Microbiology With Diseases by Body System 4th Edition Bauman Test Bank

Microbiology with Diseases by Body System 4th Edition Bauman Test Bank
Microbiology with Diseases by Body System 4th

Edition Bauman Test Bank
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Chapter 7 Microbial Genetics
7.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) All of the following are associated with nucleic acid structure EXCEPT
A) ribose.
B) hydrogen bonds.
C) uracil.
D) ionic bonds.
E) phosphate.
Answer: D
Bloom's Rank: Knowledge
Section: The Structure and Replication of Genomes
2) Which of the following is found at the 5 end of a DNA strand?

A) a phosphate group
B) a hydrogen bond
C) a hydroxyl group
D) histones
E) a methyl group
Answer: A
Bloom's Rank: Comprehension
3) The bacterial chromosome is

A) usually circular.
B) found in a nucleoid.
C) found in a nucleus.
D) both circular and found in a nucleoid.
E) both circular and found in a nucleus.
Answer: D
4) Which of the following types of plasmids allows a bacterial cell to kill its competitors?
A) virulence factors
B) fertility factors
C) bacteriocin factors
D) resistance factors
E) cryptic plasmids
Answer: C
1
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) Which of the following is NOT involved the packaging of eukaryotic chromosomes?
A) nucleosomes
B) histones
C) heterochromatin
D) euchromatin
E) Okazaki fragments
Answer: E
6) Which of the following statements is true of bacterial plasmids?

A) They are found in the nucleoid.
B) They can replicate autonomously.
C) They carry genes for essential metabolic functions.
D) They are small circular DNA molecules.
E) They are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate autonomously.
Answer: E
7) DNA helicases
A) break hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides.
B) synthesize short DNA molecules important for the function of DNA polymerase.
C) seal gaps between DNA fragments.
D) proofread DNA molecules.
E) assist in recognition of promoters during transcription.
Answer: A
8) Which of the following statements concerning transcription in bacteria is FALSE?

A) It occurs in the nucleoid region.
B) Sigma factors are parts of RNA polymerase that recognize promoter regions.
C) The same RNA polymerase transcribes primer RNA, mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
D) Termination is either self-induced or due to the presence of Rho protein.
E) There are a variety of sigma factors that affect transcription.
Answer: C
Bloom's Rank: Application
Section: Gene Function
2
9) Which of the following is involved in translation?
A) rRNA
B) tRNA
C) mRNA
D) both mRNA and tRNA
E) mRNA, rRNA and tRNA are all involved.
Answer: E
10) Which of the following is a characteristic shared by DNA and RNA polymerases?
A) efficiency of proofreading
B) type of nucleotides used
C) direction of polymerization
D) speed
E) dependence on helicase
Answer: C
11) Which of the following is the strongest base pair?

A) guanine-cytosine
B) adenine-uracil
C) adenine-thymine
D) guanine-thymine
E) both adenine-uracil and adenine-thymine
Answer: A
12) A codon is a particular combination of three nucleotides. Therefore, there are __________
possible combinations of the nucleotides A, C, G, and T.
A) 16
B) 4
C) 12
D) 64
E) 32
Answer: D
3
13) The AUG codon functions in coding for the amino acid methionine and as a
A) termination signal.
B) start signal.
C) "wobble" codon.
D) marker for introns.
E) recognition site for RNA polymerase.
Answer: B
14) Which of the following must be removed from a eukaryotic mRNA molecule before it can be
translated?
A) promoter
B) exon
C) intron
D) anticodon
E) codon
Answer: C
15) A charged tRNA first enters the ribosomal __________ site and then moves into the
__________ site.
A) A, E
B) P, A
C) P, E
D) A, P
E) E, A
Answer: D
16) Which of the following statements regarding eukaryotic transcription is FALSE?

A) Transcription occurs in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts (if present).
B) Multiple transcription factors are required.
C) There are four different RNA polymerases.
D) Multiple elongation factors are required.
E) A guanine is added to the 3 end, and a poly-A tail is added to the 5 end of the mRNA
transcript.
Answer: E
4
17) Semiconservative DNA replication means that
A) each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one original strand and one new strand.
B) nucleotides are constantly being recycled as cells make DNA.
C) the cell can proofread its newly synthesized DNA only part of the time.
D) the sequence of a DNA molecule is preserved as it is being replicated.
E) each strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule is replicated differently.
Answer: A
18) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Okazaki fragments?

A) They are checked for accuracy by DNA polymerase III.
B) They make up the lagging strand of replicated DNA.
C) They begin with an RNA primer.
D) They are joined together by DNA ligase.
E) They are longer in eukaryotic cells.
Answer: E
19) The proofreading function of DNA polymerase III results in an error rate of __________
during DNA replication.
A) 1 error in 1,000 bases
B) 1 error in 100,000 bases
C) 1 error in 1 million bases
D) 1 error in 10 million bases
E) 1 error in 10 billion bases
Answer: E
20) Which of the following processes is involved in the "central dogma" of genetics?
A) translation
B) transcription
C) DNA replication
D) transcription and translation
E) DNA replication and translation
Answer: D
5
21) Inducible operons
A) are active in the presence of a repressor.
B) are generally anabolic pathways.
C) are normally active.
D) usually require an activator to be transcribed.
E) usually require a repressor to be transcribed.
Answer: B
22) Which of the following are considered to be frameshift mutations?

A) insertions
B) inversions
C) deletions
D) both inversion and insertions
E) both deletions and insertions
Answer: E
Section: Mutations of Genes
23) If the codon AAA is changed to AAG, it still codes for the amino acid lysine; this is an
example of a
A) silent mutation.
B) nonsense mutation.
C) frameshift mutation.
D) gross mutation.
E) missense mutation.
Answer: A
24) Which of the following causes mutations by creating thymine dimers?

A) nucleotide analogs
B) nitrous acid
C) ultraviolet light
D) benzopyrene
E) gamma rays
Answer: C
6
25) DNA damage caused by ethidium bromide results in __________ mutations.
A) insertion
B) substitution
C) deletion
D) both inversion and insertion
E) both insertion and deletion
Answer: E
26) Which of the following is a DNA repair enzyme activated by visible light?
A) transposase
B) DNA photolyase
C) bacteriocin
D) DNA ligase
E) primase
Answer: B
27) The Ames test proves that a chemical is

A) carcinogenic.
B) carcinogenic in Salmonella.
C) mutagenic in Salmonella.
D) carcinogenic in humans.
E) mutagenic in humans.
Answer: C
28) The horizontal transfer process known as transduction

A) involves a virus.
B) requires a pilus.
C) requires a cell to be "competent."
D) requires a plasmid.
E) involves a mutagen.
Answer: A
Section: Genetic Recombination and Transfer
7
29) Frederick Griffith discovered
A) transformation.
B) transposons.
C) the lac operon.
D) DNA.
E) conjugation.
Answer: A
30) In conjugation, F+ cells

A) serve as recipient cells.
B) contain an F plasmid.
C) do not have conjugation pili.
D) can transfer DNA only to other F+ cells.
E) contain "jumping genes."
Answer: B
31) Another term for the palindromic sequence found at the ends of transposons is a(n)
A) complex transposon.
B) bacteriophage.
C) insertion sequence.
D) inverted repeat.
E) transposase.
Answer: D
32) Which of the following is characteristic of prokaryotic genomes but NOT eukaryotic
genomes?
A) histones
B) circular chromosomes
C) linear chromosomes
D) enclosed in a nuclear membrane
E) typically consist of a few to several chromosomes
Answer: B
8
33) Genes are active in a region of the eukaryotic chromosome called
A) heterochromatin.
B) the histone.
C) the nucleoid.
D) the plasmid.
E) euchromatin.
Answer: E
34) The energy required for DNA replication comes from

A) DNA polymerase.
B) triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides.
C) DNA ligase.
D) RNA primer.
E) the leading strand.
Answer: B
35) Which of the following is NOT involved in the regulation of the lac operon?
A) an inducer
B) a repressor protein
C) an iRNA
D) glucose
E) cyclic AMP
Answer: C
36) Genetic elements known as promoters are initiation points in the process of
A) DNA replication.
B) transcription.
C) translation.
D) mutation repair.
E) transformation.
Answer: B
9
37) Codons are recognized during
A) translation.
B) transcription.
C) base excision.
D) DNA replication.
E) transduction.
Answer: A
38) __________ is initiated at sequences called origins.

A) DNA replication
B) Translation
C) Splicing
D) Transcription
E) Transposition
Answer: A
39) The process of __________ requires the activity of DNA ligase.

A) translation
B) capping
C) transcription
D) DNA replication
E) transduction
Answer: D
40) RNA polymerase is primarily responsible for

A) DNA replication.
B) translation.
C) transcription.
D) transformation.
E) polyadenylation.
Answer: C
10
41) The process of __________ requires participation of tRNA molecules.
A) DNA replication
B) capping
C) transcription
D) translation
E) dark repair
Answer: D
42) The process of __________ is initiated with the incorporation of fMet.

A) translation
B) transcription
C) capping
D) DNA replication
E) light repair
Answer: A
43) Initiation of __________ involves Sigma factor molecules.

A) DNA replication
B) translation
C) transcription
D) splicing
E) termination
Answer: C
44) The process of __________ is described as semiconservative.

A) translation
B) transcription
C) mismatch repair
D) transformation
E) DNA replication
Answer: E
11
45) During __________, the growing polymer is located in the P site.
A) polyadenylation
B) DNA replication
C) mismatch repair
D) transcription
E) translation
Answer: E
7.2 True/False Questions
1) Prokaryotic cells are diploid.

Answer: FALSE
2) Prokaryotes have one type of DNA polymerase, which is different from that of eukaryotes.
Answer: FALSE
3) The most common type of mutation is a point mutation.

Answer: TRUE
4) Most bacteria have a natural ability to take up DNA from their environment.
Answer: FALSE
5) The structure of DNA explains both its ability to encode genetic information and the way in
which it is copied during cell reproduction.
Answer: TRUE
6) DNA, which is negatively charged, wraps around positively charged histones as part of the
packaging of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Answer: TRUE
12
7) Bidirectional replication means that each strand of a DNA molecule is replicated in the
opposite direction from the other.
Answer: FALSE
8) The phenotype of an organism reflects only part of its genotype.

Answer: TRUE
9) In generalized transduction, viruses carry random DNA sequences from one cell to another.
Answer: TRUE
10) DNA polymerase III participates in the dark repair mechanism of DNA mutation repair.
Answer: FALSE
7.3 Short Answer Questions
1) A(n) __________ is a specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein or an RNA
molecule.
Answer: gene
2) Loosely packed regions of a eukaryotic chromosome are called __________.

Answer: euchromatin
3) Transfer of DNA between cells by viruses is called __________.

Answer: transduction
4) A(n) __________ is a mutant organism that has different nutritional requirements from the
original wild-type organism.
Answer: auxotroph
13
5) The enzyme that removes supercoils generated during DNA replication is __________.
Answer: topoisomerase
6) 5-bromouracil mimics the chemical structure of thymine, making it a(n) __________ of

thymine.
Answer: analog
7) A mutation that changes the reading frame of a gene is called a __________ mutation.
Answer: frameshift
8) Transfer RNA molecules carrying amino acids initially bind to the ribosome at the
__________ site. (Be sure to use capital letters.)
Answer: A
9) The ________ of a transfer RNA molecule is complementary to a codon in a messenger RNA

molecule.
Answer: anticodon
10) dATP and dCTP are examples of triphosphate __________, the building blocks of DNA
molecules.
Answer: deoxyribonucleotides
11) A(n) __________ is a set of prokaryotic genes that are regulated and transcribed as a unit.
Answer: operon
12) The __________ strand is the DNA strand that is synthesized continuously during DNA
replication.
Answer: leading
14
13) The __________ is the set of genes in the genome of an organism.
Answer: genotype
14) RNA polymerase initiates transcription by recognizing specific nucleotide sequences called
__________.
Answer: promoters
15) Pre-messenger RNA molecules contain both __________ and exons. (Be sure your answer is
plural.)
Answer: introns
7.4 Essay Questions
1) Describe the basic similarities and differences between DNA replication and transcription.
Answer: DNA replication and transcription are similar processes in that they both involve the
production of molecules of nucleic acids using a preexisting template. Therefore, they both
involve the polymerization of nucleotides to create long chains, as well as the utilization of
complementary base-pairing rules to create the nucleotide sequence of the new molecule based
on the sequence of the template. Additionally, these chains of nucleotides are synthesized in the
same direction, 5' to 3', regardless of the type of nucleic acid being produced. However, there are
a number of differences between these two processes as well. During DNA replication both
DNA strands serve as template, while only one DNA strand is the template for transcription. The
product of DNA replication is an exact, complete DNA copy of an entire DNA molecule that
will be passed on to the offspring of the cell producing it. The product of transcription is an RNA
copy of a limited region (a gene) of a DNA molecule. Furthermore, this RNA molecule may not
be an exact copy of the gene, because transcription is more prone to errors than DNA replication.
The RNA molecules produced during transcription are used within the cell that produces them to
provide information for the synthesis of proteins during translation.
Bloom's Rank: Analysis
15
2) Describe the various types of nucleic acids that are typically found in cells.
Answer: All cells possess one or more DNA molecules that serve as the genetic blueprint of the
cell; these molecules are generally referred to as chromosomes. Prokaryotic chromosomes differ
from eukaryotic chromosomes in their number and physical shape. Eukaryotic chromosomes
tend to be more complex in their organization, involving specialized packaging proteins called
histones. Eukaryotic cells also tend to contain more chromosomes than prokaryotes, which have
no more than two chromosomes. In addition, all cells contain additional nucleic acid in the form
of various types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, primer RNA, siRNA, RNAi, and rRNA), which are
used to assist in the cell's genetic processes. Most cells contain other types of nucleic acid, such
as plasmids or the DNA found in organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Plasmids are
a common form of prokaryotic DNA and confer a variety of special abilities to the cell,
depending on the specific genes carried by the plasmid. Some eukaryotic cells may also contain
plasmids. The DNA of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts is used to partially control the
activities of these organelles in conjunction with genes found in the cell's nucleus.
3) Discuss some of the consequences of the significant differences in transcription between

prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Answer: The eukaryotic transcript is extensively modified after transcription and must be
transported out of the nucleus before it is translated. Prokaryotic transcripts are not extensively
modified before translation, and translation can be initiated before transcription is completed.
One result of these differences is that regulated protein products are produced more promptly in
prokaryotes than in eukaryotes, allowing prokaryotes to respond to environmental change much
more quickly. Eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases for transcription and a larger variety
of transcription initiation factors. As a consequence, gene regulation is potentially more complex
in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes.
4) Compare and contrast the lactose operon with the tryptophan operon.
Answer: Both the lactose and the tryptophan operons have certain features in common. They
both contain a set of genes dedicated to a common purpose (such as the catabolism of lactose by
the genes of the lactose operon) and regulatory elements such as a promoter and an operator.
Each of these operons makes use of a repressor protein, which binds to the operator region and
alters the activity of the operon. However, the lactose operon is classified as an inducible operon,
which means it requires an inducer (a lactose metabolite) in order to be activated. In the absence
of the inducer, the repressor protein shuts down the operon. In contrast, the tryptophan operon is
a repressible operon, which requires a corepressor (tryptophan itself) in order to activate the
repressor and shut down the operon. In the absence of the corepressor and repressor, the operon
is fully functional. In both types of operons, the molecule either catabolized (in the case of
lactose) or synthesized (in the case of tryptophan) is an important component of the regulation of
the operon. In this way, the cell maintains precise control over these genetic pathways and does
not spend time and energy making enzymes that are not needed. For example, making enzymes
to catabolize lactose when no lactose is present would waste energy and metabolites.
16
Microbiology with Diseases by Body System 4th Edition Bauman Test Bank
5) A point mutation can be completely harmless, or it can result in the death of a cell or
organism. Explain why these types of mutations can have such varying effects.
Answer: A point mutation is a single base change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell's genome.
The effects of a point mutation can depend on its location. Point mutations in noncoding regions
of the genome are usually harmless. Even in coding regions, point mutations can be harmless if
they result in silent mutations. Silent mutations preserve the sense of the amino acid code
because of the concept of "wobble," in which two codons can code for the same amino acid by
varying only at the third base of the codon. If the point mutation has occurred at this third base,
then the amino acid sequence of the protein will remain unchanged. Point mutations occurring at
the first or second base of the codon are almost always much more serious because they change
the codon to a completely different amino acid. This type of point mutation is known as a
missense mutation. Occasionally changes in the first or second base are still silent, in the case of
amino acids specified by several codons (e.g. CGG and AGG both code for Arginine). (Another
exception to this occurs when the new amino acid is chemically similar to the previous amino
acid, in which case the missense mutation usually causes little or no change in the overall
structure or function of the protein.) Finally, one of the most serious types of point mutations is a
nonsense mutation in which the codon has been changed to a stop codon. These types of
mutations result in the abnormal termination of a protein sequence. In all such cases, if the
protein affected by the mutation is an enzyme or some other vital protein required for proper
cellular function, then the cell and/or organism may die as a result of these relatively simple
mutations.
17
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7.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

2) Which of the following is found at the 5 end of a DNA strand?

3) The bacterial chromosome is

6) Which of the following statements is true of bacterial plasmids?

8) Which of the following statements concerning transcription in bacteria is FALSE?

11) Which of the following is the strongest base pair?

16) Which of the following statements regarding eukaryotic transcription is FALSE?

18) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Okazaki fragments?

22) Which of the following are considered to be frameshift mutations?

24) Which of the following causes mutations by creating thymine dimers?

27) The Ames test proves that a chemical is

28) The horizontal transfer process known as transduction

30) In conjugation, F+ cells

34) The energy required for DNA replication comes from

38) __________ is initiated at sequences called origins.

39) The process of __________ requires the activity of DNA ligase.

40) RNA polymerase is primarily responsible for

42) The process of __________ is initiated with the incorporation of fMet.

43) Initiation of __________ involves Sigma factor molecules.

44) The process of __________ is described as semiconservative.

7.2 True/False Questions

1) Prokaryotic cells are diploid.

3) The most common type of mutation is a point mutation.

8) The phenotype of an organism reflects only part of its genotype.

7.3 Short Answer Questions

2) Loosely packed regions of a eukaryotic chromosome are called __________.

3) Transfer of DNA between cells by viruses is called __________.

6) 5-bromouracil mimics the chemical structure of thymine, making it a(n) __________ of

9) The ________ of a transfer RNA molecule is complementary to a codon in a messenger RNA

7.4 Essay Questions

3) Discuss some of the consequences of the significant differences in transcription between

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