GROUP 3.

October 3, 2023
BEED 1B. Tuesday 8AM-11AM

GE3 CONTEMPORARY WORLD

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

I. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Global governance is the system of international cooperation involving states, organizations,

and non-state actors to address global challenges and establish rules and norms for managing
global affairs.

II. ORIGIN OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Global governance is based on the current operational structure of the world that we live in
( Thakur & Weiss, 2015 ). The concept of global has evolved overtime, but its origin can be
traced back to the aftermath of World War II . The establishment of United Nations in 1945
marked a significant development in global governance, as it was created to promote
international coopeartion, maintain peace and security. Global governance was created after
World War II primarily as a response to the devastating consequences of the war and the desire
to prevent future conflicts.

In summary, global governance was established after World War II to promote peace, stability,
cooperation, and the prevention of future conflicts on a global scale, as nations recognized the
necessity of working together to address common challenges.

III. THE CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Contemporary global governance is like the way countries and organizations work together on
important issues that affect the whole world. It's about having rules, agreements, and ways to
cooperate on things like the environment, health, and trade. Just as people in a neighborhood
might have agreements for shared spaces, countries globally have ways to deal with problems
together. It's a bit like teamwork on a global scale, where everyone has a role to play in making
decisions and solving challenges that no single country can handle alone.global governance
This passage talks about how immigration and emigration policies of one country impact others.
It's like a domino effect — one country's decisions affect many. No country can handle migration
issues alone; they're all connected. The passage also points out that while each country has its
own way of managing things locally, when it comes to global governance, all countries are
treated equally. It's like comparing how a person manages their household to how the whole
world manages things together, recognizing that each has its unique style but still needs to work
as a team. The world's security is a bit shaky and unclear right now. In the past, Western
countries, especially the United States, played a big role in making global security rules. But
since around 2012, things have changed. Power is spreading out more, and different countries
have their own ideas and values about security. The Western countries are not always happy
with how newer powerful countries, like China and India, are working together. This makes
dealing with global security quite tricky, and everyone is figuring out how to cooperate in this
changing situation.

III 1. THREE KEY FACTORS

Three key factors are propelling change in global security. Firstly, the rising quantity and
intricacy of conflicts that international organizations are grappling with have become a
significant driver. Secondly, there is a noticeable increase in the international community’s
functional and normative aspirations. These factors collectively contribute to the evolving
landscape of global security dynamics, as international bodies contend with more complex
conflicts while striving for greater functional and normative goals.

1.Increasing Complexity of Conflicts-Global governance faces more complex conflicts that

involve multiple countries and various issues, making it challenging to find solutions

2.Rising Functional and Normative Aspirations - The international community has higher
expectations and goals for how global governance should function and the norms it should
uphold.

3.Evolution of Global Security Dynamics - Changes in the way countries and organizations
approach security globally, adapting to new threats and challenges.

These factors collectively influence how countries and international organizations work together
to address global issues, showcasing the dynamic nature of contemporary global governance.

IV. THE MODEL OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

The concept of global governance involves a governing body with political authority that can
control its people, backed by formal institutions and strong coordination among society's
interdependent relations. This governance system should enforce decisions for the common
good.

In the context of a globalized world, it refers to the various intersecting processes that create a
world order. The United Nations and the World Trade Organization were created to address
global issues, helping regulate problems that affect nations worldwide. These organizations
have had varying success in establishing international governance, but they acknowledge the
need to tackle problems beyond individual countries' capabilities. In essence, global governance
is a term that acknowledges the issue and points to cooperative problem-solving arrangements.
Global governance encompasses a broad range of formal and informal structure and
mechanisms that involve various actors like states, intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, civil
society groups, businesses, and individuals.

V. UNITED NATIONS GLOBAL COMPACT

The United Nations Global Compact is the world's largest voluntary corporate responsibility
initiative that brings together companies, international agencies, labor organizations, and civil
society to support environmental protection, human rights, and social progress easier for
countries around the world. This UN-led initiative promotes activities that contribute to
sustainable development goals to create a better world.

The operation of governing the international sovereign body is a collective effort of all
nations/states for political, sociological, economic, and cultural stability because there is no
government for the world.

Since UNGC is the largest corporate sustainability initiative in the word, it calls on its members
to align their operations with 10 universal principles on human rights, labour, anti-corruption and
environment.
1. Support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights.
2. Ensure that business practices are not complicit in human rights abuses.
3. Uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective
bargaining.
4. Eliminate all forms of forced and compulsory labor.
5. Abolish child labor.
6. Eliminate discrimination in employment and occupation.
7. Adopt a precautionary approach to environment changes.
8. Conduct environmentally responsible activities.
9. Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.
10. Fight corruption in all its form including extortion and bribery.

VI. INEVITABLE CRITICISMS

Inevitable Criticisms of Global Governance

Global governance, like any complex system, faces a range of criticisms from various
perspectives. Some of the inevitable criticisms of global governance include:

Inequality: Critics argue that global governance can perpetuate global inequalities, with more
powerful countries having disproportionate influence and decision-making power.

Cultural Insensitivity: Global governance decisions may not always consider the cultural and
historical contexts of different regions, leading to policies that may not be well-suited to local
needs.
Environmental Sustainability: Critics may argue that global governance has not done enough to
address pressing environmental challenges, such as climate change and biodiversity loss.

VII. EXPECTED GAPS

VII 1. WHO DEFINED THREE CAPS

The World Health Organization identifies three gaps in global governance systems:
jurisdictional, incentive, and participation.

Jurisdictional gap - between the increasing need for global governance in many areas – such as
health – and the lack of an authority with the power, or jurisdiction, to take action

Incentive gap- Global Governance is formed with participation of countries that have the interest
to deal with problems affecting their sovereignty. It is an issue between the rich and poor
countries of the world because of uneven distribution of authority and control over decisions and
policies. However, concerns arise as Africa lags behind economically

Participation gap - members-state sometimes disagree on issues that are harmful to their
interests. They do not involve themselves in decisions that are crucial to the economic and
policy welfare of the sovereignty.

VII 2. THAKUR & WEISS ARGUE FIVE PARTICULAR GAPS

Thakur & Weiss ( 2015 ) argue that there are 5 particular “gaps” in global governance, they
are as follows:

Knowledge Gaps- are crucial for effective global governance. Without understanding the
severity of a problem or resources, it can hinder resolution. In the global governance cycle,
recognizing a problem's existence is the first step. Next, collecting evidence that challenges
consensus and diagnoses its causes is necessary to address the problem.

Normative Gaps- follow from knowledge gaps, requiring the establishment and development of
norms to address issues. This often occurs within societies and international organizations like
the United Nations. Norms matter as people, citizens, politicians, and officials care about others'
opinions. Individuals, organizations, and international organizations can work to shape global
norms.

Policy Gaps- refer to the specific policies implemented to address a problem, involving various
actors such as individuals, NGOs, and states. It happen when we try to make rules to solve a
problem, but it’s hard because different people and groups want different things. This can make
it tough to agree on what to do. For example, the United Nations makes rules, but they need lots
of countries to work together to make it happen. Policy gaps show that we need many people
and countries to cooperate to fix big issues.

Institutional Gaps- Mean that it’s hard to make sure that international rules, like protecting the
environment or stopping human rights abuses, are followed. This is because it’s a challenge to
hold leaders and organizations accountable for their actions. For example, the International
Criminal Court and other groups try to do this, but it can be tough. Institutional gaps show that
we need better ways to make sure everyone follows the rules when it comes to important issues
like the environment and human rights.

Compliance Gaps- Mean it’s hard to make sure that everyone follows the global rules. Some
countries or groups might not want to or can’t follow these rules properly. Even if organizations
like the United Nations try to make them obey the rules, it’s not always easy. Compliance gaps
show that it’s big challenge to make sure everyone does what they’re supposed to do under
international rules, and it’s especially tough with countries or groups that don’t cooperate.

VIII. MULTIPOLARITY VS. NEW DISCOURSE ON GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

VIII 1. MULTIPOLARITY DEFINED

Multipolarity - refers to a global system characterized by the presence and influence of

multiple major powers or centers of power. In a single multipolar world, no single nation or bloc
dominates global affairs, and power is distributed among several significant players. Dries
Lesage conceptualizes multipolarity as “an international distribution of power in which three
more great powers possess extensive capabilities,” and none of them can subdue the others.
He highlights three preconditions for effective governance in a multipolar world, namely:
 Respecting national sovereignty;
 Reducing the development gap between the north and south; and
 Accommodating the interests of developing countries in global economic institutions.

VIII 2. NEW DISCOURSE ON GLOBAL GOVERNANCE DEFINED

The “New Discourse on Global Governance” - refers to evolving discussions and

perspectives on how global governance should be organized and conducted in response to
contemporary challenges. It emphasizes a shift away from traditional models of governance
toward a more inclusive, networked, and cooperative approach.
Pierre Vercauteren argues that there is no symbiotic relationship between global governance
and democracy. Because the understanding of global governance varies from country to
country and national leaders have conflicting interests, it is extremely difficult to establish a new
global democratic order.

IX. THE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE OF MIGRATION

 IX 1. MIGRATION DEFINED

Migration by definition, affects more than one state. One state’s immigration or emigration
policies will inherently exert externalities on another state, and it is beyond the scope of any one
country to address migration in isolation. Migration, involving the movement of people across
borders for various reasons, has become a complex global issue, and cooperation among
nations is essential to manage its challenges effectively.

IX 2. MIGRATION IMPORTANCE

Migration is important to study precisely because different countries have distinctly different
priorities, and these affect their institutional interest and strategies. The predominantly migrant-
receiving states in the north have generally been far more skeptical about the need to develop
binding multilateral institutions, instead preferring to preserve sovereign authority over their
immigration policies and to use unilateralism or bilateralism to cooperate on migration.

X. THE GLOBAL HEALTH GOVERNANCE

X 1. GLOBAL HEALTH GOVERNANCE DEFINED

Global Health Governance refers to the system of rules, institutions, and practices that
coordinate and manage global health issues and response. It involves cooperation among
countries, international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other
stakeholders to address global health challenges.

X 2. 3 PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH GOVERNANCE

3 principles of Health Governance

First, countries are choosing to cooperate at different levels, including regional and global.
Coherent global health governance needs to be pluralist, considering diverse forms of
cooperation.

Second, there is a key role for multilateral institutions, first among them WHO as the chief
coordinator and director of cooperation in global health. To play this role, the agency needs to
be perceived as independent and neutral. It requires strengthening.

Third, global health governance must be accountable to the people across the world that it
claims to serve.

XI. THE GOVERNMENT AND THE STATE IN THE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST
CENTURY

In the context of global governance in the 21st century, the terms "government" and "state"
have distinct but interrelated roles.
Government

National Governments:
-These are the governments of individual nation-states. They play a critical role in global
governance by representing their countries in international organizations and negotiations. They
are also liable in making decisions on behalf of their citizens, implement international
agreements at the domestic level and maintaining internal and external security and stability.

Supranational Governments:
- Involving more than one country, or having power or authority that is greater than that of single
countries.

State:
-The state represents the overall entity of a nation, including its government, institutions, legal
system, and citizens. The state's role in global governance is broader than that of a
government.

In the 21st century, global governance faces a multitude of complex challenges, from climate
change to pandemics to international trade. National governments and the state, as represented
by nation-states, play pivotal roles in addressing these challenges. However, they often need to
work in collaboration with supranational organizations, non-governmental entities, and other
stakeholders to find effective solutions.

The interaction between governments and states in global governance is characterized by a

delicate balance between national interests, collective decision-making, and the recognition that
many global challenges require coordinated efforts beyond individual nation-states. This
evolving landscape highlights the importance of adaptability, cooperation, and diplomacy in
addressing the pressing issues of our time.

XII. THE RISE OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES IN GLOBAL DISCUSSION OF FINANCE

The 1997 East Asian financial crisis exposed the outdated global financial governance,
prompting the G7 to consult more broadly, particularly emerging economies. Canada and the
US created the G20, involving finance officials from over 20 of the world's largest economies.
The 2008 financial crisis accelerated these changes, with Brazil, China, India, and the Russian
Federation providing emergency backstop lines of credit to the IMF. Today, emerging
economies have made significant advancements in governance, with China becoming the third
most powerful shareholder and a deputy managing director at the IMF. The G20 has become
the world's emergency committee, supplanting the G7 but not eradicating it. However, these
changes have only offered a short-term response to the 2008 crisis, which exposed
weaknesses across the European Union. The crisis highlighted the need for cooperation to
address the four issues listed above. Emerging and developing countries have increasingly
sought to rely on themselves.
GROUP 3 QUESTIONNAIRES

The following question is a multiple choice, right the letter of the correct answer.

C 1. It is the system of international cooperation involving states, organizations, and non-state

actors to address global challenges and establish rules and norms for managing global affairs.
A. Global security
B. global compact
C. Global governance
D. Global health
A 2. It is the world's largest voluntary corporate responsibility initiative, brings together
companies and international agencies, labor organizations, human rights etc. around the world.
A. United Nations Global Compact.
B. Global governance
C. Global security
D. Global health
C 3. This refers to the increasing need for global governance in many areas such as health.
A. Incentive Gap
C. Participation Gap
B. Jurisdiction Gap
D. Incentive Gap
A 4. What country has rapidly expanded the global market and production?
A. Brazil
B. China
C. India
D. Russian
D 5. The ____ East Asian financial crisis exposed the outdated global financial governance,
A.1994
B.1995
C.1996
D.1997
C 6. What countries created the G20, involving finance officials from over 20 of the world's
largest economies in 1997
A.CHINA AND BRAZIL
B.PARIS AND CHINA
C.CANADA AND US
D.RUSSIA AND INDIA
A 7. refers to a global system characterized by the presence and influence of multiple major
powers or centers of power.
A. Multipolarity
B. Normative gaps
C. Global Compact
D. Inevitable criticisms
A 8. It’s the system of rules institutions, and practices that coordinate and manage global health
issues and responses.
A. Global Health Governance
B. Global governance
C. Inevitable Criticisms
D. Global security
B 9. Some countries do not involve themselves in decisions that are crucial to the economic and
policy welfare of the sovereignty
A. Incentive Gap
B. Participation Gap
C. Jurisdictional Gap
D. Normative Gap

B 10. A gap where crucial for effective global governance. Without understanding the severity of
a problem or resources, it can hinder resolution
A. Policy Gap
B. Institutiona Gap
C. Normative Gap
D. knowledge Gap