Radiographic Imaging Equipment

Module 5: Networking & PACS

Worksheet/Study Guide

Page numbers must be included for every question.

SHORT ANSWER

1. A barcode reader is what type of device?

Input device p84
2. Binary code is a computer language based on what?
1s & 0s p84
3. How many bytes are needed to store one alphanumeric character?
1 or 8 bits p84
4. Define the CPU.
A microprocessor found on the motherboard p84
5. The series of connections, controllers, and chips that create the information highway
within the computer system is known as what?

BUS p86

6. RAM is an acronym for what?

Random-access memory p87
7. How is RAM used by the computer?
Short term for open programs?? P87
8. Memory is measured in what?

Bytes p87

9. The collection of connectors that link the PC to various peripherals is known as what?
Ports p87
10. What is the fastest and most versatile port?
SCSI p87
11. What was the storage capacity for early hard drives?
 10MB p90
12. The information storage capacity of a DVD is how many times more than that of a CD?
7 p90
13. What metal is contained behind the outer layers of a DVD?
Gold p90
14. “Write once, read many” is represented by what identifier?
R p91
15. Most modern keyboards connect to the back of the box using what type of connection?
PS/2 p91
16. All mice connections are what type?
Serial p91
17. What are the commonly used types of mice?
Mechanical, optical, optomechanical p91
18. The basic picture element is known as what?
Pixel p92
19. A dot triad is a grouping of what?
One green dot, one blue dot, one red dot p92
20. What represents how close the dots are located to one another within a pixel?
Dot pitch p92
21. The refresh rate controls what?
Flicker p92
22. Response rate refers to what?
Amount of time that it takes the crystal to go from an off state to on and vice versa
p92
23. A handheld personal organizer is an example of what kind of operating system?
Single-user, single-task p94
24. Real-time operating systems are commonly found where?
Modern x-ray equipment p94
25. What are some of the major operating systems available?
Macintosh, Windows, UNIX/Linus p95
26. Two or more objects sharing resources and information or computers, terminals, and
servers interconnected by communication channels is a definition of a:
Network p100
27. What are the geographic categories of networks?
LAN, WAN, MAN, TAN p100
28. The least expensive network to install is a:
LAN p101
29. In which network type is each computer on the network considered equal?
Peer to peer p102
30. A computer network that spans a large area such as a city, state, nation, or continent is
known as a:
Wide area p101
31. A network that uses a central computer that sends the entire original resource to the client
is known as a:
Server based p102
32. List the different types of computers found on a network.
Server, thin client, thick client p104
33. Describe a thin-client computer.
Any computer that needs a server for task completion p104
34. Describe a thick-client computer.
A computer that works independently of the network p104
35. Define a server.
A computer that manages resources for other computers p104
36. Cable consisting of a center conducting wire surrounded by insulation and a grounded
shield of braided wire is called:
Coaxial p104
37. The most common connection medium for a LAN is:
Twisted-pair p104
38. Wireless connections have what requirements or considerations?
Infrared or radiogrequencies, consideration of wall thickness, transmitter/receiver
p105
39. The network connection that uses glass threads to transmit data is:
Fiber optic p105
40. The most fragile type of network connection is:
Fiber optic p104
41. The biggest advantages of wireless networks are:
Mobility and convenience p105
42. A device that provides the interface between the computer and network is known as:
Network interference card p106
43. Most network interface cards plug directly into the:
Motherboard p106
44. A network switch:
Sends data only to data directed devices p106
45. The simplest connection device is the:
Hub p106
46. A connection device that can bring two or more networks together that speak the same
language is known as a:
Bridge p106
47. A type of computer addressing that is made up of four octets of numbers is the:
Internet protocol IP address p107
48. What type of network are devices connected in a circle?
Ring topology p107
49. Define how a bus network functions.
No switches of hubs are necessary p107
50. The topology in which the bus is collapsed into a central box is the:
Star p108
51. The topology on which the Internet is based is the:
Mesh p108
52. The almost universally accepted standard for exchanging medical images is known as:
DICOM p108
53. The first version of DICOM was completed in:
1985 p108
54. Devices commonly referred to as roles include:
SCU p110
55. DICOM was considered better than previous exchange mechanisms for all but which one
of the following?
It did not require a conformance system p110
56. The part of DICOM that ensures that modalities can communicate with existing image-
viewing devices is:
Standardization??? Interoperability??? 110?
57. Lossy compression is used to:
Shrink file size p110
58. The standard that oversees most computerized clinical and administrative data is known
as:
HL-7 p111
59. RIS is specific to what department?
Radiology p111
60. The system that holds a specific patient's lab results, radiology reports, and physician
notes is the:
EMR p111
61. The system that contains patient information, billing records, and inpatient orders is the:
HIS p111
62. The acronym PACS stands for ______ system.
Picture archival and communication p113
63. A PACS consists of what components?
Storage device, display workstation, digital acquisition p114
64. A universally accepted standard for exchanging medical imaging via a networked set of
display workstations, archive, and imaging modalities is:
DICOM p114
65. Reading images on a computer screen is known as ______ reporting.
Soft copy p114
66. Any computer that a health care worker uses to view a digital image is a(n):
Display workstation p115
67. Which part of the PACS houses all of the historic digital image data along with the
current digital data being generated by the modalities?
Archive p115
68. The acronym RIS stands for ______ system.
Radiology Information system p116
69. What are PACS architectures?
Distribute system, client/server-based system, web-based system 1,2,&3 p116
70. What would be considered advantages of a client/server-based system?
Any image can be seen anywhere without interventions, and only one person can
open a study, and Only one person can open the study with the intent to read it.
Others that open the study will receive a message that the study is open and being
read. 1&3 p118
71. What would be considered disadvantages of a client/server-based system?
Archive is considered a single point of failure, and the system depends on the
network 1&2 p119
72. In which system architecture do the acquisition modalities send their images directly to a
designated workstation?
Distributed system p119
73. What would be considered advantages of a distributed system?
Even if the archive goes down, images can still be seen at all workstation, and
system is less dependent on the network for its speed 2&3 p119
74. What would be considered disadvantages of a distributed system?
There is a heavy reliance that the images are being send to the correct locations, and
each workstation has a different worklist 1&3 p119
75. In which system architecture do the images and application software reside on a central
server?
Web-based system p120
76. What term is used to describe the reading of images outside of the hospital walls,
generally at home or in remote locations?
Teleradiology p120
77. Which is the most interactive part of a PACS?
 Display workstation p121
78. What factors might be used when determining the best type of monitor for each
workstation?
Resolution and monitor orientation p121
79. Which term best describes a basic picture element on a display?
Pixel p121
80. The number of pixels contained on a display is known as:
Resolution p121
81. If the number of ______ increase(s) on a monitor, resolution ______.
Pixels, improves p121
82. A square table of numbers that represents the intensity to be displayed on the monitor is
a:
Matrix p121
83. What would be considered categories for display workstations?
Primary reading stations, review stations, technologist QC, and image management
p122
84. Which workstation is used to review images after acquisition but before being sent off for
reporting?
Technologist QC workstation p125
85. Which workstation might be used to print copies of images or burn images to a CD for
outside use?
Image management workstation p126
86. What would be considered categories of workstation functions?
Navigation function, image manipulation, image management function, advanced
workstation function p126
87. Which set of functions is used to move through images, series, studies, and patients?
Navigation functions p126
88. Which function determines how images are displayed on the monitor(s)?
Hanging protocol p126
89. Which function allows the user to move through a series of images frame by frame?
Cine p128
90. Which function represents the range of gray values that are being viewed on the monitor?
Window p128
91. Which function can be used to orient the image in the anatomic hanging position?
Flip/rotate p130
92. Which function increases the size of an area on the image?
Pan/zoom p130
93. What measurements are commonly found on a PACS workstation?
Distance, ROI, and angle p131
94. Which advanced workstation function can reconstruct images into another plane?
MPR p132
95. Which advanced function is used most often in computed tomography to visualize
contrast medium-filled vessels separate from the surrounding tissue?
MIP p132
96. Which advanced function uses a histogram-type graph to differentiate various structures
using different colors that represent each of the intensities in the image?
VRT p132
97. Which advanced function allows the user to remove all tissue above and below a certain
threshold and to show the object in three-dimensions for better visualization?
SSD p134
98. Which advanced function allows the user to put multiple images together into one single
image, such as in a scoliosis series?
Stitching p134
99. The place where records or documents are preserved for historic purposes is the:
Archive p138
100. What are the functions of the image manager?
Contains the master database of all on archive, controls the receipt of all images
1&2 p138
101. What term is used to describe a database that is running two identical databases
simultaneously?
Mirrored p139
102. Which picture archival and communication system (PACS) component interfaces with
the radiology information system and hospital information system?
Image manager p139

103. What information may be found on a DICOM header?

Patient name, ordering physician 1&3 p139
104. Which component of the archive consists of the physical storage devices?
Image storage or archive server A&B p
105. A level, layer, or division of something is known as a:
Tier p140
106. The acronym for RAID stands for what?
Redundant array of independent disks p140
107. What are commonly used as long-term storage for DICOM images?
Digital linear tape, optical disks 1&2 p143
108. What are types of optical disks?
MOD and UDO 1&3 p143
109. What are the types of tape archive solutions?
DLT and AIT 2&3 p144
110. What are the ways that the RAID can be configured in an archive scheme?
Direct attached storage, network attached storage, and storage area network 1,2,&3
p145
111. What archive storage configuration(s) links different kinds of data storage devices on a
special-purpose network?
SAN p146
112. Which term describes the act of keeping a complete copy of the archive in another
remote location?
Disaster recovery p148

113. A database that keeps track of how the images are related and provides search
capability is a(n):
Image manager p148
114. What devices would be considered PACS peripherals?
 Film digitizer and film imager 1&2 (CD burners) p148
115. Which device scans an analog film and produces numeric signals based on the
appearance of the film?
Film digitizer p149
116. Any supplemental device connected to a PACS that performs a specific function is
known as a(n):
Peripheral p149
117. Film digitizers use what technologies to acquire digital images?
CCD and Laser p149
118. Which film digitizer uses a helium neon laser to convert the analog film image into a
digital image?
Laser p149
119. Which film digitizer uses fluorescent bulbs to aid in converting the analog film image
into a digital image?
CCD p149
120. Which term is used to describe the process of transferring images to remote locations
for reading by a radiologist?
Teleradiology p150
121. What are common uses of a film digitizer?
Compare outside films, computed aided diagnosis, and remote viewing 1,2,&3 (film
duplication) p150
122. Which term describes the technology that allows a film to be digitized and then
analyzed by a computer to alert the radiologist of possible questionable areas on a
radiograph?
CAD p150
123. A film imager is also known as a film:
Printer p150
124. What do dry imagers use to develop the image on the film?
Heat p150
125. What are common uses of imagers?
 Backup, legal cases, outside physicians 1,2,&3 (Difficult locations, teaching
purposes) p152
126. Other than printing films, another alternative would be to:
Burn images to an optical disk p152
TRUE/FALSE

1. One of the functions of the heavy metal case is to shield the components of the computer
from radio waves and satellite frequencies.
False
2. The power supply is designed to absorb the force of a power surge to the computer.
True
3. The higher the resolution, the less information that can be displayed on the monitor.
False
4. The operating software acts as a bridge between applications and hardware.
True

5. Early PACS radiologists believed that they needed four to six monitors to view images.
True
6. Digital annotations may be used to indicate the right or left side of the patient.
False
7. Incorrect patient demographic information is unimportant in a PACS.
False
8. Disks are much cheaper to distribute than laser film.
True
9. The greatest disadvantage when using tape as a long-term archive solution is its
unreliability over multiple uses throughout the years.
True

10. The greatest advantage of a laser digitizer is its expense and service needs.
False

11. CCD digitizers are slower than laser digitizers.

True
12. Dry imagers use chemicals to process the films.
False

13. Wet imagers use chemicals to process films.

True

14. One major advantage of wet imagers is that they only require an electrical outlet and a
network connection.
False