Global governance is a process of transnational cooperation aiming at negotiating solutions to

challenges that affect several states or regions. Multiple states, as well as international
organizations, are involved in global governance, with one state taking a more active role than
the others. Security, justice, human rights, development, trade, and finance are just a few of the
sectors covered by global governance. As a result, it is seen as multifaceted. Global
governance brings together a wide range of entities to coordinate global collective action. Global
governance, broadly defined, aims to deliver global public goods, such as peace and security,
dispute resolution and mediation mechanisms, functional markets, and harmonized trade and
industrial standards.  The United Nations (UN) is one of the most powerful entities in the world.
Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the
World Bank, multinational corporations (MNCs), international non-governmental organizations
(INGOs), such as Oxfam and Save the Children, states, and non-state actors (NSAs) -
individuals and organizations that hold influence and operate independently of a state - are all
involved in global governance.

Global governance is influenced more broadly through a variety of organizations that serve as
intermediary bodies. These include regional coordination organisations like the EU and ASEAN,
which coordinate the policies of its members in a certain geographical zone. Strategic or
economic efforts led by a single country, such as NATO for the United States or China's Belt
and Road Initiative, or more broadly coordinating defense or economic integration, such as
APEC or ANZUS, are examples. Also, global governance relies on looser norm-setting
institutions like the G20, G7, and World Economic Forum, which do not establish treaties but
provide venues for assembling, exchanging ideas, harmonizing policies, and establishing
norms. This fourth group could include multi-stakeholder organizations such as the Internet
Engineering Taskforce (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium, which work to align
worldwide standards (W3C).

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of global governance it is essential to focus on one 

specific area of global governance. Therefore, global human rights governance will be explored
in depth. Global human rights governance is the ability to provide human rights as a public good
within the international system. Human rights are considered a public good and include
economic and social rights, food, education, water, health, public health infrastructure, health
security, and health governance. In addition, agrarian reform, access to essential medicine and
women’s reproductive health are human rights (Nelson and Dorsey, 2007, p. 189).

According to Weiss, global governance is “governance minus government” (Weiss, 2013, p. 32).
Global governance can be defined as the “collective efforts to identify, understand, or address
worldwide problems that go beyond the capacities of individual states to solve” (Weiss, 2013, p.
32). A defining characteristic of its power is the international ability to provide government-like
services and public goods at any time without the existence of a world government (Weiss,
2013, p. 32). What are public goods? Public goods include, but are not limited to, education,
health care, security, human rights, development aid, and natural disaster relief. They are
material goods that, if provided to anyone, must be provided to everyone (Fung and Warren,
2011, p. 352). Global governance achieves the goal of delivering public goods by combining
informal and formal values, rules, procedures, 
policies and various types of organizations. In addition to these types of arrangements, more 
formal measures can be utilized, such as international law and treaties. Ultimately, the result is
order, stability, and predictability on a global scale (Weiss, 2013, p. 32).
Effective global governance from IGOs is required to address global concerns about law, trade,
security, and human rights. In order to realize absolute advantages for governments and
efficiently supply public goods and services, international cooperation and collaboration are
essential. International organizations produce a rule of law that governs international affairs and
influences state policies, procedures, and constitutions. IGOs also provide accountability by
continuously monitoring and assessing the activity of state actors. The United Nations is one
such international organization that works to eliminate global challenges such as human rights
violations, as seen in Colombia. IGOs play a critical role in evaluating possibilities and finding
solutions to persistent issues, which may be a long and tedious process. 

How may international organizations like the United Nations be improved? There are, after all,
always prospects for growth. The focus of reform should be on improving administration,
implementation, and agenda-setting (Luck, 2005, p. 411). To ensure a global security
community and avoid a security dilemma, IGOs such as the UN, on the other hand, rely on
enhanced cooperation with regional IGOs. Absolute anarchy will inevitably become a reality if
IGOs fail to cooperate in the global governance system or if the presence of IGOs evaporates.
In conclusion, global governance is necessary, yet it is fragmented, difficult, and poorly
understood.  

References: 

 https://globalchallenges.org/global-governance/
 Perspectives on Global Governance: The Efficacy of the System from a Liberal
Institutionalist View. Kevin Ramkissoon
 https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/policystudies/journal/2
017/Ramkissoon-Perspectives-on-Global-Governance-7.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiJ4-LO2-
fzAhUGfnAKHbzNCz4QFnoECAUQBg&usg=AOvVaw2tlUgYKXxq5nrmqAUZGNCa