Pr

oject
:Int
erpr
etat
ionofSt
atut
es-I
I

JAMI
AMI
LLI
AISLAMI
A.NEW DELHI

Pr
oject
:
I
nter
pret
ati
onofSt
atut
es–I
I
nter
pret
ati
onofPenal
Stat
utes

Submi
tt
edt
o: Submi
tt
edby
:

Pr
of.Mohd.quazi
Usman Mani
kKapoor

BALLB(
H.)–3r
dyear

16BLW008
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It
aket
hisoppor
tuni
tyt
oexpr
essmypr
ofoundgr
ati
tudeanddeepr
egar
dst
oMs.
Debashr
eeSar
karf
orherexempl
arygui
dance,
moni
tor
ingandconst
antencour
agement
t
hroughoutt
hispr
oject
.SoIwoul
dli
ket
othankherf
orgi
vi
ngmet
heoppor
tuni
tyt
o
wor
kont
hist
opi
c.hehasgi
venmeal
ltheencour
agementIneededt
ocompl
etet
his
pr
oject
.Iti
sbecauseofherst
epbyst
epgui
dance,cor
rect
ionofer
ror
scommi
tt
edby
medur
ingt
hemaki
ngoft
hispr
ojectandhermet
hodofov
eral
lev
aluat
ionhel
pedme
composet
hiswor
kwi
thabsol
uteobj
ect
ivi
ty,
gai
ningmor
eknowl
edgeaboutt
hepr
oject
t
opi
cunder
takenbyme.

Page|
2
I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Pur
posi
veConst
ruct
ionofPenal
Stat
utes
Pur
posi
veConst
ruct
ion–Whent
hemat
eri
alwor
dsar
ecapabl
eofbear
ingt
woormor
e
const
ruct
ions,i
tsest
abl
i
shedr
ulef
orconst
ruct
ionwasl
ai nHey
ddowni s1 case.I
don’ t
enabl
esconsi
der
ati
onoff
ourmat
ter
sinconst
rui
nganAct
:(i
)whatwast
hel
awbef
ore
t
hemaki
ngoft
heAct
,(i
i
)whatwast
hedef
ectf
orwhi
cht
hel
aw di
dnotpr
ovi
de,(
ii
i)
whati
sther
emedyt
hatt
heActhaspr
ovi
ded,
and(
iv)whati
sther
easonoft
her
emedy
.
2
Ther
ulewasexpl
ainedi
ntheBengalI
mmuni
tyCo.v
.St
ateofBi
harbyS.
R.Das,
CJIas
f
oll
ows:“
Iti
sasoundr
uleofconst
ruct
ionofast
atut
efi
rml
yest
abl
i
shedi
nEngl
andas
f
arback as 1584 when Hey
don’
s case was deci
ded t
hatf
ort
he sur
e and t
rue
i
nter
pret
ati
on ofal
lst
atut
esi
n gener
al(
be t
heypenalorbenef
ici
al,r
est
ri
cti
ve or
enl
argi
ngoft
hecommonl
aw)f
ourt
hingsar
etobedi
scer
nedandconsi
der
ed:

1.Whatwast
hecommonl
awbef
oret
hemaki
ngoft
heAct
,

2.Whatwast
hemi
schi
efanddef
ectf
orwhi
cht
hecommonl
awdi
dnotpr
ovi
de,

3.Whatr
emedyt
hePar
li
amenthat
hresol
vedandappoi
ntedt
ocur
ethedi
seaseof
t
hecommonweal
th,
and

4.Thet
ruer
easonoft
her
emedy
;

Andt
hent
heof
fi
ceofal
lthej
udgesi
sal
way
stomakesuchconst
ruct
ionasshal
l
suppr
esst
hemi
schi
ef,
andadv
ancet
her
emedy
,andt
osuppr
esssubt
lei
nvent
ionsand
ev
asi
onsf
orcont
inuanceofmi
schi
efandt
oaddf
orceandl
i
fet
othecur
eandr
emedy
,
accor
dingt
othet
ruei
ntentoft
hemaker
soft
heAct
.”

Pur
posi
veconst
ruct
ionhasal
sobeenappl
i
edt
openalst
atut
est
oav
oidal
acunaandt
o
suppr
esst
hemi
schi
efandadv
ancet
her
emedy
.

Forexampl
e,t
hewor
d“owner
”inSect
ion60(
3)oft
heNar
cot
icsDr
ugsandPsy
chot
ropi
c

1
76ER637
2
AI
R1955SC661

Page|
3
Subst
ancesAct
,1985whi
chpr
ovi
desorconf
iscat
ionofanyconv
eyanceusedf
or
car
ryi
nganynar
cot
icdr
ugorpsy
chot
ropi
csubst
anceunl
essi
twassousedwi
thoutt
he
knowl
edgeoft
he“
owner
”wasconst
ruedt
omeanr
egi
ster
edowneri
ncaseofamot
or
v
ehi
cl
esol
dunderaHi
re-
Pur
chaseagr
eementev
enbef
orei
nst
all
ment
sar
eful
l
ypai
dfor
ot
her
wisesuchv
ehi
cl
escoul
dnev
erbeconf
i ed3.
scat

Sect
ion15oft
heTer
ror
ist
sandDi
srupt
iveAct
ivi
ti
es(
prev
ent
ion)Act1987,hav
ing
r
egar
dtot
heobj
ectofmeet
ingt
hemenaceoft
err
ori
stsmakesaconf
essi
onr
ecor
ded
byapol
i
ceof
fi
ceradmi
ssi
bleandal
thought
heconf
essi
onsor
ecor
dedi
srequi
redby
Rul
e15t
obesentt
oaj
udi
cialmagi
str
ateal
ongwi
tht
heaccused,
ithasbeenhel
dthat
t
hemagi
str
atei
snotobl
i
gedt
omakeanenqui
ryr
egar
dingt
hev
olunt
arynat
ureoft
he
conf
essi
onbef
oresendi
ngi
ttot
hedesi
gnat
edcour
tforsuchanenqui
rywoul
dfr
ust
rat
e
t
hepur
poseofSect
ion15i
naut
hor
izi
ngapol
i
ceof
fi
cert
orecor
daconf
essi
onal
4
st
atement.

And,i
nSect
ions340Band498A oft
hePenalCode,hav
ingr
egar
dtot
heobj
ectof
pr
event
ingcr
uel
tyt
owomen,t
heexpr
essi
on“
husband”hasbeenconst
ruedt
ocov
era
per
sonwhoent
ersi
ntomar
it
alr
elat
ionshi
pwi
tht
hewomanconcer
nedwhat
evermay
bet
hel
egi
ti
macyoft
hemar
rage5.
i

Bal
devKr
ishnaSahai
v.Shi
ppi
ngCor
por
ati
onofI a6:
ndi
Compani
esAct
,1956:Sect
ion630-Pr
oper
ty of company
.Whet
her penal
tyi
s
al
l
owedt
obei
mposedonanof
fi
cerwhor
efusedt
ovacat
eal
l
ott
edf
latbycompany
af
terhi
sret
ir
ement
?

Fact
s:Sub-
sect
ion(
1)ofSect
ion630oft
heCompani
esAct
,1956pr
ovi
desf
orl
aunchi
ng
ofpr
osecut
ionagai
nstanof
fi
cerorempl
oyeeofacompany
,who(
a)wr
ongf
ull
yobt
ains
possessi
onofanypr
oper
tyof acompany
,or (
b)hav
ing anysuchpr
oper
tyi
nhi
s
possessi
onwr
ongf
ull
ywi
thhol
dsorknowi
ngl
ymi
sappl
i
est
hesame.Thepet
it
ionerwho
3
GangaHir
ePurchasePvt.Ltdv.St
ateofPunj
ab,
AIR2000SC449
4
Stat
eofMahr
ashtrav.BharatRaghani
,AI
R2002SC409
5
ReemaAggar
wal v.Anupam, AI
R2004SC1418
6
AIR1987SC2245

Page|
4
wasgi
venaf
latbyt
hecompanyf
orhi
sresi
dencedur
ingt
heper
iodofhi
sempl
oyment
di
dnotv
acat
eitonhi
sret
ir
ement
.Hewasgr
ant
edsi
xmont
hst
imeonhumani
tar
ian
gr
oundsuponhi
sunder
taki
ngt
ocompl
ywi
th.Uponhi
sfai
l
uret
ovacat
ethepr
emi
ses,
t
hecompanyl
odgedacompl
aintagai
nsthi
m undert
heActf
orwr
ongf
ulwi
thhol
dingof
i
tspr
oper
ty.[
Thecompanyi
nit
iat
ed pr
oceedi
ngsf
orhi
sev
ict
ion undert
hePubl
i
c
Pr
emi
ses(
Evi
cti
onofUnaut
hor
isedoccupant
s)Act
,1971.
]

I
nthespeci
all
eav
epet
it
ioni
twascont
endedf
ort
hepet
it
ionert
hatt
hepr
ovi
sion
cont
ainedi
nSect
ion630oft
heActi
sapenalpr
ovi
sionand,
ther
efor
e,mustbesubj
ect
t
oast
ri
ctconst
ruct
ionandt
her
eisnor
oom f
ori
ntendment
,thatt
he t
erm'
off
iceror
empl
oyee'
occur
ri
ngi
nsub-
sect
ion(
1)ofSect
ion630r
efer
sonl
ytot
heexi
sti
ngof
fi
cer
s
andempl
oyeesofacompany
,andnott
hepastof
fi
cer
s,andt
hatcl
ause(
b)ofsub-
sect
ion(
1)doesnotst
andbyi
tsel
fbuti
sint
erconnect
edwi
thcl
ause(
a)t
her
eofand
t
her
efor
ecl
auses(
a)and(
b)mustber
eadt
oget
herandwhensor
eadt
hewor
ds‘
any
suchpr
oper
ty'i
n cl
ause(
b)donotqual
i
fyt
hewor
ds'
anypr
oper
tyofa company
'in
cl
ause(
a)andonl
yrel
atet
othepr
oper
tyofcompanywr
ongf
ull
ytakenpossessi
onofby
apr
esentof
fi
cer
.

Hel
d:
1.Sect
ion630oft
heCompani
esAct
,1956pl
ainl
ymakesi
tanof
fencei
fanof
fi
cer
orempl
oyeeoft
hecompanywhowasper
mit
tedt
ouseanypr
oper
tyoft
he
companydur
inghi
sempl
oyment
,wr
ongf
ull
yret
ainsoroccupi
est
hesameaf
ter
t
het
ermi
nat
ionofhi
sempl
oyment
.
2.Thet
erm'
off
icerorempl
oyee'
ofacompanyi
nSect
ion630(
1)appl
i
esnotonl
yto
exi
sti
ngof
fi
cer
sorempl
oyeesbutal
sot
opastof
fi
cer
sorempl
oyeesi
fsuch
of
fi
cerorempl
oyeeei
ther(
a)wr
ongf
ull
yobt
ainspossessi
onofanypr
oper
ty,or
(
b)hav
ing obt
ained such pr
oper
ty dur
ing t
he cour
se ofhi
s empl
oyment
,
wi
thhol
ds t
he same af
tert
he t
ermi
nat
ion ofhi
s empl
oyment
,then penal
consequenceswi
l
lensue.
3.Thebenef
icentpr
ovi
sioncont
ainedi
nSect
ion630oft
heCompani
esActt
hough
penal
,hasbeenpur
posel
yenact
edbyt
hel
egi
slat
urewi
tht
heobj
ectofpr
ovi
ding

Page|
5
 asummar
ypr
ocedur
eforr
etr
iev
ingt
hepr
oper
tyoft
hecompany
.Iti
sthedut
yof
t
heCour
ttopl
aceabr
oadandl
i
ber
alconst
ruct
ionont
hepr
ovi
sioni
nfur
ther
ance
oft
heobj
ectandpur
poseoft
hel
egi
slat
ionwhi
chwoul
dsuppr
esst
hemi
schi
ef
andadv
ancet
her
emedy
.
4.Thewhol
eobj
ectofenact
ingt
hepr
ovi
sioni
sthepr
eser
vat
ionoft
hepr
oper
tyofa
companybyt
hecr
eat
ionoft
wodi
sti
nctof
fencesbycl
auses(
a)and(
b)whi
ch
ar
iseunderdi
ff
erentset
sofci
rcumst
ances,
andi
twoul
dber
ender
ednugat
oryby
pr
oject
ingcl
ause(
a)i
ntocl
ause(
b).

Nor
mal
l
y,i
tisonl
ythepr
esentof
fi
cer
sandempl
oyeeswhocansecur
epossessi
onof
anypr
oper
tyofacompany
.Iti
sal
sopossi
blef
orsuchanof
fi
cerorempl
oyeeaf
ter
t
ermi
nat
ion ofhi
s empl
oymentt
o wr
ongf
ull
ytake awaypossessi
on ofanysuch
pr
oper
ty.Thi
sist
hef
unct
ionofcl
ause(
a)andal
thoughi
tpr
imar
il
yref
erst
otheexi
sti
ng
of
fi
cer
sandempl
oyees,i
tmayal
sot
akei
npastof
fi
cer
sandempl
oyees.I
ncont
rast
,
cl
ause(
b)cont
empl
atesacasewher
eanof
fi
cerorempl
oyeeofacompanyhav
ingany
pr
oper
tyofacompanyi
nhi
spossessi
onwr
ongf
ull
ywi
thhol
dsi
torknowi
ngl
yappl
i
esi
t
t
opur
posesot
hert
hant
hoseexpr
essedordi
rect
edi
nthe 
art
icl
esandaut
hor
isedbyt
he
Act
.Itmaywel
lbet
hatanof
fi
cerorempl
oyeemayhav
elawf
ull
yobt
ainedpossessi
on
ofanysuchpr
oper
tydur
ingt
hecour
seofhi
sempl
oymentbutwr
ongf
ull
ywi
thhol
dsi
t
af
tert
het
ermi
nat
ionofhi
sempl
oyment
.Thatappear
stobeoneoft
hef
unct
ionsof
cl
ause(
b).Thatwoul
dpr
imar
il
yappl
ytot
hepr
esentof
fi
cer
sandempl
oyeesandmay
al
soi
ncl
udepastof
fi
cer
sandempl
oyees.

M.
G.Wagh&Or
svsJayEngi
neer
ingWor d7
ksLt

Fact
s:Thepr
obl
em posedwaswhet
herSect
ion12(
2)ofFor
eignExchangeRegul
ati
on
Act
,1947cov
ersonl
ysal
epr
oceedsofgoodsexpor
ted'
forsal
e'
,ort
osal
epr
oceedsof
goodsexpor
ted‘
onsal
e’i
nthecont
extofsal
escompl
etedbef
oreexpor
tal
so.The
cont
ent
ionoft
her
espondentcompanywast
hatSect
ion12(
2)appl
i
edonl
yto‘
per
sons’

7
AI
R1987SC670

Page|
6
whoar
e‘ent
it
ledt
osel
l
’orpr
ocur
ethesal
eoft
hesai
dgoodsandt
hat‘
sai
dgoods’
meanst
hegoodswhi
chhav
eal
readybeenexpor
ted.I
twasal
socont
endedt
hati
nso
f
arascompl
etedsal
esar
econcer
ned,t
heywoul
dbegov
ernedbySect
ion10andt
hus
t
her
ewasnol
acunai
nSect
ion12(
2)accor
dingt
othei
nter
pret
ati
onputbyt
hem ont
his
sect
ion.

Wheni
tisequal
l
ypossi
blet
otaket
hev
iewwhi
chwoul
dbeconduci
vet
otheconcl
usi
on
t
hatt
her
eisnol
acunai
nthel
egi
slat
ion,i
twoul
dbeunr
easonabl
etot
aket
hev
iewt
hat
t
hel
egi
slat
ionhasl
eftal
acunaei
therbynegl
i
genceorbyl
ackoff
oresi
ghtorbecausei
t
di
dnotknow i
tsj
ob.Thepur
poseoft
hel
egi
slat
ioni
sthatt
henat
iondoesnotl
ose
f
orei
gnexchangewhi
chi
sessent
ialf
ort
heeconomi
csur
viv
aloft
henat
ion,whi
chwi
l
l
notbeser
vedi
fcompl
etedt
ransact
ionsar
eexcl
udedf
rom Sect
ion12.

Hel
d:Const
ruct
ionofSect
ion12(
2)-Thewor
ds‘
noper
sonent
it
ledt
osel
lort
opr
ocur
e
t
hesal
eoft
hesai
dgoods’
aremer
elydescr
ipt
iveoft
heaccount
abl
eper
sonanddonot
r
est
ri
ctt
heappl
i
cabi
l
ityofFERA t
oper
sonswhohav
enoty
etsol
dthegoods.“
It
appear
stoust
hatt
hisexpr
essi
ondoesnotnecessar
il
yinduceonet
otheconcl
usi
on
t
hatt
hel
egi
slat
urewant
edt
opr
eventabusei
nthecont
extof‘
expor
tsf
orsal
e’onl
y.The
expr
essi
oni
smeani
ngf
ul,
rel
evant
,andcanco-
exi
sti
nthecont
extofabusear
isi
ngf
rom
‘
expor
tsonsal
e’f
rom compl
etedt
ransact
ionsaswel
l
.Thewhol
epur
posei
sto‘
i
dent
if
y’
t
heaccount
abl
eper
sonst
opr
eventmal
pract
icesandensur
ecompl
i
ance.I
nouropi
nion,
t
hesai
dexpr
essi
onhasbeenempl
oyedbyt
heLegi
slat
uremer
elyi
nor
dert
oident
if
ythe
account
abl
eper
sonandi
smer
elydescr
ipt
ivei
nthatsense.Thesai
dexpr
essi
ondoes
notr
est
ri
ctt
heoper
ati
onoft
heActt
otheper
sonswhohav
enoty
etsol
dthegoods.
”

Legi
sl
ati
vei
ntenti
snott
oexcl
udeper
sonswhohav
eexpor
tedgoodst
oaf
orei
gnbuy
er
butonl
ytoensur
ethepr
eser
vat
ionoff
orei
gnexchangeandr
epat
ri
ati
onofear
nings
f
rontbot
hexpor
ts‘
onsal
e’and‘
forsal
e’
.Theper
sonswhohav
eexpor
tedt
hegoodst
o
af
orei
gnbuy
er,
inourv
iew,
arenotsoughtt
obeexcl
udedf
rom t
heoper
ati
onofSect
ion
12(
2).Theexpor
tercannotbeal
l
owedt
osi
phonawayapar
toft
hef
orei
gnexchangeor
t
odepr
ivet
heNat
ionoft
hef
orei
gnexchangeear
nedbyt
heexpor
ts.

Page|
7
PawanKumarv
.St
ateofHar
yana8:

TheCour
tmustadoptt
hatconst
ruct
ionwhi
ch,
"suppr
essest
hemi
schi
efandadv
ances
t
her
emedy
."Appl
yi
ngt
hispr
inci
ple,i
tiscl
eart
hatt
heear
li
erl
awwasnotsuf
fi
cientt
o
checkdowr
ydeat
hshenceaf
oresai
dst
ri
ngentpr
ovi
sionswer
ebr
oughti
n,sot
hat
per
sonscommi
tt
ingsuchi
nhumancr
imesonmar
ri
edwomenshoul
dnotescape,as
ev
idenceofadi
rectnat
urei
snotr
eadi
l
yav
ail
abl
eexceptoft
heci
rcumst
ant
ialki
nd.
Hencei
tist
hati
nter
pret
ati
onwhi
chsuppr
essest
hemi
schi
ef,subser
vest
heobj
ect
ive
andadv
ancest
her
emedy
,whi
chwoul
dbeaccept
abl
e.Obj
ect
ivei
sthatmencommi
tt
ing
suchcr
imesshoul
dnotescapepuni
shment
.Hencest
ri
ngentpr
ovi
sionswer
ebr
oughti
n
byshi
ft
ingt
hebur
denont
otheaccusedbybr
ingi
ngi
nthedeemedcl
ause.Asaf
oresai
d,
t
hedef
ini
ti
onof`
dowr
y'wasamendedwi
thef
fectf
rom 19t
hNov
ember
,1986,
toi
ncl
ude
aper
iodev
enaf
tert
hemar
ri
age.

Swant
raj
&Or
sv.St
ateOfMahar
asht
ra9

Fact
s:Sect
ion18(
1)(
c)oft
heDr
ugsandCosmet
icsAct
,1940pr
ovi
dest
hatnoper
son
shal
lmanuf
act
uref
orsal
e,orsel
l
,orst
ockorexhi
bitf
orsal
eordi
str
ibut
eanydr
ug
exceptunderal
i
censeandSect
ion27(
b)pr
ovi
desf
ori
tspuni
shmenti
fcont
rav
ened.
Theappel
l
antwasawhol
esal
edeal
eranddi
str
ibut
orofdr
ugsandhadt
henecessar
y
l
i
censespr
escr
ibedundert
heAct
.Thel
i
censesal
soi
ncl
udedaut
hor
izat
ionf
orsel
l
ing,
st
ocki
ng,orexhi
bit
ingordi
str
ibut
ingbywhol
esal
ethr
oughmot
orv
ans.Theappel
l
ant
hadbookedcer
tai
ndr
ugsbyl
orr
ybuti
tgotdel
ayed,andt
her
eaf
tert
hedr
ugswer
e
t
empor
ari
l
ykepti
nthegodownofal
ocal
drugsdeal
er.
Thequest
ionbef
oret
heCour
twast
hatwhet
hert
hel
i
censecov
eredt
hebr
iefi
nter
valof
st
oragei
nthegodownbef
orel
oadi
ngt
hedr
ugsont
othev
an,andwhet
hert
heactof
appel
l
anti
ntempor
ari
l
yst
ori
ngt
hedr
ugs,notf
ori
mmedi
atesal
e,butf
orul
ti
mat
esal
e,
i
sincont
rav
ent
ionofSect
ions18and27?
8
AI
R1998SC958
9
AI
R1974SC517

Page|
8
Hel
d:I
fthel
awr
equi
resal
i
censef
orapl
aceanddr
ugsar
ekepti
nsuchapl
acewi
thout
t
hel
i
cense,ev
enasast
op-
gapar
rangement
,thenar
gument
sabouti
nconv
eni
ence
cannotbeadef
ence.Thepar
amountpur
poseofr
egul
ati
ont
hroughl
i
censi
ngi
stoseti
n
mot
ionv
igi
l
antmedi
calwat
chov
ert
hepr
operpr
otect
ionofdr
ugsandmedi
cines,
v
eri
fi
cat
ionoft
heexpi
ryoft
het
imeoft
hei
ref
fi
cacyandt
her
eject
ionofspur
ious
pr
oduct
s.I
fgodowns,
tempor
aryst
ores,
etc.woul
dbeunl
i
censed,
theycanbecomet
he
f
ociofdecept
ive,dubi
ousandhar
mfuldr
ugs.Ther
efor
e,ev
erypl
acewher
est
oragei
s
mademustbel
i
censed.
Mor
eov
er,t
her
ulesmadeundert
heAct
,whi
l
etheyv
isual
i
zewhol
esal
edi
str
ibut
ion
l
i
censes,
thef
ormshav
enotpr
ovi
dedf
orl
i
censesf
ormobi
l
evansordi
str
ibut
iondepot
s
essent
ialf
oradi
str
ibut
ionsy
stem.Ev
ent
hought
heappel
l
antshoul
dhav
eobt
aineda
l
i
censef
ort
empor
aryst
orage,butt
heCent
ralGov
ernmentshoul
dcl
ari
fyt
her
ulesand
pr
ovi
def
orappr
opr
iat
efor
ms.Ther
efor
e,i
tmustbehel
dthatt
hest
orage,ev
ent
hough
f
orshor
tspel
l
sandonadhocbasi
sandwi
thouti
ntentt
osel
latt
hatpl
ace,butaspar
t
oft
hesal
esbusi
ness,
comeswi
thi
nst
ocki
ngf
orsal
eunderSect
ion18.

10
St
andar
dChar
ter
edBankv
.Di
rect
orat
eOfEnf
orcement&Or
s.

Fact
s:Theappel
l
antf
il
edawr
itpet
it
ionbef
oret
heHi
ghCour
tofBombaychal
l
engi
ng
v
ari
ousnot
icesi
ssuedt
othem underSect
ion 
50r
eadwi
thSect
ion 
51 
oft
heFor
eign
ExchangeRegul
ati
onAct
,1973.Theappel
l
antcont
endedt
hati
twasnotl
i
abl
etobe
pr
osecut
edf
ort
heof
fenceunderSect
ion 
56 
oft
heFERAAct
.
Themai
nissuesf
orconsi
der
ati
onwer
easf
oll
ows–

1.Whet
heracompanyoracor
por
atebodycoul
dbepr
osecut
edf
orof
fencesf
orwhi
ch
t
hesent
enceofi
mpr
isonmenti
samandat
orypuni
shment
?
2.Wher
e an accused i
sfound gui
l
ty and t
he puni
shmentt
o be i
mposed i
s
i
mpr
isonmentandf
ine,whet
hert
hecour
thasgott
hedi
scr
eti
ont
oimposet
he

10
AI
R2005SC2622

Page|
9
 sent
enceoff
ineal
one?

Cont
ent
ionsofAppel
l
ant
:
Thest
atut
escr
eat
ingcr
imi
nall
i
abi
l
ityhav
etobest
ri
ctl
yconst
rued.Whenast
atut
e
pr
escr
ibespuni
shmentofi
mpr
isonmentandf
ine,i
tisnotper
missi
blef
ort
hecour
tto
awar
d puni
shmentoff
ineal
one.A cor
por
ati
on bei
ng a j
uri
sti
cper
son cannotbe
awar
ded t
he puni
shmentofi
mpr
isonment
.When a st
atut
orypr
ovi
sion cannotbe
compl
i
edwi
thasperi
tsst
ri
ctl
anguage,t
heconsequenceshoul
dbet
hatt
her
ecanbe
nopr
osecut
ion.Ther
eisnosensei
npr
osecut
ingsomebodywhent
hepuni
shment
cannotbeawar
dedaspert
hemandat
eoft
hest
atut
e.

ThePar
li
amentenact
edl
awsknowi
ngwel
lthatt
hecompanycannotbesubj
ect
edt
o
cust
odi
alsent
ence and t
her
efor
ethe l
egi
slat
ivei
ntent
ion i
s nott
o pr
osecut
ethe
compani
esorcor
por
atebodi
esandwhent
hesent
encepr
escr
ibedcannotbei
mposed,
t
hev
erypr
osecut
ioni
tsel
fisf
uti
l
eandmeani
ngl
ess.
Cont
ent
iononBehal
fofRespondent
s:
Themai
ntaskoft
hecour
tandt
hej
udgesi
stor
emov
emi
schi
ef.St
ri
ctconst
ruct
ioncan
somet
imesdef
eatt
hel
egi
slat
ioni
ntent
.

Judgment
:
Ref
erencewasmadet
oSect
ion 
11 
oft
heI
ndi
anPenalCodei
nwhi
cht
he“
per
son”i
s
def
inedas:
“Thewor
d‘per
son’
incl
udesanyCompanyorAssoci
ati
onorbodyofper
sons,
whet
heri
ncor
por
atedornot
.”

Ref
erencewasal
somadet
othe41st 
and47th 
LawCommi
ssi
onRepor
tinwhi
cht
hel
aw
commi
ssi
onst
atedt
hat–“
Inev
erycasei
nwhi
cht
heof
fencei
sonl
ypuni
shabl
ewi
th
i
mpr
isonmentorwi
thi
mpr
isonmentand f
ine and t
he of
fenderi
s a companyor
ot
her
 bodycor
por
ateoranassoci
ati
onofi
ndi
vi
dual
s,i
tshal
lbecompet
entt
othecour
t
t
osent
encesuchof
fendert
ofi
neonl
y.
”
I
tist
ruet
hatal
lpenalst
atut
esar
etobest
ri
ctl
yconst
ruedi
nthesenset
hatt
heCour
t
mustseet
hatt
het
hingchar
gedasanof
fencei
swi
thi
nthepl
ainmeani
ngoft
hewor
ds
usedandmustnotst
rai
nthewor
dsonanynot
ion.Fur
ther
,al
lpenalpr
ovi
sionsl
i
keal
l

Page|
10
ot
herst
atut
esar
etobef
air
lyconst
ruedaccor
dingt
othel
egi
slat
ivei
ntentasexpr
essed
i
ntheenact
ment
.Int
hepr
esentmat
tert
hel
egi
slat
ivei
ntentt
opr
osecut
ecor
por
ate
bodi
esf
ort
heof
fencecommi
tt
edbyt
hem i
scl
earandexpl
i
citandt
hest
atut
enev
er
i
ntendedt
oexoner
atet
hem f
rom bei
ngpr
osecut
ed.Accor
dingt
othem i
twoul
dbe
sheerv
iol
encet
ocommonsenset
hatt
hel
egi
slat
urei
ntendedt
opuni
sht
hecor
por
ate
bodi
esf
ormi
norandsi
l
lyof
fencesandext
endedi
mmuni
tyofpr
osecut
iont
omaj
orand
gr
aveeconomi
ccr
imes.

Maxi
m l
exnoncogi
tadi
mpossi
bil
i
a wasal
sor
efer
redi
nthej
udgmentwhi
chsay
sthat
t
hel
awcompel
snoi
mpossi
bil
i
ty.I
fanenact
mentr
equi
reswhati
slegal
l
yimpossi
blei
t
wi
l
lbepr
esumedt
hatPar
li
amenti
ntendedi
ttobemodi
fi
edsoast
oremov
ethe
i
mpossi
bil
i
tyel
ement
.Ast
hecompanycannotbesent
encedt
oimpr
isonment
,thecour
t
cannoti
mposet
hatpuni
shment
,butwheni
mpr
isonmentandf
inei
sthepr
escr
ibed
puni
shmentt
hecour
tcani
mposet
hepuni
shmentoff
inewhi
chcoul
dbeenf
orced
agai
nstt
hecompany
.
I
nmyopi
nion,cor
por
ateswi
l
lcont
inuet
ogoscotf
reei
nsuchcasesandshal
lal
way
s
hav
ethedef
enceofbei
ngaj
uri
sti
cper
son.Ourcour
tsneedt
ost
epf
orwar
dandj
ustl
i
ke
j
udi
cialact
ivi
sm i
nenv
ironment
almat
ter
sandmat
ter
sofpubl
i
ccause,t
heyhav
eto
i
nter
pretl
awssot
hatcompani
esal
sor
eal
i
set
hatt
heycannotbeal
l
owedt
otake
adv
ant
ageofl
oophol
esi
nanyl
aw.Thecor
por
atev
ehi
clenow occupi
essuchal
arge
por
ti
onoft
hei
ndust
ri
al,commer
cialandsoci
ologi
calsect
ors,t
hatamenabi
l
ityoft
he
cor
por
ati
ont
oacr
imi
nal
lawi
sessent
ial
tohav
eapeacef
ulsoci
ety
.

Concl
usi
on
I
tis wel
l
-set
tl
ed r
ule ofconst
ruct
ion ofpenalst
atut
es t
hati
ftwo possi
ble and
r
easonabl
econst
ruct
ionscanbeputuponapenalpr
ovi
sion,t
heCour
tmustl
ean
t
owar
dst
hatconst
ruct
ionwhi
chexempt
sthesubj
ectf
rom penal
tyr
athert
hant
heone
whi
chi
mposespenal
tyandi
tisnotcompet
entf
ort
heCour
ttost
ret
choutt
hemeani
ng
ofexpr
essi
on used byt
he Legi
slat
urei
n or
dert
o car
ryoutt
he i
ntent
ion oft
he
Legi
sl
atur
e.Thepr
inci
plet
hatast
atut
eenact
inganof
fenceori
mposi
ngapenal
tyi
sto

Page|
11
be st
ri
ctl
yconst
ruct
ed i
s notofuni
ver
salappl
i
cat
ion whi
ch mustnecessar
il
ybe
obser
vedi
nev
erycase.Thepenalpr
ovi
sionsshoul
dbeconst
ruedi
namannerwhi
ch
wi
l
lsuppr
esst
hemi
schi
efandadv
ancet
heobj
ectwhi
cht
heLegi
slat
urehadi
nvi
ew.
Now,t
hest
atut
esar
eint
erpr
etedwi
thr
espectt
olegi
slat
ivei
ntentandnotj
ustont
he
basi
sofst
ri
ctconst
ruct
ionbecausei
tledt
othecr
imi
nal
sbei
ngscot–f
ree.

Bi
bli
ogr
aphy
:
 Pr
inci
plesofSt
atut
oryI
nter
pret
ati
on,Just
iceG.P.Si
ngh,Tent
hedi
ti
on,2006,
WadhwaNagpur
.

 I
nter
pret
ati
on ofSt
atut
es,V.P.Sar
athi
,Four
th edi
ti
on,2006,East
ern Book
Company
.

 www.
manupat
ra.
com

 www.
i
ndi
ankanoon.
org

Page|
12