Bureaucracies

and
Organizations in
Foreign Policy
Presented by:
Cerro, Patricia Rea C.
De Veyra, Juan Miguel G.
Introduction to Bureaucracies
Decision-making in foreign policy analysis tends to explain the approach
to the study of international politics and explains why and how states
behave the way they behave in the international arena. However, in the
quest for decision making, there are actors involved in which one of the
actors is state bureaucracy.
“National bureaucracies have been at the heart of foreign policy analysis”
(Smith, 2008).
The term bureaucracy refers to a complex organization that
has multilayered systems and processes. The systems and
processes that are put in place effectively make decision- What are
making slow. They are designed to maintain uniformity and
control within the organization (Banton, 2020).
bureaucracies?
Bureaucracies are any large-scale organization of appointed
officials whose primary function is to implement the policies
of the decision makers. It is a rational system or organized
structure designed to permit the efficient and affective
execution of public policy (Tasie, 1997).
Bureaucracies and Foreign Policy

Historical Background
The word bureaucracy was first used officially in France after the French
Revolution.
In the early 1960s Huntington, Crozier, Schilling and his colleagues became
interested in the impact of bureaucracies on foreign policy.
This developing of bureaucratic politics theory provides empirical insights into
how the administrative structures of government affect foreign policy.
German sociologist Max Weber was one of the first scholars to use the term and
expand its influence. He described the concept in a positive sense and considered
the ideal bureaucracy to be both efficient and rational.
Role of Bureaucracy in
formulation of Foreign Policy
According to Bureaucratic Politics Model Bureaucracy’s role is given
hereunder.
1. Bureaucracies generate outputs that structure the situation in policy
makers take decisions.
What outputs include?
The information bureaucracies provide to government
The foreign policy alternatives presented for government to choose for
And standard operating procedures (SOPs) which shape how foreign
policy decisions ultimately are implemented.
Role of Bureaucracy in
formulation of Foreign Policy

2. Bureaucracies tend to develop common attitudes and shared images.

These attitudes and shared play a role in framing how particular foreign policy
issue or event is perceived by foreign makers.

3. Bureaucracies also derive influence over foreign policy form their

positions in the power-sharing structure comprising state and government in
which these large organizations and political actors have individual interest.
Organizations and Foreign Policy

According to Panke and Henneberg (2017):

The interplay between states and international organizations has received
a lot of scholarly attention, largely because the number of international
organizations has increased considerably within the last century.
Foreign policies of international organizations and states are rationalist
and constructivist accounts of how the foreign policies of states impact
international organizations (bottom-up perspective), as well as how, in
turn, international organizations impact member-state foreign policies
(top-down perspective).
Organizations and Foreign Policy
According to Panke and Henneberg (2017):
Thereby, the polity, politics, and policy dimensions of both states and
international organizations are examined in order to explain the changes
states’ foreign policies can induce, under what scope conditions, in the
international organizations’ structure (polity), procedures (politics), and
policy outcomes.
Vice versa, also explained are the changes international organizations can
induce, under what scope conditions, in the foreign policy apparatus of
states (polity), foreign policy decision-making procedures (politics), and
states’ foreign policies.
 Association of
Southeast Asian Asia-Pacific
Organizations Nations
(ASEAN)
Economic
Cooperation
and (APEC)
International
Bodies in ASEAN
Regional United
Foreign Policy Forum (ARF) Nations, Council
on Foreign
Relations

Association of
Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN)
The ASEAN Declaration states that the
aims and purposes of the Association
are: (1) to accelerate economic growth,
social progress, and cultural
development in the region and (2) to
promote regional peace and stability
through abiding respect for justice and
the rule of law in the relationship
among countries in the region and
adherence to the principles of the
United Nations Charter.
Its framework is anchored on
international peace and security, and to
that end: to take effective collective
measures for the prevention and
removal of threats to the peace, and for
the suppression of acts of aggression
or other breaches of the peace, and to
bring about by peaceful means, and in
conformity with the principles of justice
and international law, adjustment or
settlement of international disputes.
United Nations, Council
for Foreign Relations

ASEAN Regional Forum
(ARF)
The ARF deals with security issues and
is the only institutionalised security-
policy discussion forum in the Asia-
Pacific region. the ARF is the important
forum in the Asia-Pacific for advocating
its security policy concepts and
promoting confidence-building and
preventive diplomacy. Along with the
ten ASEAN member states, another 16
countries are established members of
the ASEAN Regional Forum.
APEC operates as a cooperative,
multilateral economic and trade forum.
Member economies participate on the
basis of open dialogue and respect for
views of all participants. In APEC, all
economies have an equal say and
decision-making is reached by
consensus. Its structure is based on
both a "bottom-up" and "top-down"
approach.
Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation
(APEC)