POLICING-Pr act

icef
orthemaint
enancei
npeaceandor
der,l
awenf
orcement,andforthe
securi
tyofthecommunity.Thi
sisal
sothemethodpr
act
icedbyt
hepoli
ceoff
icerfort
he
maintenanceofpeaceandorder.

COMPARATI VEPOLICESYSTEM -Ref

erstothescienceandartofi
nvesti
gat
ingandcompar i
ng
thepol
icesy
stem ofnat
ions,
whi
chcoversthestudyofthei
rpoli
ceorgani
zat
ions,t
rai
ningsand
methodsofpoli
cing.

COMPARATI VECRIMINALJUSTICESYSTEM-thi
spertainstot
hesubfieldofcriminal
just
ice
whichdealswi thcompari
ngthesimi
lari
ti
esanddif
fer
encesofcri
minaljust
iceintermsof
str
ucture,goals,puni
shmentandemphasisonri
ghtsaswellashi
stor
yandpol i
ti
calst
ruct
ure,
goals,punishmentandemphasisonright
saswellashistor
yandpoli
ti
calstruct
ureofdiff
erent
systems.

METHODSOFCOMPARATI
VE

SAFARIMETHOD-wher
einar
esear
cherwi
l
lbesetf
oranot
hercount
ryf
orcompar
isonpur
poses.

COLLABORATI
VEMETHOD-oner
esear
cherwi
l
lcol
l
abor
atet
hewor
ktoaf
orei
gnr
esear
cher
.

HISTORICALCOMPARATI
VE-mostof
tenempl
oyedbyr
esear
cherusedquant
it
ati
veand
quali
tat
ivemet
hod.

UNPUBLI
SHEDWORKSCOMPARI
SON-si
ngl
ecul
tur
est
udyandt
wocul
tur
est
udyusi
ngpubl
i
sh
wor
ks.

TRANSNATI
ONALPOLI
CING

per
tai
nst
oal
lpol
i
cingt
hatt
ransgr
esst
onat
ional
bor
der
s.

I
NTERNATI
ONALPOLI
CING

i
ndicatethosety
pesofpol
i
cingt
hatar
efor
mal
ydi
rect
edbyi
nst
it
uti
onsusual
l
yresponsi
blef
or
i
nternati
onalaf
fai
rs.
GLOBALPOLI
CING

i
ndi
cat
ethosef
ormsofpol
i
cingt
hatar
eful
l
ygl
obal
inscope.

I
NTERNATI
ONALCRI
MINALJUSTI
CE

I
tinv
olv
est
hest
udyanddescr
ipt
ionofonecount
ry’
slaw,
cri
minal
procedur
eorj
ust
icepr
ocess.

TRANSNATI
ONALCRI
ME

Cr
imest
hatt
akespl
aceacr
ossnat
ional
bor
der
s.

Thewor d“tr
ansnati
onaldescri
bescr i
mesthatarenotonl
yint
ernati
onal(
thati
s,cr
imesthat
crossbordersbet
weencount ri
es).butcr
imesthatbythei
rnat
ureinvol
vebordercr
ossi
ngsasan
essent
ialpartoft
hecriminalacti
vit
y.

TYPESOFCRI
MINALJUSTI
CESYSTEM I
NTHEWORLD

1.COMMONLAW-iti
scharacter
izedbyst
rongadver
sari
alpr
ocedur
esandrel
iesuponoral
evi
dencei
nwhi
cht
hepubli
ct r
iali
samainfocalpoi
nt;al
soknownas"Angl
o-AmericanJust
ice"

2.CIVILLAW SYSTEM -thi

ssyst
em exi
ststhroughoutEur
opeancountri
es.Itischaract
eri
zedby
astronginqui
sit
ori
alsy
stem wher
elessri
ghtisgrantedtotheaccusedandt hewritt
enlawis
takenasgospelandsubjectt
oli
tt
lei
nter
pretati
onalsoknownasCont i
nental Just
iceorRomano
-GermanicJust
ice.

3.SOCI
ALI
STSYSTEM -t
hissy
stem canbechar
act
eri
zedbypr
ocedur
esdesi
gnedt
o
r
ehabi
l
itat
eorr
etai
npeopl
eint
oful
fi
ll
i
ngt
hei
rresponsi
bil
i
tiest
otheSt
ate.

4.I
SLAMICSYSTEM -thissystem,pr
ocedur
esandpr
act
icesi
ntheadmi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
icear
e
der
ivedf
rom t
hei
nterpretat
ionofHOLYQUR'AN.

TYPESOFPOLI
CESYSTEMSI
NTHEWORLD

1.Fragmentedpoli
cesyst
em-thissystem,whi
chi
sfoundintheUni
tedStatesofAmeri
ca,
is
di
rectl
yatt
ri
butedtothefeder
atednatureoft
hepol
it
ical
syst
em andlocalcommunit
ies
assert
ingt
heirr
ighttohomerule.

2.Combi
nedpol
icesy
stem -thi
ssy st
em i
smarkedbyt
henati
onal
andlocalgover
nment
s
cooper
ati
ngandshar
ingi
nt heresponsi
bil
i
tyf
orest
abl
ishi
ngapol
iceser
vice.

3.Nati
onalCent
ral
izedPoli
ceSystem-i
nthissystem,thecent
ral
governmentcr
eatesanati
onal
pol
iceforcef
orthecommuni t
y.t
hiswasorigi
natedinRomeandf oundindemocrat
iccount
ri
es
l
ikeFranceaswellasinsomenondemocr ati
ccountri
es.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofPol
i
ceOper
ati
onal
Sty
les

1.Ast
olawenf
orcementst
yles

a.Legal
ist
ic,whereemphasi
sisonv i
olat
ionsoflawandt heuseofthr
eatoract
ualar
restt
o
solv
edisputesinthecommunity
.Intheor
y ,
themor ear
reststhatar
emade,thesaf
erthe
communi t
ywi l
lbe.Thi
sstyl
eisoft
enfoundi nl
argemetropoli
tanar
eas.

b.Wat chman, whereemphasisisoninf

ormalmeansofr esol
vi
ngdisput
esandprobl
emsina
communi ty.Keepingthepeaceistheparamountconcer
n;arr
esti
susedonlyasalastr
esor
tto
resolv
eanyki ndofdistur
banceofthepeace.Thisst
ylei
scommonl yfoundi
nlower
socioeconomiccommuni ties.

c.Ser
vice,
wher
eemphasi
sisonhel
pingt
hecommuni
tyasopposedt
oenf
orci
ngt
hel
aw.
Refer
ralsanddiversi
ontocommunit
ytr
eat
mentagenci
esarecommoninst
eadofar
restand
for
mal courtact
ion.Thi
sstyl
eismostl
i
kel
yfoundi
nwealt
hycommunit
ies.

2.Ast
othedegr
eeofcommi
tmentt
omai
ntai
ningor
derandr
espectf
orduepr
ocess"

a.Enf
orcer
s,wher
eemphasi
sisonor
der
,wi
thl
i
ttl
erespectf
orduepr
ocess.

b.I
deal
i
sts,
wher
eemphasi
sisonbot
hsoci
alor
derandduepr
ocess.

c.Opt
imi
sts,
wher
eemphasi
sisonduepr
ocess,
wit
hli
tt
lepr
ior
it
ygi
vent
osoci
alor
der
.

d.Real
i
sts,
wher
eli
tt
leemphasi
sisgi
vent
oduepr
ocessorsoci
alor
der
.

3.
Ast
othewaypol
i
ceof
fi
cer
suset
hei
raut
hor
it
yandpoweri
nst
reetpol
i
cewor
k

a.Prof
essi
onal,
wher epoli
ceof
fi
cer
shav
ethenecessar
ypassi
onandper
spect
ivet
obe
val
uablepol
iceoff
icers.

b.Enfor
cer
s,wher
epoli
ceoff
icer
shav epassi
oni
nrespondi
ngt
ohumanpr
obl
emsbutdonot
recogni
zel
imit
sonthei
rpowertoresol
vethem.

c.Reciprocat
ors,
wherepoli
ceof
fi
cer
softenar
etooobj
ect
ivei
nthattheyhaveper
spect
ivebut
vir
tuall
ynopassion,r
esul
ti
nginadet
achmentfr
om t
hesuf
feri
ngtheyencount
erandoft
ena
fai
luretotakeacti
on.

d.Avoi
ders,
wherepoli
ceof
fi
cer
shavenei
therpassi
onnorper
spect
ive,resul
ti
ngi
nno
i
ntel
l
ectualr
ecogni
ti
onofpeopl
e'
spr
oblemsandnoactiontor
esolv
et hem.