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INDEX

General Data of Patient.…………………………….…….3

Engineering Applications …………………………………6

Purposes of an Arm Prosthesis …….…………………12

Possible problems that may occur ………………….13

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1. AFFILIATION
First and Last name: Lil Kang Ganbat
Age: 23
Sex: Male
Race: Asian
Marital status: Single
Religion: Muslim
Grade of education: Degree
Occupation: Agronomist
Date and place of birth: 12/07/98
Provenance: Ulan Bator, Mongolia
Date and time of admission:

2. PATIENT PROFILE
2.1 Biographical data:
Lil Kang was born in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. He is the son of peasant parents,
where he lives with his two younger brothers in a village in the outskirts of
Mongolia. There he studied all his basic education, where he met Kung Lao.
They both had a fascination for the countryside, so they decided to dedicate
their studies to the countryside.
2.2 Present way of life
The way of life and the type of efforts he makes should be clarified.
3. MAIN COMPLAINT:

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Traumatic amputation of the left arm, up to the elbow. Due to being crushed
in a tractor, he suffered several tears in the remaining part of the arm, in
addition to some in the shoulder, which caused a considerable blood loss
despite having a tourniquet made by his friend.
4. CURRENT ILLNESS
No history of progressive disease
24-year-old male patient
On the day of admission, he entered the emergency room with a considerable
blood loss, despite having a tourniquet at the level of the long head of the
biceps brachii, he entered surgery to stop and close the wound, the operation
lasted 2 hours and a half, it is estimated the generation of a scar in 3 or 4
weeks, the use of a body control prosthesis will be prepared for the patient in
6 months.

-Appetite: Eating 3 times a day, high consumption of red meat (and fiber (rice,
potato and wheat), low consumption of vegetables.
-Thirst: Consumption of approximately 1 to 1.5 liters of water per day.
Stools: normal (1-2 times per day of semi-solid consistency).
-Diuresis: normal.
-Weight: preserved
-Sleep: preserved

A) Vital Signs:
- T°: 38 degrees Celsius (slightly above normal, due to her condition is normal).
- Pressure: 110/ 70 mmHg. Left arm, decubitus
- Pulse: 88 bpm

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- Weight: 80 kilos
- Height: 1.80 m
- BMI:

MUSCULOSKELETAL:
You have a total muscle and fascia tear, which would correspond to a third-
degree or severe tear depending on the severity and a total muscle and fascia
tear of the biceps and triceps portion, plus the deltoid on the shoulder
portion.

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Mechanical Engineering:
Design and Mechanisms: used to design the structure of the
prosthesis, including the joints, supporting components and
mechanisms that allow the natural movement of the arm.
Materials: Selection of suitable materials: that are light, strong and
durable to construct the prosthesis. Ergonomics and comfort for the
user are considered.
Dynamics and Control: Principles of dynamics and control to ensure
that the prosthesis moves smoothly and accurately. This includes the
design of control systems that allow the user to control the movements
of the prosthesis intuitively.

Chemical Engineering:
Materials and Coatings: Development of advanced materials,
such as polymers, and special adhesives that are used in the
fabrication of the prosthesis. These materials must be
biocompatible to ensure user safety.
Sensors: Chemical sensors can be integrated into the prosthesis to
detect biochemical signals from the body and adjust the function of the
prosthesis accordingly.
Antimicrobial Coatings: To prevent infection and maintain hygiene
in prostheses that come in direct contact with the user's skin.

Computer Science:
Electronic Control: programming and electronic control for the
prosthesis. Control algorithms are used to interpret electrical or
muscular signals from the body and translate them into precise
movements of the prosthesis.

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Artificial Intelligence: For the application of machine learning
techniques to improve the ability of the prosthesis to adapt to and learn
from the user's movement patterns.
Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Simulations: Enables virtual
design of the prosthesis prior to physical fabrication, which helps to
optimize its shape and functionality.

Math’s and Statistics

Biomechanics: Biomechanics is a discipline that combines anatomy,
physics and mathematics to study motion and force in the human body.
In the case of creating a prosthetic arm, biomedical engineers use
biomechanics to design a prosthesis that correctly fits the user's
anatomical structure and allows for natural and functional movement of
the prosthetic arm.
Statistics: In the process of creating a prosthetic arm for a rural
person, statistics play an important role in the analysis and
interpretation of the data collected during the study of the target
population. Professionals use statistical methods to identify the most
common characteristics and needs of farmers, which allows the
prosthetic arm to be adapted to the particularities of this group of
people.
Mathematics applied to engineering: During the design and
fabrication of a prosthetic arm, engineers use mathematical concepts
to determine the mechanical and structural characteristics of the device.
These mathematical calculations make it possible to ensure the
strength and durability of the prosthesis, as well as to optimize its weight
and size to provide greater comfort to the user. In addition, mathematics
is also applied in the programming of the control systems and sensors
of the prosthesis, allowing its integration with the user's neuromuscular
system.

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Physics
Materials and prosthesis design: Physics is applied in the selection
of appropriate materials for the construction of the prosthesis,
considering its mechanical properties, such as strength and flexibility.
In addition, physics is used in the design of the prosthesis so that it
adapts correctly to the amputated arm, allowing a natural and
comfortable movement.
Motion mechanics: Physics is essential to understand and simulate
the movements of the amputated arm. Principles of kinematics and
dynamics are applied to analyze how joints and muscles move during
arm movements. This allows the design of a prosthesis that can mimic,
as far as possible, the natural movements of the arm.
Energy and control systems: Physics is also used in the creation of
energy systems for the prosthesis, such as batteries or solar charging
systems, to power the electrical and electronic components of the
prosthesis. In addition, automatic control principles are used to make
the prosthesis respond appropriately to the user's commands, using
sensors and actuators controlled by physical algorithms.

Electronic Engineering
Movement control: Electrical engineering is critical in the creation of
a prosthetic arm for a rural person, as it allows the movements of the
prosthesis to be controlled through electrical signals generated by the
user's brain or muscles. Through the use of electrodes and brain-
machine interface systems, the prosthesis can be made to respond
precisely to the user's commands.
Sensors and feedback: Electrical engineering allows sensors to be
integrated into the prosthesis to provide tactile or positional feedback to
the user. For example, through the use of pressure sensors, the
sensation of grasping can be replicated in the prosthesis, which would

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help the rural person to perform activities such as lifting objects or
working in the field.
Power and autonomy: Electrical engineering is essential in the
design of power and autonomy systems for the prosthesis.
Rechargeable batteries or external power systems can be integrated to
ensure that the prosthesis has the necessary energy to operate for long
periods of time, which would be especially useful for a farmer who
needs to use his prosthesis throughout his workday. In addition, energy
recovery systems, such as regenerative brakes, can be implemented to
harness the energy generated by the user's movements and increase
battery life.

Materials Science and Engineering:

Material Selection: Choosing the right materials for prosthetic
components is crucial. Materials must be biocompatible, lightweight,
durable, and able to withstand mechanical stresses. Advances in
materials science have led to the development of composite materials,
such as carbon fiber-reinforced plastics, that offer a good balance of
these properties.
3D Printing: Additive manufacturing techniques, like 3D printing, have
revolutionized prosthetic design and production. Materials engineers
work on developing printable materials that are both suitable for
prosthetics and compatible with the printing process, allowing for highly
customized and cost-effective solutions.
Surface Treatments: Surface modifications and coatings can
enhance the biocompatibility and wear resistance of prosthetic
materials. Researchers in materials science work on creating surfaces
that reduce friction and improve the interaction between the prosthesis
and the user's residual limb.

Biology and Neurobiology:

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Biomechanics: Understanding how the human body moves and
functions is essential for designing prosthetics that mimic natural
motion. Biologists and biomechanics experts collaborate to study the
musculoskeletal system and design prosthetic limbs that replicate
natural movements.
Neuroprosthetics: Prosthetic devices can interface with the nervous
system to provide sensory feedback and control. Neurobiologists and
neuroengineers work on developing technologies like brain-computer
interfaces (BCIs) and nerve-controlled prosthetics, enabling users to
regain more natural and intuitive control over their artificial limbs.
Tissue Integration: In some cases, prosthetic limbs can be surgically
implanted and integrated with the user's own tissues. This requires a
deep understanding of biology to ensure that the prosthetic becomes a
functional part of the body without causing adverse reactions or
rejection.

Chemistry and Biochemistry:

Biocompatibility: Chemists and biochemists play a crucial role in
ensuring that the materials used in prosthetics do not elicit an immune
response or toxicity. They work on developing materials that are safe
for long-term implantation within the human body.
Drug Delivery Systems: Some advanced prosthetic devices
incorporate drug delivery systems to control inflammation, infection, or
pain. Chemists design these systems, ensuring the controlled release
of pharmaceuticals at the prosthetic interface.
Biological Sensors: Prosthetics can include sensors to monitor
various physiological parameters, such as temperature or pH.
Chemistry and biochemistry are involved in developing sensors that can
communicate with the prosthetic user or healthcare providers to track
the user's health and prosthetic performance.

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Skin Interface: Creating a comfortable and secure interface between
the prosthesis and the residual limb often involves specialized silicone
or gel materials. Chemistry plays a role in developing these materials
to provide a good fit and reduce friction and irritation.

These three areas of expertise, materials science and engineering,

biology and neurobiology, and chemistry and biochemistry, are integral
to the development of advanced prosthetic devices that improve the
quality of life for individuals with limb loss or limb impairments.
Collaborative efforts across these disciplines drive innovation and lead
to more functional and comfortable prosthetic solutions.

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Purposes of an Arm Prosthesis

1. Improve Quality of Life: An arm prosthesis enables a person to

carry out essential daily activities more independently and effectively,
significantly enhancing their quality of life.
2. Restore Functionality: Arm prostheses are designed to restore
basic functions such as gripping objects, lifting things, getting dressed,
eating, and performing daily tasks.
3. Promote Social Participation: By regaining the ability to engage
in social and work-related activities, individuals with arm prostheses can
fully participate in society and maintain personal and professional
relationships.
4. Boost Self-Esteem and Confidence: Using an arm prosthesis
can help individuals feel more confident and accept their physical
appearance, contributing to their emotional well-being.
5. Rehabilitation and Therapy: In some cases, arm prostheses are
used in rehabilitation processes to assist patients in regaining strength
and muscle function after amputation.
6. Aid in Occupational Performance: Arm prostheses can also be
essential for maintaining or regaining the ability to work in specific
professions or job roles.
7. Facilitate Independence: Arm prostheses enable individuals to
perform daily tasks without being entirely reliant on others for
assistance.

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Possible problems that may occur

The development of diseases related to an arm prosthesis is generally

not common if proper care guidelines are followed. However, there are
some important considerations:

Infections: Infections can occur if the hygiene and cleanliness of the

prosthesis are not properly maintained, or if wounds develop on the skin
beneath the prosthesis. An antimicrobial coating on the prosthesis can
help prevent infections.

Skin Irritations: The constant rubbing of the prosthesis on the skin

can cause irritations or pressure ulcers. It's important to use a properly
fitted and padded prosthesis to minimize this risk.

Material Allergies: Some individuals may develop allergies or

irritations due to the materials used in the prosthesis. It is crucial to use
biocompatible materials to minimize this risk.

Biomechanical Issues: If the prosthesis is not designed or fitted

correctly, it can create stress on the joints and surrounding muscles,
which could lead to long-term physical health problems.

Anxiety or Depression: Some individuals may experience anxiety or

depression following amputation and adaptation to a prosthesis. The
loss of a limb can be an emotionally challenging experience.

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Individuals who have
undergone traumatic amputations may develop symptoms of PTSD,
such as flashbacks or nightmares related to the traumatic event.

Adaptation Difficulties: Learning to use a prosthesis can be a

process of both physical and mental adaptation. Some individuals may
struggle to adapt to the new abilities and limitations.

Body Image Issues: The loss of a limb can impact a person's

perception of their body image, leading to concerns about appearance
and social acceptance.

Frustration: Adapting to a prosthesis can require time and effort.

Frustration may arise when individuals face challenges in operating the
prosthesis or performing daily tasks.

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