Training On 20.5.2023

Presentation on
Detailing of RC buildings and Construction of Slab, Beam,

Column, Stair
Prepared by:
MOHAMMAD FATEH AZAM KHAN
Executive Engineer,
PWD Special Design Unit-2
Purta Bhavan, Segunbagicha
Date: May 22 , 2023

1
Content Source
BNBC-2020 ACI 318-2008
Figure courtesy:
[1]BNBC-2020,
[2]ACI 318-2014,
[3]Materials and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Buildings
-by Engr. A. H. Md. Matiur Rahman PEng.
2
PART-1: Construction Process [Outline]
✓ RCC Column
✓ RCC SLAB
✓ RCC Beam
✓ RCC Stairs
3
RCC Column & Its Construction Process
What is Column
• A Vertical structural member which transfers loads from beam and slab directly
to the underneath soil.
• Most of the building failure occurs not only for design fault but also for poor
construction practices.
• Essential to know the construction procedure of RCC column appropriately.
4
RCC columns are mainly constructed in four different stages, which are
1.Column Layout Work.
2.Column Reinforcement Work.
3.Column Formwork and
4.Pouring Concrete,
5
1. Column Layout Work
• In the drawing, column locations are shown associated with grid-line with
dimensions.
• Realistically, in-field, ropes are our grid-lines. Thus, we tend to place columns
associated with rope-line by calculating dimensions shown within the
drawing.
6
RCC Column Its Construction Process
Column marking at the construction site
Column Layout
7
2. Column Reinforcement Work
• When marking of column location is done,
the reinforcement of columns are placed
according to the structural drawing.
• For example, C1-8-d20 and stirrup-
d10mm@4″c/c.
• This means, the column C1 will have 8
numbers of 20 mm diameter bars as the
vertical bar and 10 mm diameter steel
should be placed 4” c/c as the stirrup.
• Additional notes such as lap length for
column steel of different diameter etc will
be given in the sheet of structural drawing.
8
2. Column Reinforcement Work
• Checklist for column reinforcement works at site
➢ Check the numbers and diameter of vertical bars.
➢ The spacing between vertical bars.
➢ Development length that depends on diameter of vertical bar.
➢ Lapping should be at l/3 or 2l/3 of column as per structural notes
➢ Spacing between stirrups is as per the drawing
➢ Hook should be bend properly at right angles
➢ Check the stirrups corner. Vertical bar should come at right angle edge of stirrup properly
bound with binding wire.
9
LAPPING
Zone B for lapping
10
RCC Column Construction Process
LAPPING
Rebar Placing
Staggered Bars Stirrup Spacing
11
3. Column Formwork
• The floor height is normally kept at 10 feet. If the slab contains beam, then
concrete has to be poured upto the beam bottom level. For example, if the beam
height is given in the drawing is 1′-6″, the casting height of column and formwork
will be 8′-6″.
• But as we know that dropping concrete more than 5 feet height is not allowed
because it will cause segregation, we should create formwork within 5 feet
height. When the first part will be cast completely, the rest part should be
started.
12
Guidelines on Column Shuttering
• Column box or shuttering is made of plywood sheets or steel sheets fabricators with
adequate stiffeners.
• Thin films of oil/grease applies to the inner face of of the shuttering to easily remove from
column after the concrete hardens.
• Shuttering is properly aligned with verticality and diagonals to be checked to ensure accuracy
in dimension.
• Gaps in shuttering joint should be sealed with plaster or a piece of wood to prevent any
leakage of slurry.
• Appropriate space to provide the inner face of shutter and reinforcement by fixing cover
blocks.
• Preferable to remove shutters after 24 hours of casting.
• Care should be taken regarding fixing and supports of column shuttering to prevent from
moving during concreting.
13
4. Pouring Concrete Into Column
• It is the final step for column construction. It can be done in two different
methods.
1.Manually
2.Using machine or pump.
Manual Concreting of RCC Column

Concreting of RCC Column using Pump
14
Points To Be Followed During And After Concreting
1. Use machine mix concrete for less amount of concrete, and ready-mix concrete for
larger amount of concrete.
2. Concrete should be poured up to slab bottom and the remaining column should be
concreted during beam and slab concreting.
3. Mechanical vibrator must be used for full compaction of the column, but
remember excess vibration can create segregation of the concrete. So each layer
should be compacted properly.
4. Concrete should not be poured from more than 1.5 m height.
5. Always avoid construction joints in the column.
6. Covers should be given properly as per the structural drawing.
7. During concreting pouring, the temperature should be below 30º.
8. Check verticality and horizontally of the column after pouring and vibrating the
concrete. 15
RCC Slab & Its Construction Process
4. Curing
Wet Covering
➢ Employed for column footings and
therefore the bottom surface of
slabs, wherever ponding isn’t
attainable.
➢ Impervious coverings like bagging
luggage/hessian are needed to
hide the concrete.
➢ These membranes are sprayed
with water to stay the concrete
damp.
16
Construction of slab comprises of these following steps..
1.Staging:-After completion of Columns upto Beam
2.Shuttering:- Shuttering is started after completio
Bottom Construction of Slab is stats. The First stage staging. Plywood or metal any type of shuttering a
is Staging. Staging is noting but erection of staging base on the load of slab. During shuttering proper
forms on which shuttering of Roof Slab or Beam will alignment and level of shuttering is checked. Shut
rest. Staging can be made of different type of properly sealed to avoid slurry lickage which will le
honeycomb structure or segregation of concrete.
materials starting wooden to metal parts, which Demolding agent are used in shuttering for smooth
hold is shuttering. Staging should be stable and firm finishing of concrete surfaces and easy stripping o
to hold the load of the slab.It should be firm shuttering boards.
enough so that during concreting it should properly
Concrete Floor Slab Construction Process
hold the concrete & shuttering so that shuttering do 1.Assemble and Erect Formwork.
not bulge of settle. 2.Prepare and Place Reinforcement.
3.Pour, Compact and Finish Concrete.
4.Curing Concrete and Remove Formwork.
17
▪ Definition of Slab
• In RCC construction Slab is that part of structure which
is used to provide flat & useful surfaces. It is usually
horizontal, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or
nearly so.
• Slabs are used in both load bearing structures and
framed structures.
▪ Function of Slab
SLAB
• The main function of slab is to transfer vertical load to beam or column.
• Another important function is that The floors & roofs of building act as a diaphragm. A
deep horizontal beam capable of transferring lateral load generated by the floor /roof
mass to the vertical elements resisting lateral loads.
18
▪ Load Transfer Mechanism in Slab
• The forces transfer from slab to beams
occur either in one way or in two ways.
• Slabs may be supported by columns only,
in this case two way action will prevail.
• If Long side / short side < 2 it is considered
as 2-way slab, and
• if Longer side to shorter side greater than
2 then it is considered as 1-way slab.
• Usually slab pressure loads (force per unit
area) are transferred to the supporting
beams as line loads(force per unit length).
The line load can be triangular, trapezoidal
,or partially distributed on the beam. Load Transfer Mechanism in Slab
19
▪ Types of Slab
One way slab
Two way slab

20
▪ Types of Slab
Flat Slab Flat Plate Waffle Slab
21
▪ Concrete Slab Support
The concrete slab may be supported by-
• Masonry or reinforced concrete Walls
• Monolithically casted reinforcement concrete
beams
• Structural steel members
• Columns
▪ Construction Steps of Slab
• Reinforcement Placement
• Formwork
• Concrete Casting
• Compaction
• Leveling
• Curing
22
➢ Reinforcement detailing of a slab is done based
on its support conditions.
➢ Slab maybe supported on walls or beams or
columns.
➢ In one way slab main reinforcement is parallel
to shorter and the reinforcement parallel to
longer direction is called distribution steel. Top Bar ,Cranked Bars in
➢ In two way slab main reinforcement is provided Reinforcement Placement
along both direction.
➢ Slabs could be simple supported,
continuous or cantilever.
23
Reinforcement placing in slab( Along Length and Width)

24
Why cranked bars are used Extra top: Extra top steel bars are used to
➢ We use crank bar which is provided to make control negative bending moment near
RCC slab safe from compressive stresses. support condition.
➢ Also to resist negative bending
moment(hogging). Cc block :Cc block is provided to arrest
➢ To resist shear force which is greater at the attack of corrosion. Also in order to
supports. maintain the proper arrangement of
➢ To reduce the risk of a brittle failure of slab- reinforcement and to provide a covering
column connection . for reinforcement.
➢ To reduce the amount of steel used .
➢ For the economization of materials
25
CC Block Under Slab Reinforcement
26
• Formwork
➢ Formwork is a permanent or temporary structure in which constructor pour
fresh concrete to harden subsequently.
➢ A slab formwork comes in handy when a building requires suspended
concrete slabs with no direct connection to the ground.
➢ It consists of Formwork panels, shores, joints, stringers and other supporting
materials.
➢ It can considerably shorten the construction time, allowing for more projects
to be completed
➢ Quality formwork allows for better concrete-surface finishing.
➢ It allows for easier construction of custom shapes and designs compared to
using traditional construction methods
27
• Concrete casting
➢ After completion of Shuttering,
Reinforcement Concreting of Slab is started.
➢ Concreting is to be properly done as per
design with proper vibration (Surface &
Needle Vibrator) for
avoiding segregation(separation of cement
paste and aggregates of concrete from each
other during handling and placement).
➢ Extra care to be given for maintaining
proper slump during concreting. No bleeding
and creep should be there.
➢ After concreting Surface of Slab is finished by
manual or mechanical means. Construction Casting (before vibrating)
28
Causes of Segregation In Concrete:
1. Excessive water content in the mix.
2. Use of poor graded aggregates.
3. Improper design of the mix.
4. Poor compaction of concrete.
5. Over vibration of concrete.
How To Reduce Segregation In concrete:
1. The design of the concrete mix should be done properly.
2. Water content should not be added more than the desired amount.
3. Handling, placing, and compaction of freshly mixed concrete should be done carefully. A
proper vibration also reduces the chances of segregation.
How To Reduce Segregation In concrete:
4. Concrete should not be dropped from more heights.
5. Air entraining admixtures can be used to enhance the viscosity of concrete.
6. Formwork should be always watertight to prevent leakages.
Bleeding of Concrete
• Refers to the rising of water to the surface. Bleeding of concrete is also referred to as
‘water gain’.
• Water possesses the lowest specific gravity among all the ingredients of concrete.
Hence, it rises above the surface after the placing of concrete.
• Sometimes, cement particles also come up to the surface along with the water.
Bleeding of Concrete
Causes of bleeding of Concrete Factors Affecting Bleeding of Concrete
•Highly wet mix • Properties of the cement used
•Improper proportioning of concrete mix • Water content in concrete mix
•Thin members, like roof or road slabs • Higher temperature increases bleeding rate,
•Concreting in sunny weather however, total bleeding capacity remains the
same
Effects of Bleeding of Concrete
1. Formation of Laitance • Rich mix gives more bleeding as compared to
2. Increase in Permeability the lean mixes
3. Formation of Voids • Air entrainment also reduces bleeding
4. Reduction in Bond Strength
Bleeding of Concretec
Remedies to bleeding of Concrete
1. Re-vibration of concrete
2. Usage of wooden floats
3. Proper proportioning of concrete
4. Uniform and proper mixing
5. Using finer cement
6. Usage of lean mix
Compaction
➢ The purpose of compaction of
concrete is to remove entrapped air
and eliminate all types of voids.
➢ Concrete is best compacted by

vibration compaction improves
concrete density, strength, bonding
with reinforcement steel, minimizes
surface blemishes and greatly
improves the durability of reinforced Vibrating (Using Vibrator In Concrete
concrete structures Casting of Slab)
Levelling
➢ Concrete leveling is a process used to fill voids under sagging concrete slabs,
including steps, porches, sidewalks, and driveways.
Curing
➢ Curing is the process of controlling the rate and

extent of moisture loss from concrete to ensure
an uninterrupted hydration of Portland cement
after concrete has been placed and finished in its
final position.
➢ Curing also ensures to maintain an adequate
temperature of concrete in its early ages, as this
directly affects the rate of hydration of cement
and eventually the strength gain of concrete or
mortars
Curing De-shuttering
➢ De-shuttering is to be done after
Conventional methods for concrete curing
slab reaches its design strength ie.
➢ Water curing by ponding, sprinkling or
after 21 days.
immersion
➢ If quick setting cement or
➢ Covering with wet burlap, plastic film or
admixture is used during concreting
reinforced paper
shuttering can be removed earlier
➢ Applying a physical barrier, such as
as per the specification of the
membrane forming curing compounds or
chemical.
cure and seals.
RCC Stair & Its
Construction Process
•Steps for Construction of Concrete Stairs

1. Designing of Concrete Stairs
2. Foundation and Support for Concrete Stairs
3. Building the Form-work for Concrete Stairs
4. Steel Reinforcement for Concrete Stairs
5. Pouring of Concrete for Concrete Stairs
6. Removal of Formwork
7. Finishing of Concrete Stairs
37
RCC Stair Construction Process
•Steps for Construction of Concrete Stairs
1. Designing of Concrete Stairs
The factors that influence the design of stairs are
• height of the floor,
Component Standard Dimension
• width of the stairs,
Thread 10”-12”
• risers depth
• thread width, Riser 5”-6”
• thickness of the stairs, Width
4’-0” (Res.), 7’-4”
(Hospital)
• angle of the stairs,
• load applied on the stairs and Flight Angle 30 - 45 Degree
• many other aspects which requires a qualified engineer to
design the perfect stairs.
38
• Stairs consist of rises, runs (or treads), and landings.
• The total steps and landings are called a staircase.
• The rise is defined as the vertical distance between two steps,
• and the run is the depth of the step.
• The landing is the horizontal part of the staircase without rises.
The normal dimensions of the rises and runs in a building are related by some empirical rules:
Rise + run = 17in. (431mm)

2 × rise + run = 25in. (635mm)
Rise × run = 75in. 2 (0.05m2 )
39
TYPES OF STAIRS
Single-flight stairs
Three or more flights of stairs
Double-flight stairs
40
TYPES OF STAIRS
Cantilever stairs
41
RCC Beam & Construction Process
RCC Beam can be placed in the following four phases :-
•Formwork
•Bending and binding steel bars
•Placing of cement concrete
•Curing
Formwork
Do the shuttering to hold the concrete in place without seepage. Place the beam
bottom on the column/wall. The form for the sides should be made as well. The
cover to reinforcement will be given in the structural drawing.
Provide props and braces for stabilizing the forms

42
Bending and binding steel bars
For making design of the slab, it is supposed that the concrete contains sound
compressive strength but it is poor in tensile strength. To make the structure secure
against the tensile stress, the steel bars are arranged.
The reinforcement should be given as mentioned in the reinforcement schedule and

detail drawing under the structural drawing. Bind and place the reinforcement in the
form once it is completed. The reinforcement should be fixed properly with the
column reinforcement.
Ensure that the splicing and bending of reinforcement is of right length. Generally the
development length and anchorage length are given in the drawing.
43
Placing of cement concrete
Curing
The curing shall be started once the concrete
hardens.The curing should continue to a
minimum of 14 days. The soffit form work of
beam can be removed after a minimum of 7 days
from the day of casting
44
PART-2: Detailing [Outline]
✓ Standard Hook
✓ Exposure Condition
✓ Development length
✓ Minimum requirements
✓ Seismic detailing provisions
✓ Torsional requirements
45
Terminology
46
Standard Hook Geometry in Tension
BNBC Sec- 8.1.2
47
Standard Hook Geometry for stirrups, ties and hoops
BNBC Sec- 8.1.2
48
Spacing of Reinforcement
BNBC Sec- 8.1.6
* Sec- 8.1.6.8: Bundle bars are allowed up to 32mm dia bars in beam.
49
Concrete Grade & Clear Cover
BNBC Sec- 8.1.7
Sec- 8.1.7.2 [minimum concrete cover criteria for mild environment]

a) Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth : 75mm.
b) Concrete surface exposed to earth or weather-
for bar dia 19mm to 57mm : 50mm
for bar dia 16mm and smaller : 40mm
c) Concrete surface not exposed to earth or weather-
Primary reinforcement, Ties, Stirrups, Spirals : 40mm
50
Concrete Grade & Clear Cover
BNBC Sec- 8.1.7
Table: 6.8.3
51
Clear Cover [keep in consideration]
Sec- 8.1.7.8
• Brick chips as coarse
aggregate is strictly
prohibited for use in
concrete at corrosive
environment and severe
exposure condition.
• W/C ratio limit 0.4-0.45 with
potable water.
52
Minimum Reinforcement requirement
Sec- 8.1.12.2
a) At support bottom reinforcement:
max of {1/6th of negative moment, 2 bars, 1/4th of positive moment
53
Development & Splices of Reinforcement
Sec- 8.2.3 [Tension development length, ld ≥12inch]
Sec- 8.2.3.5 : Reduction factor of
54
Development of Standard Hooks [in Tension]
Sec- 8.2.6.3 : Reduction factor
55
Development of Flexural Reinforcement
56
Splices of Reinforcement [Sec-8.2.13]
57
Earthquake Resistant Design Provisions
58
Material Specification for EQ provision
Material specifications for Special Moment Frame (SMF):
▪Concrete, fc’ ≥ 21MPa (±3000psi) and , fc’ ≤ 35MPa (±5000psi) – [sec. 8.3.3.3].
▪Reinforcing steel, fy ≤ 420 MPa (±60000psi) – [sec. 8.3.3.4]. fu/fy ≥ 1.25.
59
Beam Dimensional requirement for SMF
60
Flexural Requirement for SMF
61
Splicing Requirement for SMF
62
Transverse Reinforcement for SMF
63
Flexural Requirement for IMF
64
Transverse Reinforcement for IMF
65
Detailing requirements for Torsion
66
Detailing requirements for Torsion
67

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Presentation on

Detailing of RC buildings and Construction of Slab, Beam,

Date: May 22 , 2023

• Essential to know the construction procedure of RCC column appropriately.

Column marking at the construction site

➢ The spacing between vertical bars.

➢ Development length that depends on diameter of vertical bar.

➢ Lapping should be at l/3 or 2l/3 of column as per structural notes

➢ Spacing between stirrups is as per the drawing

➢ Hook should be bend properly at right angles

Zone B for lapping

Manual Concreting of RCC Column

One way slab

Two way slab

Flat Slab Flat Plate Waffle Slab

Reinforcement placing in slab( Along Length and Width)

CC Block Under Slab Reinforcement

➢ Concrete is best compacted by

➢ Curing is the process of controlling the rate and

•Steps for Construction of Concrete Stairs

Rise + run = 17in. (431mm)

Three or more flights of stairs

Provide props and braces for stabilizing the forms

The reinforcement should be given as mentioned in the reinforcement schedule and

BNBC Sec- 8.1.2

BNBC Sec- 8.1.2

Sec- 8.1.7.2 [minimum concrete cover criteria for mild environment]

Sec- 8.2.3.5 : Reduction factor of

Material specifications for Special Moment Frame (SMF):

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