Ri

pahi
nte
rnat
ional
Uni
ver
si
ty

Name-MuhammadTal
hak
han

SapI
D-2
690
9

De
par
tme
nt-Bsopt
ome
tryandopt
ics

Submi
i
tedt
o-Dr
.Me
harSaf
darAl
iQas
im

Que
sti
ons-

 Ant
eri
orpol
e-

 Theante
riors
egme ntist
hefr
ontthi
rdof
theeyethati
ncl
udesthe
st
ruct
uresinf
rontofthevi
tr
eoushumour:t
hec
ornea,i
ri
s,ci
l
iar
ybody
,and
l
ens

 Wi
thi
ntheant
eri
ors
egme
ntar
etwof
lui
d-f
il
le
dspac
es:

t
heanter
iorc
hamberbet
weenthepos
ter
iors
urf
aceof
thec
orne
a(i
.
e.t
he
c
orneal
endothe
li
um)andthei
ri
s.

t
hepos
ter
iorc
hambe
rbe
twe
ent
hei
ri
sandt
hef
rontf
aceof
thev
itr
eous
.

 Aqueoushumorf
il
lst
hesespaceswit
hintheante
riors
egme
ntand
prov
idesnut
ri
ent
stothesurr
oundingst
ructur
es.

 -Pos
ter
iorpol
e

 Theter
m pos
teri
orpol
ei sappl
i
edtothecent
ralpoi
ntoft
heposter
ior
cur
vat
ureoft
hebulb.I
tisopposi
tet
otheant
eiorpol
eandl
ate
ralt
othe
exi
tof
theopt
icner
ve.
 Normal poste
riorpole.
Anor malopti
cdisci
ss hown, withas mallc
entral
physiol
ogiccupandhe althyneur
alri
m. Majorbranche softhecentr
al
ret
inalart
eryemanat efr
omt hedisc,
whe r
east hemaj orbranchesofthe
centr
alreti
nalveincoll
ectatthedis
c.Tempor altothediscisthemac ul
a,
whichappe ar
sdar k
er;nobloodv e
sselsar
epr esentinthec ent
er.

 Equat
or

 Ani
maginaryl
i
nee ncir
cli
ngtheglobeof
thee
yee
qui
dis
tantf
romt
he
ant
eri
orandpost
eriorpoles
poles
.

 Vi
sual
axi
s
o Thevisualaxis(VA)representsthedir
ecti
onofgaz e.Therayt r
avel
i
ng
fr
omt hefi
xationpointtowar dthecent
eroftheentr
ancepupiloftheeye
repr
esentsthedi r
ecti
onoft heVA.Thi
srayr e
achesthefoveaf r
om t
he
cent
eroft hee xi
tpupi l.Theanglebe tweent heOAandt heVAi s
gener
allycall
edtheangl ealpha.

 Or
bit
alax
is

 Theorbit
alaxi
sisali
net
hatpass
est
hrought
heapexoft
hebonyor
bit
(opt
iccanal
)andthec
ent
eroft
heope
ningoft
heor
bit
.

 Ge
ome
tri
cal
axi
s

 Theopti
c alaxisexte
ndsfrom theant e
riort
ot hepost
eri
or
pol
eoft hee yeandi sdef
inedbyt hege ometri
cc e
nte
rsof
thecrys
t all
i
nel ensand t hec ornea.Thev isualax
isis
def
ine
df romt hefovea,t
hrought henodalpointandoutto
anobje
ct, apoint
(suchasas t
ar)
