their course-related research assignments. While students believe
that the site can be a goldmine in terms of preliminary research and literacy, they are
still determining the accuracy of Wikipedia information. They provided appropriate
recommendations in light of the emerging results.

Hint: Results

Question: I know the specific keywords to search and I can assess how good the
search engine's results are.

Title: Challenges and Opportunities of TLE Teachers in Philippine Public Schools:

An Inquiry
Link: https://bjmas.org/index.php/bjmas/article/download/537/1065

Summary:
An article in the British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies published in
2023. This article discusses the experiences of Technology and Livelihood Education
(TLE) teachers in public schools in the Philippines. Although the authors' names were
not mentioned in the PDF file, the study sheds light on the difficulties and prospects
encountered by these educators.

The research uncovered that TLE teachers in the Philippines confront various
challenges, such as a lack of resources, insufficient training, and limited opportunities
for professional growth. Despite these obstacles, the study revealed that these teachers
are deeply committed to their profession and driven by their desire to see their students
excel.

To address these challenges, the study proposes several strategies. These include the
provision of additional resources and training, enhancements to the curriculum, and an
increase in opportunities for professional development. Furthermore, the study suggests
that policymakers and educators should collaborate to create a more supportive and
cooperative environment for TLE teachers.

In essence, this study highlights the unique challenges and promising opportunities
faced by TLE teachers in the Philippines and offers valuable recommendations for
tackling these issues. It underscores the significance of providing TLE educators with
the necessary support, resources, and training they require to thrive in their vital roles.
Hint: Category 1: Limited Resources, page 49
Question: I can utilize advanced search options to find the exact information I require.

Title: Higher Education students' technological characteristics and technological

self-efficacy during Covid 19: Implications to flexible learning framework
Link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373375561_Higher_Education_students
%27_technological_characteristics_and_technological_self-
efficacy_during_Covid_19_Implications_to_flexible_learning_framework

Summary:

A study conducted by Arlene D. Talosa, Billy S. Javier, and Estela L. Dirain (2021), the
focus centered on exploring the technological characteristics and self-efficacy of higher
education students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its potential impact on
flexible learning approaches. The study's findings revealed that a significant portion of
students primarily relied on shared smartphones for their learning needs and were
generally familiar with various online tools. However, they exhibited a relative lack of
experience when it came to utilizing learning management systems and creating video
content for educational purposes. In light of these findings, the authors recommended
that universities should develop adaptive training and skill development programs aimed
at enhancing students' technological proficiency. Additionally, they suggested the
implementation of student-friendly learning activities. While this study provided valuable
insights, it acknowledged certain limitations and proposed that future research adopt a
causal-correlational approach, encompassing a broader range of participants for a more
comprehensive examination of the subject matter.

Hint: Conclusion
Question: I find it simple to access websites on the internet.

Title: Are Social Networking Sites Information Sources? : Informational purposes

of high-school students in using SNS
Link: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Are-social-networking-sites-information-
sources-of-Aillerie-McNicol/dd6ebd9f68c9edd86b9cf83134a107e024501f65

Summary: While social networking sites (SNSs) like Facebook and Twitter are popular
among teenagers, most research has focused on their social uses. In my study, I aimed
to explore how high school students aged 15-19 utilize SNSs to seek information. It's
essential to understand how young people employ SNSs not only for their social lives
but also for academic and everyday life information. The results of a web-based survey
involving students from the UK, France, Thailand, and Denmark reveal that SNSs serve
as information sources for many teenagers, particularly for information related to social
activities. While academic information-seeking is not the primary use of SNSs, the
findings suggest that many students do turn to SNSs for academic and everyday life
information.
Question: I utilize Google, Yahoo, Bing, Gmail, Mozilla, and Hotmail, When I need to
find information by searching a specific question.
Hint: discussion

Title: Trust, Media Credibility, Social Ties, and the Intention to Share towards
Information Verification in an Age of Fake News
Link: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/12/2/51

Summary:
Abstract
Social media is now the primary form of communication between internet users and
has soared in popularity, which has directly impacted the spread of the phenomenon of
fake news. Fake news is not only a widespread phenomenon; it is also problematic and
dangerous for society. The aim of this study is to understand the phenomenon of fake
news better. The study

utilized a structural modeling equation in order to identify how Polish society perceives
the problem of fake news and assess the extent to which it trusts content that is
published on the internet. The key goal was to determine what factors have the most
significant influence on the verification of information being viewed on the internet. By
deploying the partial least squares method of validation, SmartPLS3 software was used
to process the survey results. The strongest positive effect on information verification
behavior was found to be fake news awareness, which was followed by the intention to
share information. The research did not consider any clear connections that may exist
between the nature of fake news and its recipient; however, much of the fake news that
appears on the internet is political in nature. The study can be used by news reporting
companies and provides preliminary information for developers responsible for running
social media sites as well as users who want to combat and limit the spread of fake
news online. This study expands on the available literature related to fake news by
identifying the effects on information verification behavior of fake news awareness and
the intention to share data.

Hint: Discussion

Question: I double-check the information by searching for some supporting evidence to

prove the reliability of the information.