PROJECTABSTRACT

AnInsighti
ntoBeyondCMOSNextGenerat
ionComput
ingusi
ng
Quantum-dotCel
lul
arAut
omat
aNanotechnology
.

ABSTRACT
CMOSi
sat
echnol
ogyt
hathasr
evol
uti
oni
zedt
hef
iel
dofel
ect
roni
cs.Ov
ert
het
ime
t
hepr
ocessi
ngt
echnol
ogi
esanddesi
gnmet
hodol
ogi
esofCMOSdev
iceshav
epr
oved
t
obei
nful
lswi
ngwi
tht
heMoor
e’sl
aw andt
hemi
niat
uri
zat
ionpar
adi
gm.Howev
er,
af
tersur
viv
ingf
ormor
ethanf
ivedecades,CMOSi
snow f
aci
ngchal
l
engest
oli
ve
t
hrought
hesubmi
cronr
anges.Thescal
i
ngi
nCMOShasr
eachedahi
gherl
i
mit
,showi
ng
adv
erseef
fect
snotonl
yfr
om phy
sicalandt
echnol
ogi
calpoi
ntofv
iew butal
sof
rom
mat
eri
alandeconomi
calper
spect
ive.Thi
sdr
if
tinspi
rest
her
esear
cher
stol
ookf
ornew
pr
omi
singal
ter
nat
ivest
oCMOS whi
chv
ow bet
terper
for
mance,densi
tyandpower
consumpt
ion.Oneoft
hepr
omi
singal
ter
nat
ivest
odi
git
aldesi
gni
ngi
nCMOSi
sthe
Quant
um-
dotCel
l
ularAut
omat
a(QCA)
.QCAi
sat
echnol
ogyt
hati
nvol
vesnocur
rent
t
ransf
erbutwor
ksonel
ect
roni
cint
eract
ionbet
weent
hecel
l
s.TheQCAcel
lbasi
cal
l
y
consi
stsofquant
um dot
ssepar
atedbycer
tai
ndi
stanceandt
heent
ir
etr
ansmi
ssi
onof
i
nfor
mat
ionoccur
svi
athei
nter
act
ionbet
weent
heel
ect
ronsl
ocal
i
zedi
nthesequant
um
dot
s.I
nthi
spapert
hel
i
mit
ati
onst
o CMOS i
nsubmi
cronr
angeandconcept
sfor
desi
gni
ng i
n QCA hav
ebeen di
scussed.Fur
thert
hebui
l
ding bl
ocksar
eexpl
ained
t
heor
eti
cal
l
yas wel
las usi
ng QCA Desi
gneri
mpl
ement
ati
ons wi
thf
ocus on cel
l
i
nter
act
ionandcl
ocki
ngmechani
sms.

Theev
eri
mpr
ovi
ngl
i
feofhumanbei
ngsi
sthedi
rectr
esul
toft
headv
anci
ng
t
echnol
ogi
es t
hatar
e dev
eloped f
rom t
ime t
oti
me.One oft
he mosti
mpor
tant
cont
ri
but
iont
owar
dst
hei
mpr
ovementofhumanl
i
fei
sthedev
elopmentoft
hef
iel
dof
el
ect
roni
cswhi
chhasbyandl
argegi
venanew scopet
oit
.Themaj
orr
evol
uti
ont
hat
f
ormst
hecor
eoft
heel
ect
roni
csi
ndust
ryt
odayi
sthedev
elopmentoft
heCMOS
t
echnol
ogy
.Thi
stechnol
ogyhasgi
venanewdi
mensi
ont
ocomput
ingov
ert
hel
astf
ive
decades.Fr
om 1947,whent
hef
ir
stbi
pol
arj
unct
iont
ransi
stor
swer
einv
ent
edt
othe
t
imewhenMOSFET’
stookov
ert
hei
mpr
ovement
swer
eoccur
ri
ngatapacet
hatwas
 PROJECTABSTRACT

notsof
ast
.Howev
eraf
tert
hedev
elopmentofCMOS,t
hepar
adi
gm ofmi
niat
uri
zat
ion
hasachi
evedmuchexhi
l
arat
ionandt
hescal
i
ngofCMOScompl
etel
ymetandsat
isf
ied
t
hisf
ramewor
k.Theexcept
ionalgr
owt
hthatt
hei
ndust
ryhasseenov
ert
hel
astf
ew
decadeshasbeenduet
othesuccessf
ull
i
nearscal
i
ngwhi
chwaspr
oposedbyDennar
d
i
nthebasi
cMOSst
ruct
ure.Thescal
i
ngoft
hebasi
cdev
icecanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo
cat
egor
iesv
iz.t
heconst
antv
olt
agescal
i
ng,i
nwhi
cht
henotsopr
act
icalconceptof
scal
i
ngofv
olt
agei
stakeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
onandt
heconst
antf
iel
dscal
i
ng,
inwhi
chal
l
t
hedi
mensi
onsi
ncl
udi
ngt
hepowersuppl
yvol
tagesandt
het
ermi
nalv
olt
agesoft
he
MOSFET ar
ereducedbyasamef
act
or.Howbei
titwasMoor
e,who i
nhi
spaper
suggest
edt
hatt
henumberofcomponent
speri
ntegr
atedci
rcui
twoul
dappr
oxi
mat
ely
doubl
eev
eryt
woy
ear
swi
thoutt
hecor
respondi
ngi
ncr
easei
nthecostoft
hechi
p.Thi
s
meantt
hatt
hegr
owt
hwoul
dbeexponent
ial
.Fr
om t
het
imet
hiswaspr
edi
ctedby
Moor
e,t
il
ltodayt
hei
ndust
ryhasmanagedt
okeepupwi
tht
heabov
efundament
al
f
amousl
yknown ast
heMoor
e’sLaw.Howev
erassuggest
ed byt
heI
nter
nat
ional
Technol
ogyandRoadmapf
orSemi
conduct
orsI
TRS,t
heCMOSt
echnol
ogyhasnow
st
art
edt
ofaceasper
it
iesi
nmai
ntai
ningt
hemi
niat
uri
zat
ioncr
it
eri
onandhol
dingont
o
t
heMoor
e’sl
aw.Thei
mmedi
ateef
fectoft
heexponent
ialgr
owt
hist
heev
eri
ncr
easi
ng
powerdi
ssi
pat
iononasi
ngl
eint
egr
atedci
rcui
t.Ast
henumberofcomponent
skeepson
i
ncr
easi
ngt
hepowerdi
ssi
pat
iongoesoni
ncr
easi
nggi
venaconst
antpowerhandl
i
ng
capabi
l
ityoft
hechi
p.Thepossi
bil
i
tyofr
emov
ingt
hisgener
atedheatf
rom t
hechi
p
becomesmor
eandmor
edi
ff
icul
tast
hesi
zeoft
hedev
icesgoesdownt
othesub-
mi
cronr
anges.Thi
simpl
i
est
hatt
hescal
i
ngoft
hebasi
cMOSst
ruct
urei
snowr
eachi
ng
t
hequant
um l
i
mit
ati
onswher
eint
hepossi
bil
i
tyoff
urt
herscal
i
nghasst
art
edt
olosei
ts
gr
ounds.Thi
sisbecauseoft
hesi
zel
i
mit
ati
onwhi
chmeanst
hatast
hedi
mensi
onsof
t
hebasi
cdev
icear
enowappr
oachi
ngt
heat
omi
candmol
ecul
arsi
zest
hepossi
bil
i
tyof
f
urt
herscal
i
ngoft
hebasi
cdev
icei
srul
edoutl
eav
ingnoscopef
ordownsi
zi
ngoft
he
dev
ices.