GOVERNANCE

Governance is the sum of laws, norms, policies, and institutions that define, constitute, mediate
trans-border relations between states, cultures, citizens, intergovernmental and non-
governmental organization, and the market.

Governance is not just about laws and policies but also about institutions and how they function
to mediate relations between different entities.

The statement emphasizes the importance of governance in managing trans-border relations,

which are interactions that occur across borders between different countries, cultures, and
organizations. It suggests that governance serves to create order and cooperation in these
relationships.

Governance is necessary for promoting stability and cooperation in the international arena. It has
the importance of creating mechanisms that can foster collective action and ensure global public
goods, such as peace and security, justice, and functioning markets.

It brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at the level of the planet. Global
governance is necessary to address global challenges that require a coordinated response.

Governance is a crucial component of managing trans-border relations, promoting stability and

cooperation, and ensuring global public goods, and that global governance is necessary to
address global challenges that require a coordinated response. Additionally, it is t importance of
catastrophic risk management, which involves putting appropriate mechanisms in place to
maximally reduce the likelihood and impact of any event that could cause the death of 10 per
cent of humanity across the planet, or damage of equivalent magnitude.
STATES

States are generally defined as a group of people inhabiting a specific territory and living
according to a common legal and political authority. In Political Science, a state is an organized
political community living under a government. A sovereign state is classically defined as a state
with a defined territory on which it exercises internal and external sovereignty, a permanent
population, a government, and the capacity to enter relations with other sovereign states.

A state is a group of people living in a specific territory under common political authority, and
that includes a government. It also introduces the concept of a sovereign state, which has
additional characteristics such as defined territory, internal and external sovereignty, and the
capacity to enter relations with other sovereign states.

A state is a necessary component of organized political communities, and the presence of a

government is essential to maintain common legal and political authority. A sovereign state is
necessary to exercise complete control over its defined territory and its relationships with other
sovereign states.

Permanent population as an important characteristic of a sovereign state, implying that the

presence of a population is necessary for a state to exist. The capacity to enter relations with other
sovereign states is a necessary component of a sovereign state's existence, emphasizing the
importance of external relationships.

Therefore, a state is an organized political community with common legal and political authority,
and a government is necessary for a state to exist. It also highlights the importance of
sovereignty, both internal and external, and introduces the concept of a sovereign state with
additional characteristics such as defined territory, a permanent population, and the capacity to
enter relations with other sovereign states.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Global governance is generally achieved through a range of intermediary organizations. These

include regional coordination bodies such as the EU or ASEAN, which coordinate policies among
members within a specific geographical zone. Strategic or economic initiatives under the
leadership of one country, such as NATO or China's Belt and Road Initiative, can also play a role.
Other organizations are involved in coordinating defense or economic integration, such as APEC
or ANZUS.

This statement describes different types of intermediary bodies that play a role in global
governance. It suggests that there are different types of organizations involved in coordinating
policies, ranging from regional coordination bodies to strategic or economic initiatives led by
individual countries.

The statement emphasizes the importance of intermediary organizations in global governance. It

suggests that these organizations act as a bridge between different actors and help to coordinate
policies and actions at the global level.

The statement implies that global governance is a complex process that involves many different
actors and organizations. It suggests that intermediary organizations are necessary to facilitate
coordination and collaboration among these actors.

The statement introduces the concept of regional coordination bodies, which suggests that
regional cooperation is an important component of global governance. It also highlights the role
of strategic or economic initiatives led by individual countries, suggesting that individual
countries can play a significant role in shaping global governance.

International organizations (like ASEAN)

International organizations such as ASEAN play an important role in global governance by
coordinating policies among member countries in a specific region. Other organizations, such as
NATO or China's Belt and Road Initiative, lead strategic or economic initiatives. Organizations like
APEC and ANZUS work towards coordinating defense or economic integration on a broader scale.

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) - ASEAN is a regional intergovernmental

organization made up of ten Southeast Asian countries: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its goals include promoting
economic cooperation, social progress, and regional peace and stability.

EU (European Union) - The EU is a political and economic union of 27 member countries in

Europe. Its goals include promoting economic and political cooperation among its members,
ensuring peace and security, and protecting the rights and interests of its citizens.
Other Organizations
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) - NATO is a military alliance made up of 30 North
American and European countries. Its goals include collective defense and ensuring the security of
its members.

China's Belt and Road Initiative - The Belt and Road Initiative is a large-scale development
strategy aimed at improving economic cooperation and connectivity between China and countries
in Asia, Europe, and Africa. It includes infrastructure projects such as highways, railways, and ports.

APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) - APEC is a forum made up of 21 Pacific Rim countries
that promotes economic cooperation and free trade in the region.

ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty) - ANZUS is a military alliance
between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States, aimed at promoting regional security and
cooperation.

Therefore, global governance is achieved through a range of intermediary organizations,

including regional coordination bodies, strategic or economic initiatives led by individual
countries, and organizations involved in coordinating defense or economic integration. It
emphasizes the importance of intermediary organizations in facilitating coordination and
collaboration among different actors involved in global governance. Additionally, regional
cooperation is an important component of global governance and individual countries can play a
significant role in shaping it.

CIVIL SOCIETY

Civil society includes NGOs and CBOs, which have evolved to become active participants in
various governance mechanisms, promoting global public goods such as human rights
protection, gender equality, climate change mitigation, disarmament, and international
cooperation.

The challenges of globalization have made it necessary for governments to engage non-
governmental sectors to make informed decisions and implement them.

Civil society plays a crucial role in global governance, and their engagement is necessary for
effective decision-making. However, there is a lack of acknowledgment of the need to provide
capacity-building and reform global governance mechanisms.

Therefore, civil society, including NGOs and CBOs, are active participants in various governance
mechanisms and play a significant role in promoting global public goods. It also implies the need
for governments to engage civil society in decision-making and the importance of capacity-
building and reforming global governance mechanisms to better incorporate civil society's
contributions.

NGO stands for Non-Governmental Organization. These are usually non-profit organizations that
operate independently from governments and are typically funded by donations or grants. NGOs
work on a variety of issues, such as human rights, environmental protection, and social welfare.
They often work at the grassroots level, meaning they work directly with local communities to
address issues affecting them. Examples of well-known NGOs include Greenpeace, Amnesty
International, and Doctors Without Borders.

CBO stands for Community-Based Organization. These are typically smaller groups that operate
at the local level, often within a specific community or region. CBOs are usually composed of
community members who work together to address specific issues or needs within their
community. They often have a narrower focus than NGOs, such as providing services or advocacy
for a specific group of people, like senior citizens. CBOs often work in partnership with NGOs and
other organizations to achieve their goals.

MARKET

The market includes global corporations, commonly known as multinational corporations

(MNCs), that operate in two or more countries to leverage the global environment and attain
revenue generation.

MNCs pursue international operations to achieve higher levels of revenue or lower costs through
economies of scale and scope. These operations are made possible by technological
developments, which make it easier to approach varying markets.

MNCs' international operations have positive effects on the income statement, but also contain
inherent risks in developing new opportunities.

Therefore, the role of MNCs in the global market as global corporations operating in multiple
countries leverage the global environment for revenue generation. It implies that MNCs pursue
international operations to attain economies of scale and scope and that technological
developments have facilitated this approach. MNCs' operations have positive effects on the
income statement, but it also implies that there are inherent risks in developing new
opportunities.

THE UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization established in 1945 to prevent future

conflicts on the scale of the Second World War.
 It does so through its main mandate to preserve global security, implemented through the
Security Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat, led by the Secretary
General.
 The UN's missions have included unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with
monitoring and confidence-building roles, as well as economic and social development
programmes.
 The United Nations (UN) is an international organization created after World War II with the
aim of promoting peace and cooperation between countries around the world. Its primary
purpose is to maintain international peace and security and to foster friendly relations among
nations.
 UN membership grew significantly following decolonization, with 80 former colonies gaining
independence and 11 trust territories monitored by the Trusteeship Council.

WHO

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible
for international public health. It was established on April 7, 1948, and is headquartered in
Geneva, Switzerland.

The WHO's main objective is to build a better, healthier future for people all over the world. Its
work includes providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda,
setting norms and standards, promoting, and monitoring their implementation, and providing
technical support to countries.

The WHO has a wide range of responsibilities, including combating infectious diseases such as
Ebola and COVID-19, reducing the impact of non-communicable diseases like cancer and
diabetes, improving maternal and child health, and promoting mental health.

The organization also works to strengthen health systems and improve access to essential
medicines and health technologies, with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries.

The WHO plays a crucial role in shaping global health policy and promoting the health and well-
being of people all over the world.

UNICEF

UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is
responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in
developing countries.

UNICEF was established in 1946, with the mission of working towards the survival, protection, and
development of children, with a particular focus on the most vulnerable and disadvantaged.

UNICEF's work includes providing access to essential healthcare, nutrition, clean water and
sanitation, education, and protection for children affected by conflict, emergencies, or disasters.
The organization also advocates for the rights of children and works to promote their
participation in society.

In addition to its humanitarian work, UNICEF also supports the development of policies and
strategies aimed at improving the well-being of children and mothers worldwide.

UNICEF plays an important role in ensuring that every child has a fair chance in life, regardless of
their background or circumstances.

UNDP
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is a global development network
established in 1965 to help countries achieve sustainable human development. It is the largest
United Nations agency that works to eradicate poverty, reduce inequality, and promote
sustainable development worldwide.

UNDP works in over 170 countries and territories, partnering with governments, civil society, and
the private sector to help build resilient nations and communities. The organization's work
focuses on several areas, including democratic governance, poverty reduction, crisis prevention
and recovery, and energy and environment.

UNDP's programs are designed to strengthen the capacity of governments to deliver essential
services, promote inclusive economic growth, and support marginalized groups, such as women,
youth, and people with disabilities. The organization also supports countries to address the root
causes of crises, such as conflict, natural disasters, and climate change.

UNDP plays an important role in promoting sustainable human development and helping
countries achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set out by the United Nations.

Principal Organs of the United Nations

General Assembly (Deliberative Assembly of all UN Members)

The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of all UN members.

It has several functions, such as resolving non-compulsory recommendations to states or

suggesting actions to the Security Council. It also decides on the admission of new members,
adopts the budget, and elects members of other UN bodies, including the UNSC, ECOSOC, the
UN Secretary General, and the judges of the ICJ.

Each country has one vote in the General Assembly, and it is responsible for making important
decisions that affect the entire UN membership.

The General Assembly plays a significant role in the UN's decision-making process and helps to
ensure that all member states have a voice in shaping global governance policies.

UN Secretariat (Administrative Organ of the UN)

The UN Secretariat is an administrative organ of the UN.

It supports the other UN bodies administratively, such as organizing conferences, writing reports
and studies, and preparing budgets.
The UN Secretary General is the chairperson of the Secretariat and is elected by the General
Assembly for a five-year mandate.

The Secretary General is the UN's foremost representative.

International Court of Justice (Universal Court for International Law)

The International Court of Justice is a universal court for international law.

It has the power to decide disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction and issues legal
opinions.

The court renders judgment by relative majority and has fifteen judges elected by the UN General
Assembly for nine-year terms.

The ICJ plays a crucial role in maintaining international law and order by resolving disputes
between states in a peaceful and lawful manner.

UN Security Council (for international security issues)

The UN Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security.

It has the authority to adopt compulsory resolutions and has fifteen members.

The Security Council consists of five permanent members with veto power and ten elected
members.

The permanent members of the Security Council are the United States, Russia, China, France, and
the United Kingdom.

The elected members serve two-year terms and are elected by the General Assembly.

UN Economic and Social Council (for global economic and social affair)

The UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is a body within the UN that focuses on global
economic and social affairs.
The ECOSOC is responsible for promoting international co-operation between states in matters
related to economics and social issues. It helps to coordinate the work of the numerous
specialized agencies within the UN.

The ECOSOC has 54 members who are elected by the General Assembly to serve three-year
terms. The terms of the members are staggered to ensure continuity in the work of the council.

The ECOSOC plays a crucial role in addressing global economic and social issues, such as poverty,
inequality, and sustainable development. It works to promote international co-operation and
ensure that the UN's specialized agencies work together effectively.

Through its work, the ECOSOC helps to advance the UN's broader mission of promoting
international peace and security, development, and human rights.

UN Trusteeship Council (for administering trust territories)

The UN Trusteeship Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations.

The UN Trusteeship Council was initially established to manage colonial possessions that were
former League of Nations mandates.

The Council administered strategic territories such as the Pacific Islands and ensured their
progression towards self-governance and independence.

The Council became inactive in 1994, after Palau, the last trust territory, became independent.

THE ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations plays an irreplaceable role in world affairs, including maintaining international
peace and security, promoting cooperation among states, and supporting international
development.

The UN is the most representative inter-governmental organization in the world and has made
significant positive contributions to various global issues. The UN brings together countries from
around the world to address global issues and challenges. It has a range of functions, including
the maintenance of international peace and security, the promotion of human rights, and the
provision of humanitarian assistance.

To strengthen the role of the United Nations is by upholding the purposes and principles of the
UN Charter, preserving the authority of the Security Council, and strengthening the UN's role in
development. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of ensuring equal participation and
safeguarding the rights and interests of developing countries.

In summary, strengthening the role of the United Nations is crucial for promoting a just and
reasonable international political and economic order, which is in the interest of all nations.
Functions of the United Nations

To maintain international peace and security – Maintaining international peace and security is
one of the primary purposes of the United Nations (UN). The UN seeks to prevent conflicts and
resolve existing disputes between countries in a peaceful manner through various means, such as
diplomacy, mediation, and peacekeeping operations.

To protect human rights – The UN works to promote and protect the fundamental rights and
freedoms of all individuals, regardless of their race, gender, nationality, religion, or any other
status. This includes rights such as the right to life, liberty, and security of person, as well as the
right to education, healthcare, and freedom of expression. The UN also works to combat
discrimination, oppression, and violence against marginalized groups, and provides support and
assistance to victims of human rights abuses. By promoting and protecting human rights, the UN
aims to create a more just and equitable world for all people.

To deliver humanitarian aid – The UN provides emergency assistance to people affected by

natural disasters, conflicts, and other humanitarian crises around the world. This includes
providing food, shelter, healthcare, and other necessities for those in need. The UN also works to
protect vulnerable groups, such as refugees and internally displaced persons, and supports
efforts to rebuild communities and promote long-term development.

To promote sustainable development – The UN works to ensure that economic growth, social
development, and environmental protection are balanced in a way that promotes long-term
sustainability. This includes initiatives to reduce poverty, increase access to education and
healthcare, promote gender equality, and address climate change and other environmental
challenges.

To uphold international law – The UN promotes adherence to international law and works to
develop and strengthen legal frameworks to address global challenges and issues. This includes
promoting respect for human rights, preventing armed conflict, combating terrorism, and
promoting disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.