MUET, SZAB Campus Khairpur Mir’s

Department of Electrical Engineering

PBL Based Mid-Term Presentation

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Assigned By: Sir Nadeem Ahmed Tunio

Presented By: Noor Saba (K-18EL101)
 Contents

Practical Transformer
1 On Load State

Phasor Diagram
2 Single Phase Transformer on Inductive Load

3 Conclusion

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 Practical Transformer

A practical transformer is one which is not 100% efficient because it contains losses. A
practical transformer has iron losses, winding resistances and leakage flux that gives rise to
the leakage reactance. The working of transformers depend upon different states which
include: The ideal transformer under load and no load condition then there is practical
transformer under loaded and unloaded state.

In real life, the transformers that we deal with are the loaded ones, therefore we must know
about how the transformer under load condition works.
 Practical Transformer on Load

As from the name “Practical Transformer on Load” it is clear that in this type of
transformer, load must be connected. Now to understand the working of transformer under
loaded state, let us first consider a diagram of such transformer.
 Continue….

In the figure mentioned in the previous slide, when we provide supply to the transformer, the
current will start to flow in the primary side, as the source is alternating, therefore due to
change in current, flux will be generated. We know that transformers work on the principle of
mutual inductance, hence, the changing flux will first induce an E.M.F in the primary coil.

The flux generated in the primary side will start to link the secondary coil and thus an E.M.F
will be induced in the secondary coil due to magnetic coupling.
 Continue….

After the E.M.F is induced in the secondary side, current I2 will start to flow because we
have load connected there.

Now what effects the transformer here is the presence of load, on the secondary side the
flux generated will try to oppose the main flux, that is of the transformer core. But this
must not happen, because the main supply voltage is connected directly with the primary
coil, therefore, V1 must appear at the primary side (neglecting the small losses).
 Continue….

To avoid this and to keep the flux constant, the main voltage supply will start to draw
more current until the demagnetizing effect is neutralized.
 Phasor Diagram

To understand different parameters of a single phase transformer on an inductive load,

phasor diagram representation can be used to locate each parameter in a plane.
 Continue….

The phasor diagram in the previous slide simply shows the usual case of an inductive load
in a Transformer, where both E1 and E2 lag behind the mutual flux by 90 degree. The current
I2’ in the phasor diagram represents the primary current which is used to neutralize the
demagnetizing effect of the secondary current I2, therefore, I2’ and I2 are in antiphase with
one another. Io in the phasor diagram is the no load current of the transformer and when we
take the phasor sum of I2’ and Io then the total primary current I1 will be given.
 Conclusion

Therefore, by understanding the working of a transformer on load condition we can

easily differentiate between different parameters and what role they play in various
configurations of transformer.
Thanks!

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