Non-

ver
balcommuni
cat
ioni
sav
erypower
fult
ooli
nunder
standi
ngour
sel
vesand
ot
her
s.Accor
dingt
oNav
arr
oandKar
li
ns,
nonv
erbal
communi
cat
ioncanbestbedef
ined
ast
hepr
ocessofcommuni
cat
iont
hroughsendi
ngandr
ecei
vi
ngwor
dlessmessages
andi
tembr
acesal
lbodyl
anguage.I
nsuppor
toft
his,accor
dingt
oChar
lesDar
win,he
wascont
endedt
hatal
lmammal
sundeni
abl
eshowemot
ionsi
nthei
rfaces.I
nthesame
cont
ext
,fur
therf
indi
ngsnow hi
ghl
i
ghtsev
eralnon-
ver
balsi
gnswhi
char
eki
nesi
cs,
semi
oti
c,l
i
ngui
sti
cs and soci
alpsy
chol
ogy
.Accor
ding t
o Bur
goon and Hoobl
er,
he
poi
nted outt
hatschol
arsof
ten cal
lthesedi
ff
erentsi
gnsused f
ort
ransmi
tt
ing
i
nfor
mat
ionnonv
erbalcommuni
cat
ioncodes.Thi
spaperser
vest
oel
uci
dat
esomeof
t
hesenon-v
erbal
signs.

a.Acoust
icSemi
ology

Thi
sist
hest
udyofcommuni
cat
ionbymeansofsoundt
husaudi
blesi
gnst
hatcanbe
hear
dbyt
her
ecei
ver
.Acoust
icSemi
ologyi
sthet
heat
ri
calappr
oacht
ounder
standi
ng
t
hesesi
gns,
howev
eri
tdependsonone’
sabi
l
ityt
ohear
.

Exampl
esofacoust
icsemi
ologyi
ncl
ude;

Par
ali
ngui
sti
cist
hest
udyoft
hev
ocalandsomet
imesnon-
vocalsi
gnal
sbey
ondt
he
basi
cver
balmessage orspeech t
hisv
ocal
sthus v
ocal
i
c.Par
alanguage can be
expr
essedconsci
ousl
yorunconsci
ousl
y.Accor
dingt
oShi
rl
eyWei
tz,shedenot
est
hat
par
ali
ngui
sti
cset
sagr
eatscor
eonhowsomet
hingi
ssai
dandnotwhati
sbei
ngsai
d.
Howev
er,
notal
lcul
tur
esi
nter
prett
hesenon-
ver
balsi
gnst
hesamewayespeci
all
ywhen
peopl
ear
eofdi
ff
erentbackgr
oundst
ryt
ocommuni
cat
e.

Par
ali
ngui
sti
cisacomponentofmet
a-communi
cat
iont
hatmaymodi
fymeani
nggi
ve
nuancedmeani
ng,orconv
eyemot
ion,byusi
ngt
echni
quessuchashesi
tat
ionnoi
ses,
pi
tch,
vol
umeandv
oicef
il
ler
sandsi
l
ence

Pi
tchi
sthehi
ghnessandt
hel
ownessoft
hev
oice.I
texpr
essest
heemot
ionalst
ateofa
per
son. Femal
ear
ecommonl
yassoci
atedwi
thhi
ghpi
tcheswhi
l
ethemal
elower
pi
tches.I
naddi
ti
ont
othi
s,l
ow pi
tchedv
oicesar
eal
soassoci
atedwi
thst
rengt
hand
mat
uri
tywi
tht
hehi
ghpi
tchedv
oicesuni
fi
edwi
tht
ensi
onandner
vousness.Ev
ery
i
ndi
vi
dualhashi
sorherhabi
tualpi
tchwhencommuni
cat
ingbutt
heni
tvar
ieswi
th
r
efl
ect
iont
omoodandi
nter
esti
nconv
ersi
ng.Fori
nst
ancewhenecst
ati
cwer
aiseour
pi
tchandwhendownwel
oweri
t.A l
i
vel
yani
mat
edpi
tchencour
agesi
nter
act
ion,
wher
easamonot
onedi
scour
agesi
t.Hencei
tist
hepi
tcht
hatot
her
suset
odet
ermi
ne
whet
heronei
smaki
ngast
atementoraski
ngaquest
ion,expr
essi
ngaconcer
nor
conv
ict
ion

Vocalf
il
ler
sar
esoundst
hatwemakeasweat
temptt
ofi
l
ldeadai
rwhi
l
ewear
e
t
hinki
ngofwhatt
osaynext
.InZi
mbabwe,“
um”
,“l
i
ke”or“
uh”ar
ethemostcommonl
y
usedv
oicef
il
ler
s.I
nconv
ersat
ion,t
hesedy
sfl
uenci
esmaypassunnot
icedbyei
thert
he
senderorr
ecei
ver
,butconsi
derhow t
her
ecogni
ti
onofdy
sfl
uenci
esi
ncr
easeswhen
l
i
steni
ngt
oaspeakerwhosay
s“uh”or“
um”dur
ingaspeech.Forexampl
e,whengi
vi
ng
apr
esent
ati
onatcol
l
ege,t
hepupi
lmayev
encal
lat
tent
iont
ody
sfl
uenci
esbyspeaki
ng
oft
hem di
rect
ly,andot
herpupi
l
smember
smaybecomedi
str
act
edbyt
hesev
oice
f
il
ler
s.Thoughf
ocusi
ngondy
sfl
uenci
esmaybecommon,i
tisbestf
orapupi
lto
at
temptt
oreduceanexcessi
veamountofdy
sfl
uenci
esandf
orl
i
stener
stof
ocusont
he
meani
ngr
athert
hant
hesev
oicef
il
ler
s

Pausesandsi
l
encesar
eani
mpor
tantpar
tofunder
standi
ngaconv
ersat
ion.Pauses
dr
aw at
tent
iont
oimpor
tantpar
tsofmessages,henceknowi
ngwhent
opausei
sa
cr
it
icalski
l
l.The“
pregnantpause”i
sanext
ra-
longpauset
hatpr
ecedespar
ti
cul
arl
y
wei
ght
yinf
ormat
ion.Pausesar
eat
ypeofsi
l
encet
hatar
ebr
iefi
nnat
ure,
butpr
olonged
si
l
encesuchasmi
nut
es,hour
s,orev
enday
scanbeusedt
oconv
eymeani
ngaswel
l
.
Consi
deraconv
ersat
ioni
nwhi
cht
heot
herper
sondoesnotr
espondt
oyou.What
meani
ngi
sconv
eyed?I
sthei
ndi
vi
dualt
hinki
ng?I
sthei
ndi
vi
dualhur
t,angr
y,ort
oo
shockedt
ospeak?My
riadmeani
ngsofsi
l
encehel
pemphasi
zet
hesi
gni
fi
canceof
si
l
enceandt
hati
tisasi
mpact
ful
asv
erbal
communi
cat
ion,
ifnotmor
eso.

b.Col
orsemi
ology

Col
orsemi
oti
csi
sconcer
nedwi
tht
hemeani
ngst
hatcol
orsar
eabl
etocommuni
cat
e.
Col
ort
alksbot
htoandaboutus.Col
orscanev
okest
rongemot
ionalr
esponsesi
n
v
iewer
sandcanal
socommuni
cat
emeani
ngsandorconcept
sthr
oughassoci
ati
on.For
exampl
e,i
nmanywest
ernsoci
eti
esbl
acki
sassoci
atedwi
thdeat
handt
hemour
ning
pr
ocess.Consequent
ly,col
ormaypl
ayar
olei
nimpar
ti
ngi
nfor
mat
ion,cr
eat
ingl
ast
ing
i
dent
it
yandsuggest
ingi
mager
yandsy
mbol
i
cval
ue.

Ther
eseem t
obeatl
eastt
hreedi
ff
erentor
igi
nsf
orcol
orsemi
oti
cs.Fi
rst
lyt
her
eist
he
emot
ionalori
nst
inct
ivei
mpactofcol
ors.Accor
dingt
oHami
dandNewpor
tcol
orscan
hav
ea st
rong emot
ionali
mpactand can ev
en af
fectourphy
siol
ogi
calst
ate.For
exampl
e,r
edcol
orshav
ebeenci
tedt
orai
set
hebl
oodpr
essur
eandcol
orshav
ebeen
r
epor
tedt
oaf
fectmuscul
arst
rengt
handwef
eart
hedar
k.Per
hapst
heseef
fect
sar
e
i
nnat
eandhav
ebeenpr
esentsi
ncet
heear
li
estday
s(t
heef
fectofr
edhassomet
imes
beenat
tri
but
edt
othecol
orofbl
oodandourf
earofbl
ackmayr
elat
etoapr
imi
ti
vef
ear
oft
hedar
kandunknown.
)

Secondl
yther
e ar
e soci
o-economi
c or
igi
ns.I
n west
ern soci
ety pur
ple became
associ
atedwi
thweal
thandr
oyal
tybecausepur
pledy
est
uffwasmor
eexpensi
vet
han
gol
d.Onl
yext
remel
yri
chpeopl
ecoul
daf
for
dtowearpur
pleandbi
bli
cal
l
yint
heOl
d
Test
amentpur
pler
epr
esentr
oyal
tyhencechur
cheschoset
ousepur
plet
omakea
st
atementaboutt
hei
rweal
th,
roy
alt
yandpower
.

Thi
rdl
y,somecol
orsmeani
ngsar
ecul
tur
ali
nor
igi
n.Theassoci
ati
onofr
edwi
thl
ucki
n
Chi
naandt
hel
i
nkbet
weenpi
nkf
orgi
rl
sandbl
uef
orboy
sinwest
ernsoci
etymay
or
igi
nat
ein and ber
einf
orced bycul
tur
albehav
iorand shar
ed under
standi
ng.For
exampl
e,i
ntheUni
tedKi
ngdom pi
nkwasassoci
atedwi
thy
oungboy
sunt
ilabout1920
af
terwhi
chbl
uecamet
osi
gni
fyt
hemal
epr
ofessi
ons,
mostnot
abl
ythenav
y.

Accor
dingt
oBour
ges-
Wal
deggt
hei
mpor
tanceofcol
orsemi
oti
cshasbeennot
edi
n
cor
por
atev
isuali
dent
it
ies,humancomput
eri
nter
act
ion,
pol
i
ticalcommuni
cat
ionand
accor
dingt
oAr
cherandSt
entasamar
kerf
orgenderandsexual
i
ty.Accor
dingt
oKol
l
er,
f
oundemer
gentassoci
ati
onst
hel
i
nkbet
weenpi
nkandf
emi
nini
tyandal
sowi
thf
un,
i
ndependenceandconf
idence.

Howev
er,
alt
houghbl
acki
sof
tenassoci
atedwi
thdeat
hitcanhav
eot
hermeani
ngs;f
or
exampl
eitcan beassoci
ated wi
th powerorev
il
,and t
heact
ualmeani
ng i
n any
par
ti
cul
arsi
tuat
iondependsupont
hecont
exti
nwhi
cht
hecol
ori
sused.
Accor
dingt
o
Lucassen,
Ger
ver
s and Gi
j
seni
j
,itcan al
so depend upon ot
heraspect
s ofv
isual
appear
ancesuchasgl
ossandt
ext
ure Fur
ther
mor
e,t
hemeani
ngsf
oracol
orcanal
so
dependuponcul
tur
eandcanv
aryov
ert
ime.Forexampl
e,i
nsomecount
ri
esbl
acki
s
nott
hecol
ort
hati
smostassoci
atedwi
thdeat
h(whi
tei
susedi
nst
ead)
.

c.Ki
nesi
cs

Ki
nesi
cswasf
ir
stcoi
nedbyRayBi
rdwhi
stel
l
.Thewor
dki
nesi
cscomesf
rom t
her
oot
wor
dki
nesi
s,whi
chmeans“
mov
ement
,”t
husi
sthest
udyofhow gest
ures,f
aci
al
expr
essi
on,andey
ebehav
iorcommuni
cat
e.Gest
urescangener
all
ybeconsi
der
edany
v
isi
blemov
ementoft
hebody
.Thesemov
ement
s“st
imul
atemeani
ng”i
nthemi
ndsof
ot
her
s.Ki
nesi
cs ser
ve mul
ti
plef
unct
ions when communi
cat
ing such as embl
ems,
i
l
lust
rat
ors,
aff
ectdi
spl
ays,
andr
egul
ator
s.

Embl
ems

Manygest
uresar
eembl
emsandunambi
guousandhav
eav
erbalequi
val
enti
nagi
ven
cul
tur
e.Onl
yahandf
ulofembl
emat
icgest
uresseem t
obeuni
ver
sal
,forexampl
e,a
shr
ug oft
he shoul
der
stoi
ndi
cat
e“Idon’
tknow.
”Mostembl
ems ar
e cul
tur
all
y
det
ermi
ned,
andt
heycangety
oui
ntodi
ff
icul
tyi
fyouuset
hem i
not
hercount
ri
es.I
nthe
Uni
tedSt
ates,someembl
emat
icgest
uresar
ethet
humb-
up-
and-
outhi
tchhi
ki
ngsi
gn,
t
heci
rcl
edt
humbandi
ndexf
ingerOksi
gn,andt
he“
V”f
orv
ict
orysi
gn.Howev
er,be
car
efulofusi
ngt
hesegest
uresout
sidet
heUni
tedSt
ates.Thet
humb-
upsi
gni
nIr
an,
for
exampl
e,i
sanobscenegest
ure,andourOksi
gnhassexualconnot
ati
onsi
nEt
hiopi
a
andMexi
co.

I
ll
ust
rat
ors

Whi
l
e embl
ems can be used as di
rectsubst
it
uti
ons f
orwor
ds,i
l
lust
rat
ors hel
p
emphasi
zeorexpl
ainawor
d.Recal
ltheSmashmout
hly
rici
nAl
lSt
ar:“
Shewasl
ooki
ng
ki
ndofdumbwi
thherf
ingerandhert
humbi
ntheshapeofanLonherf
orehead.
”The
“
L”gest
urei
sof
tenusedt
oil
l
ust
rat
e“l
oser
.”

Af
fectDi
spl
ays

Af
fectdi
spl
aysshowf
eel
i
ngsandemot
ions.Consi
derhowmusi
candspor
tsf
ansshow
ent
husi
asm.I
tisnotuncommont
oseegr
ownmenandwomenj
umpi
ngupanddownat
spor
tsev
ent
sdur
ingapar
ti
cul
arl
yexci
ti
ngmomenti
nagame.Howev
er,t
her
ear
e
di
ff
erent nor
ms dependi
ng on t
he spor
t.I
t woul
d si
mpl
y be i
nappr
opr
iat
eto
demonst
rat
ethesamenonv
erbal
gest
uresatagol
fort
enni
sgameasaf
oot
bal
lgame.

Regul
ator
s

Regul
ator
s ar
egest
urest
hathel
pcoor
dinat
ethef
low ofconv
ersat
ion,suchaswhen
y
oushr
ugy
ourshoul
der
sorwi
nk.Headnods,ey
econt
act
/av
ersi
on,handmov
ement
s,
and changes i
n post
ure ar
e consi
der
ed t
o be t
urn-
taki
ng cues i
n conv
ersat
ion.
I
ndi
vi
dual
smaysi
tbackwhenl
i
steni
ngbutshi
ftf
orwar
dtoi
ndi
cat
eadesi
ret
ospeak.
Ey
econt
actshi
ft
sfr
equent
lydur
ingaconv
ersat
iont
oindi
cat
eli
steni
ngoradesi
ret
o
speak.Headnodsar
eusedasasi
gnofl
i
steni
ngandof
teni
ndi
cat
ethatt
hespeaker
shoul
dcont
inuespeaki
ng.

Oneoft
hemostcommonf
ormsofgest
uresi
nvol
vegr
eet
ingsanddepar
tur
es,whi
ch
hav
eri
tual
sthatar
elar
gel
ynonv
erbal
,suchasshaki
nghandsorwav
ing.Theset
endt
o
v
aryacr
osscul
tur
es.I
n Japan,f
orexampl
e,i
tiscommon t
o bow when gr
eet
ing
someone,
wit
hthenat
ureoft
hebow(
howdeepandhowl
ong)bei
ngdet
ermi
nedbyt
he
nat
ureoft
heoccasi
onandsoci
alconnect
ionoft
heper
sonsi
nvol
ved.I
nsomecul
tur
es,
ki
ssi
ngont
hecheeki
stheusualgr
eet
ing,al
thoughhow manyt
imest
heki
ssesar
e
exchangedandwhi
chsexesar
eincl
udedcanv
ary
.Inot
herpar
tsoft
hewor
ldt
her
emay
behugsandki
sses,dependi
ngont
hecont
extandr
elat
ionshi
p.I
nAr
abcount
ri
esi
tis
common t
o bow and t
ouch t
he f
orehead and chest(
the sal
aam)when meet
ing
someone.TheWaii
susedi
nThai
l
andandi
not
herAsi
ancul
tur
es,consi
sti
ngofabow
wi
tht
hepal
mspr
essedt
oget
her
.Inot
hercul
tur
es,peopl
erubnoses,suchasi
nthe
hongi
,at
radi
ti
onalgr
eet
ingoft
heMaor
ipeopl
einNew Zeal
and.Knowl
edgeofsuch
r
it
ual
scanbehel
pful
inav
oidi
ngawkwar
dnessi
nfi
rstencount
ers.

Faci
alExpr
essi
ons ar
e anot
herf
orm ofki
nesi
cs.Accor
ding t
o PaulEckman and
Wal
l
aceV.Fr
iesenasser
tedt
hatf
aci
alexpr
essi
onsar
eli
kel
ytocommuni
cat
e“af
fect
”or
l
i
king.EckmanandFr
eisenpr
esentsev
enemot
ionst
hatar
erecogni
zedt
hroughoutt
he
wor
ld.Theseemot
ionsar
eof
tenr
efer
redt
obyt
heacr
ony
m S.
A.D.
F.I
.S.
H.andi
ncl
ude
sur
pri
se,anger
,di
sgust
,fear
,int
erest
,sadness,andhappi
ness.Faci
alexpr
essi
onsar
e
especi
all
yusef
uli
n communi
cat
ing emot
ion.Al
though notal
lfaci
alexpr
essi
on i
s
“
uni
ver
sal
l
y”r
ecogni
zed,peopl
ear
egener
all
yabl
etoi
nter
pretf
aci
alexpr
essi
onswi
thi
n
acont
ext
.Wegener
all
yconsi
derhappi
nessi
sindi
cat
edbyasmi
l
e.Smi
l
ingmi
ght
,
howev
er,al
socommuni
cat
epol
i
teness,adesi
ret
obepl
easi
ng,andev
enf
ear
.Ifan
i
ndi
vi
dualat
tempt
stouseasmi
l
etodi
ff
useav
olat
il
eint
eract
ionwher
ethei
ndi
vi
dual
f
ear
sbei
ngat
tackedv
erbal
l
yorphy
sical
l
y,t
hent
hesmi
l
emaybeani
ndi
cat
ionoff
ear
.
I
nthi
scase,
thesmi
l
ecannotbeaccur
atel
yint
erpr
etedout
sideoft
hecont
ext
.

I
nast
udyi
nvest
igat
ingpr
efer
encesf
orf
aci
alexpr
essi
onsi
nrel
ati
ont
otheBi
gFi
ve
per
sonal
i
tyt
rai
ts,
itwasf
oundt
hatmostpar
ti
cipant
sshowedt
hest
rongestpr
efer
ences
f
orf
acescommuni
cat
inghi
ghl
evel
sofagr
eeabl
enessandext
rav
ersi
on.I
ndi
vi
dual
swho
ar
e hi
gh i
n openness pr
efer
red a di
spl
ay ofal
lfaci
all
y-
communi
cat
ed Bi
g Fi
ve
per
sonal
i
tyt
rai
ts.I
nrel
ati
ont
ofemal
eswhor
epor
tbei
nghi
ghl
yneur
oti
c,t
heypr
efer
red
mal
e f
aces di
spl
ayi
ng agr
eeabl
eness and f
emal
e f
aces communi
cat
ing
di
sagr
eeabl
eness.Mal
efacescommuni
cat
ingopennesswer
epr
efer
redbymal
eswho
wer
ehi
gheri
nneur
oti
cism.I
nter
est
ingl
y,mal
esr
epor
ti
nghi
gherl
evel
sofneur
oti
ci
sm
hadal
owerpr
efer
encef
orf
emal
efacescommuni
cat
ingopenness.

Post
urei
sthel
asti
tem i
nourl
i
stofki
nesi
cs.Humanscanst
andupst
rai
ghtorsl
ouch,
l
eanf
orwar
dorbackwar
d,r
oundorsl
umpourshoul
der
s,andt
il
tourAccor
dingt
o
Mehr
abi
an,bel
i
evedt
hatpost
urecommuni
cat
esi
mmedi
acyandpower
.Immedi
acyi
s
t
he degr
ee t
o whi
ch y
ou f
ind someone i
nter
est
ing and at
tract
ive.Ty
pical
l
y,when
someonef
rom t
heUni
tedSt
atesf
indssomeoneat
tract
ive,t
heyf
acet
heper
sonwhen
t
alki
ng,hol
dthei
rheadup,andl
eani
n.Wher
easar
eact
iont
osomeonet
heydon’
tli
ke
mi
ghthav
ethem l
ookawayandl
eanback.Poweri
stheabi
l
ityt
oinf
luencepeopl
eor
ev
ent
s.I
nthe Uni
ted St
ates,hi
gh-
stat
us communi
cat
orst
ypi
cal
l
y use r
elaxed
post
ures,
buti
nJapan,t
heopposi
tei
str
ue.Japanesedi
spl
aypowert
hrougher
ect
post
urewi
thf
eel
plant
edf
ir
mlyont
hef
loor
.

d.Pr
oxemi
cs

Comi
ngf
rom t
heLat
inpr
oxi
mus,meani
ng“
near
,”pr
oxemi
csr
efer
stocommuni
cat
ion
t
hrought
heuseofphy
sicaldi
stanceorAccor
dingt
oEdwar
dHal
lhepi
oneer
edt
he
st
udyofpr
oxemi
cs,
theper
cept
ionanduseofphy
sicalspace,
incl
udi
ngt
err
it
ori
ali
tyand
per
sonalspace.Ter
ri
tor
ial
i
tyi
srel
atedt
ocont
rol
.Whoget
sthecor
nerof
fi
ce?Whosi
ts
att
heheadoft
het
abl
eandwhy
?Per
sonalspacer
efer
stot
heconv
ersat
iondi
stance,
or
t
he“
bubbl
e”ofspacesur
roundi
ngeachi
ndi
vi
dual
.Oneoft
heact
ionswhi
chcanaf
fect
t
hecour
seoft
heconv
ersat
ioni
sforoneort
heot
heroft
heconv
ersant
stomov
ecl
oser
orf
urt
heraway
.Fol
l
owi
ngcompl
aint
sfr
om bot
hAr
ab andUS st
udent
sinaNor
th
Amer
icanuni
ver
sit
yset
ti
ng,Accor
dingt
oO.
M.Wat
sonhei
nvest
igat
edt
henonv
erbal
behav
ioroft
het
wogr
oups.Hef
oundt
hatt
heUSst
udent
svi
ewedt
heAr
absaspushy
andr
ude,whi
l
etheAr
absconsi
der
edt
heUS st
udent
stobedi
stantandr
ude.He
di
scov
eredt
hatasubst
ant
ial
par
toft
hepr
obl
em wer
edi
ff
erentconcept
ionsofper
sonal
space,wi
tht
heUSst
udent
sfeel
i
ngt
heAr
abst
udent
swer
einv
adi
ngt
hei
rbubbl
esand
t
heAr
abst
udent
sseei
ngt
heUSst
udent
sasunf
ri
endl
ybecauset
heywer
ekeepi
ngt
hei
r
di
stance.

Accor
dingt
oHal
l
,dev
elopedaf
our
-l
evelcl
assi
fi
cat
ionofsoci
aldi
stanceandi
nti
mat
e
space,r
eser
vedf
orhi
ghl
yper
sonalr
elat
ionshi
ps,as9t
o18i
nches(
23t
o45cm)
,and
per
sonaldi
stance(
“ar
m’sl
engt
h”)at1.
5to4f
eet(
.5t
o1.
2m)
,thenor
malspaci
ngf
or
conv
ersat
ions.Soci
aldi
stanceheest
abl
i
shedatbet
ween4and12f
eet(
1.2t
o3.
6m)
,
t
hespaci
ngnor
mali
ncasualgat
her
ingandwor
kenv
ironment
s.Publ
i
cdi
stancehe
def
inedasbei
ng12f
eet(
3.6m)orl
onger
,usedf
orpubl
i
cspeaki
ngorl
argegat
her
ings.
Resear
cher
s hav
eident
if
ied par
ti
cul
arcul
tur
es as hav
ing a pr
efer
ence f
orcl
oser
pr
oxi
mit
yand ahi
gh degr
eeofphy
sicalcont
act
.Ther
ear
eot
herf
act
orsbesi
des
r
egi
onalcul
tur
ewhi
chmayaf
fectper
sonaldi
stance,suchasgender
,age,et
hni
cit
y,or
t
opi
cofconv
ersat
ion.

e..
Ocl
eosi
s

Ey
econt
act
,orOcl
eosi
s,ser
vesmanypur
poses.Weuseourey
est
oexpr
essemot
ions,
r
egul
ateaconv
ersat
ion,i
ndi
cat
eli
steni
ngbehav
ior
,show i
nter
esti
not
her
s,r
espect
,
st
atus,host
il
it
y,andaggr
essi
on)
.Pat
ter
nsofey
econt
actv
arysi
gni
fi
cant
lybycul
tur
e.
Gener
all
y,ey
econt
acti
sconsi
der
edagoodt
hingi
ntheUni
tedSt
ates.I
tcanmeant
hat
y
ouar
eint
erest
ed,conf
ident
,andbol
d(agoodt
hing)
,butpeopl
eof
tenav
oidey
e
cont
acti
ncr
owded,
imper
sonalsi
tuat
ionssuchaswal
ki
ngdownabusyst
reetorr
idi
ng
a cr
owded bus.I
n Fr
ance,howev
er,someone mayf
eelf
ree t
o wat
ch someone
i
nter
est
ingont
hest
reetandconsci
ousl
ymakeey
econt
actt
oindi
cat
eint
erest
.Int
he
Mi
ddl
eEast
,di
rectey
econt
acti
slesscommonandgener
all
ylessappr
opr
iat
e,wher
eas
l
ackofey
econt
acti
nAsi
aisof
tenasi
gnofr
espectandconsi
der
edpol
i
te.Wi
thi
nthe
US,di
ff
erentet
hni
cgr
oupshav
ebeenf
oundt
ofol
l
owdi
ff
erentnor
msi
ntheuseofey
e
cont
actt
oregul
ate.
Accor
dingt
oLaFr
anceandMay
o,Af
ri
can-
Amer
icansmai
ntai
ney
e
cont
actwhenspeaki
ngbutav
ertt
hei
rgazewhenl
i
steni
ng,butj
ustt
heopposi
tei
str
ue
f
orEur
opeanAmer
icans.Thi
sdi
sti
nct
ioncanl
eadt
oconf
li
ct.

I
nter
ethni
cexpect
ancyv
iol
ati
onsexi
stwhenAf
ri
canAmer
icansexpectt
heEur
opean
Amer
icans t
olook t
hem i
nthe ey
es when speaki
ng buti
nst
ead r
ecei
ve“
non-
r
esponsi
veness”or“
indi
ff
erence”cues.Eur
opeanAmer
icans,ont
heot
herhand,may
v
iewt
hedi
rectey
egazedur
ingspeaki
ngas“
conf
ront
ati
onal
”or“
aggr
essi
ve”

I
nbot
hpl
ural
i
sti
csoci
eti
esandi
ncr
oss-
cul
tur
alencount
ers,
bei
ngmi
ndf
ulofv
ari
ati
ons
i
nthi
sar
eai
simpor
tant
.Nor
aDr
esser
'sbook,Mul
ti
cul
tur
alMat
ter
s,chr
oni
cleshow
Kor
ean-
Amer
icanshopkeeper
s,whodi
dnotmakeey
econt
actwi
tht
hei
rcust
omer
s,
wer
eper
cei
ved asdi
srespect
ful
,somet
hing cont
ri
but
ing t
otheopenconf
ront
ati
on
t
aki
ngpl
acei
nUSur
bancent
ersbet
weensomeAsi
ansandAf
ri
can-
Amer
icans.I
nsome
cont
ext
sint
heUS,suchasi
nur
banar
easamongt
eensandy
oungadul
ts,l
ooki
ng
di
rect
lyatsomeonecanbeseenasapr
ovocat
ion,
ref
lect
edi
nthet
erm"
mad-
doggi
ng"

Concl
usi
vel
y,Nonv
erbalcommuni
cat
ioni
sthei
ndi
rectmeansofcommuni
cat
ionwhi
ch
usual
l
yincl
udes al
lthe semi
ologi
es l
i
sted abov
e al
so pr
oxemi
cs,ki
nesi
cs and
ocl
eosi
s.Al
lthesesi
gnsandgest
urest
hatdot
ellusmanyt
hingsaboutacer
tai
n
i
ndi
vi
dualand whathe orshe i
str
ying t
o communi
cat
e.Al
though non v
erbal
communi
cat
ioni
scommonl
yusedbydi
ff
erentr
acesofpeopl
eindi
ff
erentcount
ri
es,i
t
i
snotaf
ormal
wayofcommuni
cat
ioni
nmanycount
ri
esev
enor
gani
sat
ion.
REFERENCES:

Nav
arr
o and Kar
li 2008) Busi
ns ( ness Communi
cat
ion Today
,Pear
son Educat
ion;
Har
var
dUni
ver
sit
y

Char
lesDar
win( Theexpr
1872)" essi
onofemot
ionsi
nmanandani
mal
s"

Shi
rl
eyWei
t 1993)Aspect
z( sofNon-Ver
balCommuni
cat
ion:TheI
nter
netJour
nal,
Vol
X,
No8

Hy 2002)Thei
nes.M ( mpor
tanceofEy
eCont
acti
ntheCl
assr
oom;
TheI
nter
netJour
na

l
,
TESL;
Vol
X1,
No2

Hami
dandNewpor
t(2005)Ski
l
lsandSt
rat
egi
es;Towar
dsanew Met
hodol
ogyf
or
Li
steni
ng;
ELTJour
nal
.

Bour
ges-Wal
deggandScr
ivener(1998)TheNon-v
erbalDi
cti
onar
yofGest
ures,Si
gns
andBodyLanguageCues.

Ar
cherandSt 2001)Busi
ent( nessCommuni
cat
ionandBodyLanguage,
8thEdi
ti
on;
UK

Lucassen,Gev
ersandGi
j
seni
j(2010)Non-v
erbalCommuni
cat
ionandBodyLanguage:
Vol
XXL,
No3

Mehr
abi 1996)Thei
an.S( mpor
tanceofGest
uresandBodyLanguage:Oxf
ordUni
ver
sit
y