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joints. This was very clear from the pressure distribution on the top and bottom slabs where the
pressure is almost a straight line (uniformly distrbuted) and this is expected from a very rigid
structure. Also, McAffee and Valsangkar (2008) compared their field pressure results for circular
culvert to a square box culvert, which are completely different structures. The effect of the
structural members are investigated in this thesis, which will show clearly their effects on the
results of the soil culvert interaction factors.

Figure 2.29: Centrifuge model set-up (units: mm) (After Oshati et al. 2012)