Art Appreciation Reviewers
Self-concept plays an important role in
--UNIT I--
WHAT IS HUMANITIES?
 Academic disciplines that study aspects of
human society and culture.
 Methods are primarily critical, or speculative.
 Have a significant historical element and no
central discipline
 Scholars: "humanity scholars" or humanists.
 Attributed to the symmetry and balance
discussed by the art piece known as the
Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci.
 Study subject matters using the comparative
method and research
WHY STUDY HUMANITIES?
 It came from the Latin “humanus” which means
human, cultured and refined.
 It contains the records of man’s quest for
answers to the fundamental questions.
 It studies man and the manner in which he
conducts himself from the time of his existence
to the present
 It is composed of academic disciplines that
make it distinctive in both content and method
from the physical and biological sciences and
from the social sciences.
 It is devoted to understanding the different
phenomena within the human cultural contexts.
 It studies how people process and document
the human experience using philosophy,
religion, literature, art and history as their way
of understanding and recording the world.
 It studies how individuals’ manner of expression
varies as they record human experiences and
how the way of documenting these forms a
connection between and among humans ofthe
past, present and future
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF HUMANITIES
1. Human nature is inherently good.
2. Individuals are free and are capable of
making choices.
3. Human potential for growth and
development is virtually unlimited.
4.
growth and development.
5. Individuals have an urge for self
actualization.
6. Reality is defined by each person.
7. Individuals have a responsibility to both
themselves and to others.
WHAT IS ART?
It is a diverse range of human activities in creating
visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks),
expressing the author's imaginative, conceptual ideas,
or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their
beauty or emotional power. Other activities related to
the production of works of art include the criticism of
art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic
dissemination clarification needed of art.
Three Classical Branches of Art:
 Painting
 Sculpture
 Architecture
Music, theater, film, dance and other performing arts as
well as literature and other media such as interactive
media, are included in a broader definition of the arts.
NATURE OF ARTS
 Art or arts is of Aryan root “ar” which means to
join or put together and has its Latin term being
“sars” or “artis” which means everything that is
artificially made or composed by man.
 Art constitutes one of the oldest and most
important means of expression developed by
man.
 It refers to the skillful arrangement or
composition of some common but significant
qualities of nature.
 Art is subjective as it employs the use of
perception, insights, feelings and intuition.
 It is the heightened expression of human dignity
and weaknesses felt and shared so powerfully in
a world increasingly aware of its successes and
failures.
 It is man’s expression of himself as an individual
and how he views his existence.
 Art also provides enjoyment and stimulation
specially when people understand them
FUNCTIONS OF ART
  Express freely oneself;
 Socially express his need for display, celebration
and communication; and
 Physically express the need for utility of
functional objects
FUNCTIONAL VS NON-FUNCTIONAL ART
FUNCTIONAL ART - art created for use, not necessarily
everyday use, but designed to serve a purpose and with
an aesthetic in mind. It's art that serves a function, but
is designed artistically for the purpose of beauty.
NON-FUNCTIONAL ART - art that serves no utilitarian
purpose. It is in direct contrast with functional art,
which has both an aesthetic value and a utilitarian
purpose. It also encompasses paintings, sculptures and
all manner of fine art.
PHILOSOPHY AND ARTS RELATED
PHILOSOPHY
 It is a field of discipline which has attempted to
explain almost all aspects of human existence.
 It is the study of general and fundamental
questions about existence, knowledge, values,
reason, mind, and language.
 The term was probably coined by Pythagoras
ART OR AESTHETICS
 It is the study of beauty and taste, concerned
with the nature of art and used as a basis for
interpreting and evaluating individual works of
art.
 It is a branch of philosophy that deals with the
nature of beauty and taste, as well as the
philosophy of art.
 It examines subjective and sensori-emotional
values, or sometimes called judgments of
sentiment and taste.
THE ARTISTIC PHILOSOPHERS
1. PLATO
- He is a philosopher of Ancient Greece
who is known for his Dialogues together
with Socrates.
- With the Republic being his work, Plato
was seen as a good literary stylist and
great story teller and considered the
arts as threatening.
- He believed that “ though arts can be
used to train citizens to have an ideal
society, using arts to accomplish this
should be strictly controlled” .
- He also explained that the physical
world is a copy of a perfect, rational,
eternal and changeless original which
he called FORMS.
- Plato’s Ideas ofthe Arts: Artis imitation;
Artis dangerous
- THE FORMS:
- EXAMPLE: Beauty, Justice, and The
Circle Other philosophers have called
them Universals. Forms are perfect
Ideals, but they are also more real than
physical objects. He called them "the
Really Real"
2. ARISTOTLE
- He was a student of Plato who
first distinguished between
“whatis good and whatis
beautiful'' .
- The universal elements of
beauty are manifested by order,
symmetry, and definiteness. As
exemplified in his Poetics, he
stated that the physical
manifestation of beauty is
affected by SIZE.
- He considered art as imitation
or a representation of nature
and his emphasis ofthe artis on
POETRY which for him is more
philosophicalthan Philosophy
itself
- Poets imitated the following
according to Aristotle:
- Things and events which have
been or still are;
- Things which are said to be
seen and are probable
- Things which essentially are.
3. IMMANUEL KANT
- He was a German,
Enlightenment philosopher who
wrote a treatise on Aesthetics:
Observations on the Feelings of
the Beautiful and the Sublime.
 - His main interest was not on art
but on BEAUTY thatit is a matter
of TASTE. Kant explained that
TASTE can be both SUBJECTIVE
and UNIVERSAL.
- For KANT, beauty is a question
of form and color is NOT
IMPORTANT
- The Kinds of Aesthetic
Responses according to Kant
are:
o Beauty results in
pleasure if there is
order, harmony and
symmetry; and
o Beauty leads to a
response of awe that
overwhelms the
viewers of the art
ARTISTS VS. ARTISANS
THE ARTIST
- A person engaged in an activity related to
creating art, practicing the arts, or
demonstrating an art.
- The term is often used in the entertainment
business, especially in a business context, for
musicians and other performers (less often for
actors)
THE ARTISAN
- A skilled craft worker who makes or creates
things by hand that may be functional or strictly
decorative.
- The adjective "artisanal" is sometimes used in
describing handprocessing in what is usually
viewed as an industrial process, such as in the
phrase artisanal minin
THE ART FORMS
- It refers to the theory, human application
and physical expression of creativity found
in human cultures and societies through
skills and imagination in order to produce
objects, environments and experiences.
- Some art forms combine a visual element
with performance or artwork with the
written word.
- Major constituents of the arts include visual
arts, literature, and performing arts,
culinary arts
- From prehistoric cave paintings to modern-
day films, art serves as a vessel for
storytelling and conveying humankind's
relationship with the environment
- Whatever form of art one may use in
expressing oneself, what is important is that
his self expression and creativity are explicit.
- One’s self expression especially when
inclined with arts may take various forms
depending on the expertise and artistic
inclinations of an artist
1. Architecture
It is an art form that reflects how we present
ourselves across the earth’s landscape, and, like
other expressive mediums, it changes with
styles, technologies and cultural adaptations.
Architecture is considered as the most
functional of all the art forms.
Examples:
- The Malacanang Palace
- The Philippines’ seat of government
- The Cultural Center of the Philippines
- The center of cultural activities of the
country and Burj Khalifa
- The highest skyscraper in the United
Arab Emirates
2. Sculpture
It is an artistic form in which hard or plastic
materials are worked into threedimensional art
objects. The designs may be embodied in
freestanding objects, in reliefs on surfaces, or in
environments ranging from tableaux to contexts
that envelop the spectator.
An enormous variety of media may be used,
including clay, wax, stone, metal, fabric, glass,
wood, plaster, rubber, and random “found”
objects.
Examples:
 - The Jose Rizal Monument in Rizal Park
- The University of the Philippines
Oblation in all UP campuses around the
Philippines
- The Black Nazarene in the Minor
Basilica of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo
district, Manila, Philippines
3. Painting
It is the application of pigments to a support
surface that establishes an image, design or
decoration. In art the term “painting” describes
both the act and the result. Most painting is
created with pigment in liquid form and applied
with a brush.
As a medium, it has survived for thousands of
years and is, along with drawing and sculpture,
one of the oldest creative media.
Examples:
- Juan Luna’s Spolarium
- Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci
- The Fishermen by Ang Kiukok
4. Dance
It is the movement of the body in a rhythmic
way, usually to music and within a given space,
for the purpose of expressing an idea or
emotion, releasing energy, or simply taking
delight in the movement itself.
The two concepts of the art of dance— dance as
a powerful impulse and dance as a skillfully
choreographed art practiced largely by a
professional few —are the two most important
connecting ideas running through any
consideration of the subject.
Examples:
- Folk Dances
- Modern Dances
5. Music
It is an art form, and cultural activity, whose
medium is sound. General definitions of music
include common elements such as pitch,
rhythm, dynamics, and the sonic qualities of
timbre and texture.
Music is performed with a vast range of
instruments and vocal techniques
Examples:
- Philippine Folk Songs
- Popular Music
6. Theater
It is a collaborative form of performing art that
uses live performers, typically actors or
actresses, to present the experience of a real or
imagined event before a live audience in a
specific place, often a stage.
The specific place of the performance is also
named by the word "theatre" as derived from
the Ancient Greek théatron, "a place for
viewing" , itself from theáomai, "to see" , "to
watch" , "to observe".
Examples:
- Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s
Dream and Romeo and Juliet
- Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables The local
theatrical presentations of Noli Me
Tangere
- Chosen zarzuelas and moro-moro
performances.
7. Literature
It is any body or collection of written work.
More restrictively, literature refers to writing
considered to be an art form or any single
writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual
value, and sometimes deploys language in ways
that differ from ordinary usage.
Literature may be oral or written and are also
sometimes meant to be performed before an
audience.
Examples:
- The Woman Who Had Two Navels by
Nick Joaquin
- Po-on by F. Sionil Jose Myths,
- Legends and Folktales by Maximo D.
Ramos
- Stupid is Forever by the late Senator
Miriam Defensor Santiago
THE ART FORMS
 It may be classified as visual arts and performing
arts.
 Music, Dance and Theater are under the
performance arts category.
 Visual arts are those which are felt by the
senses which includes Sculpture, Painting and
Architecture.
  Literature may be visual or performance
depending upon the manner as to how it shall
be presented
APPRECIATING THE ARTS
How can it be applied?
1. Give a good physical description of the artwork based
on their knowledge of art elements and materials
2. Analyze the artwork in terms of what the artist wants
his work to represent and the learner’s subjective
reaction to the works which includes their thoughts and
feelings
3. Perceive the art work in the context of its history. This
would enlighten the learners of the artist’s intention in
doing the work and add to the understanding of the
meaning the work is supposed to convey
4. Give meaning to the artwork based on its description,
analysis and context
5. Judge the artwork as to whether it is good or bad
based on the learner’s perception of it and its aesthetic
and cultural value
 Art is meant to stimulate thought because it
allows viewers to draw their own emotions and
pull from their personal experiences when
viewed.
 It is very powerful in this way and it naturally
develops critical and innovative thinking skills.
 Art also teaches many important qualities such
as listening, observing, and responding to
multiple perspectives.
 It is meant to express something that we
ourselves feel unable to express or convey.
 Art appreciation stimulates thought and
analysis, provokes an individual to look past
what meets the eye and open our mind to the
views of others
“THE AIM OF ART IS TO REPRESENT NOT THE
OUTWARD APPEARANCE OF THINGS, BUT THEIR
INWARD SIGNIFICANCE” – Aristotle
--Unit II--
The Subject of an Artwork
 The term subject in arts refers to the main
idea that is represented in the artwork. The
subject in art is basically the essence of the
piece.
 The subject matter or topic is entirely up to
the artist. Art is really liberating in that
sense.
 Some artists don 't like to assign a strict
explanation of their art so that they are not
imposing on the viewers own narrative and
concept of the work
 There are some symbols that are archetypal
and commonly understood/interpreted by
humanity in the same way. Therefore
symbols can be very powerful when trying
to convey a specific idea.
 Some artworks have subjects and some do
not. The art pieces which use a specific
subject is called representational art or
objective art; while those that have no
subjects are called nonrepresentational or
non-objective art.
Representational Art
 It refers to art which represents something,
whether that be a tree in a landscape, apple in a
still life, or figure in a portrait.
 It does not need to be a completely realistic
depiction of the subject; there will often be
varying levels of abstraction.
 It is a term that generally refers to a painting or
sculpture that is clearly recognizable for what it
claims to be.
 It depicts any identifiable object or series of
objects and their physical appearance in reality.
 It is also referred to as Figurative Art, being that
it is derived from real object sources
Non-Representational Art
 It refers to compositions which do not rely on
representation or mimesis to any extent.
 It focus on the elements of the artwork in terms
of the aesthetic value of the work, but the
meaning will always be personal to the viewer
unless the artist has made a statement about
his or her intentions.
  Generally, we can look at nonrepresentational
art as the personal expression of an artist' s
subjective experience. Certain movements have
described their intentions as an aim to evoke
moods or emotions in the viewer
THE SOURCES OF SUBJECT
Nature
- It is equivalent to the natural world,
physical universe, material world or
material universe.
- “Nature” refers to the phenomena of
the physical world, and also to life in
general.”
- It is considered the most commonly
used source of art
People
- They are considered the most
interesting subject of an artwork which
may be real or imagined.
- An artist’s thoughts, moods and even
the genre of a certain art work may be
depicted by people by means of clues as
takeaways.
- People as subjects may be presented as
individuals or groups and may perform
tasks as how they do in their everyday
life
History
- It is the depiction of factual events that
occured in the past whose purpose is
either to remember important events of
long ago or to teach the learners about
the lessons of the past
Legends
- Artworks based on legends present to
viewers of the art something tangible
even when unverified. Art brings life to
these stories
Religion
- Artists used as inspiration the religious
texts as the Bible, Quran and Torah in
conveying their ideas and beliefs
through their art works. It was also
established that art is considered the
handmaid of religion
Mythology
- These are sources of subjects that come
from the stories of gods and goddesses
of Ancient Greece, Rome, Norse and
Egyptians. These so called deities of the
mythological world depict present
humanlike behaviors.
Dreams and Fantasy
- The wonder of the unconscious is what
is being expressed by art works under
this subject source.
- These works of art somehow explain to
the viewers the content of the art piece
including the hidden meaning behind
each work
Technology
- The modernity of the present is also an
inspiration being used by artists as a
source of subject.
- The wondrous use of machines, the
towering skyscrapers, state of the art
robotics technology, top of the line
transportation machineries as cars,
ships and motorcycles to name a few
are sources of subjects of interest under
technology.
WAYS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT
Naturalism
- It refers to the depiction of realistic
objects in a natural setting.
- The Realist movement of the 19th
century advocated naturalism in
reaction to the stylized and idealized
depictions of subjects in Romanticism,
but many painters have used a similar
approach over the centuries.
Naturalism began in the early
Renaissance, and developed itself
further throughout the Renaissance,
such as with the Florentine School
 - Naturalism is a type of art that pays Symbolism
attention to very accurate and precise
- This is the use of a visible sign of an idea
details, and portrays things as they are.
to convey to the viewers, readers or
- It always depict pieces showing the
audiences the message of his work.
idealized human form. One would
- In this way, mystery is advocated by an
immediately recognize that these
art work making it more interesting to
images were imitated from the human
the viewers
form.
Fauvism
Realism
- It is the name applied to the work
- It is generally the attempt to represent
produced by a group of artists (which
subject matter truthfully, without
included Henri Matisse and André
artificiality and avoiding speculative
Derain) from around 1905 to 1910,
fiction and supernatural elements.
which is characterised by strong colours
- Realism has been prevalent in the arts
and fierce brushwork.
at many periods, and can be in large
- The name les fauves (‘the wild beasts’)
part a matter of technique and training,
was coined by the critic Louis Vauxcelles
and the avoidance of stylization. In the
when he saw the work of Henri Matisse
visual arts, illusionistic realism is the
and André Derain in an exhibition, the
accurate depiction of lifeforms,
salon d’automne in Paris, in 1905.
perspective, and the details of light and
- The forms of the subjects were also
colour.
simplified making their work appear
- Realist or naturalist works of art may, as
quite abstract.
well or instead of illusionist realism, be "
realist" in their subject matter, and Dadaism
emphasize the mundane, ugly or sordid.
- Realism is the most popular way of - It is a protest movement in the art that
presenting art subjects. is playful and experimental. “Dada”
means a “hobby horse”.
Abstraction - Dadaism is most often nonsensical.
Marcel Duchamp is the famous painter
- Abstraction finds its roots in ‘intuition’
using this method.
(of the artist) and ‘freedom’ (for the
- The aim of this method is to shock and
artist as well as for the viewer).
provoke its viewers
- Historically, the abstract art movement
emerged in the nineteenth century as a Futurism
reaction to academic painting or
realism. In fact, a very simple way to - This was developed in Italy about the
understand the essence of abstract art same time as cubism appeared in
is to think of it as a visual opposite of France.
realistic art. - Futurist painters wanted their works to
- This is a method of presenting the capture the mechanical energy of
subject where the artist moves away modern life.
from reality. The artist usually alters the Surrealism
shapes and colors in rendering a
particular art piece - This method mirrors the evils of the
present society.
- Surrealism means super realism,
influenced by Freudian psychology
 which emphasizes the activities of the
subconscious state of the mind.
- The art movement began in Paris in
1924 by the French poet Andre Breton.
It emphasized the activities of the
subconscious mind mostly exemplifying
violence and cruelty.
- The surrealist’s aim is to reveal the deep
and ugly part of human nature.

Expressionism

- This features art works describing

pathos, morbidity, chaos or even defeat
and was introduced in Germany from
1900 – 1910.
- Expressionists believe that man needs
spiritual rebirth for him to correct
defects that ruin the society
--Unit III--
THE PROCESS OF ART PRODUCTION
 Production is at the heart of making art.
 While some contemporary artists foreground
production as a tool, others use their work to
explore ideas around production we might
otherwise overlook.
 Production might bring out images of factory
production lines, or even the theories of
scientists and philosophers after the mind has
conceived it through a certain process
A. MEDIUM
When an artist is ready to express himself in art and
to give shape to his vision, his first thought would be
on what medium to use.
B. THE TECHNIQUE
The technique of the artwork shows the level of
familiarity with the medium being manipulated
C. CURATION
Derived from the word “curare” which means to
take care. It is a process that involves managing,
overseeing and assembling or putting together a
presentation or exhibit for some type of artistic
collection.
THE DIFFERENT MEDIA OF VISUAL ARTS
Graphic Or Two-Dimensional Arts
A. DRAWING
1. Pencils - Made of graphite which comes in
different hardness from soft to hard or
thickness from thick to needle-like.
2. Ink - It is one of the oldest materials for
drawing that is still in use. It allows for a
great variety of qualities, depending on the
tools and technique used in the application.
3. Pastel - This is composed of dry pigment
held together by a gum binder and
compressed into sticks.
Kinds of Pastel: Soft Pastel, Hard Pastel, Oil
Pastel
Pastel Technique: Stippling, Feathering,
Scumbling, Impasto, Sgraffito
4. Charcoal - An organic medium that comes
from burnt wood.
Kinds: Compressed, Manufactured
5. Paper: The most common surface used in
two-dimensional art
Types of Paper: Hot-pressed paper, Cold-
pressed paper, rough paper
B. PAINTING
PIGMENT- Part of the paint that gives color
1. Watercolor - Pigments are mixed with water
and applied to paper.
2. Gouache - The pigment has been mixed
with water and added with a chalk-like
material to give it an opaque effect.
3. Oil Paints - Pigments are mixed with oil as
its binder. It is a dense painting medium and
gives rich, beautiful colors.
4. Tempera - Pigment is mixed with egg yolk
(sometimes with the white) as binder.
5. Fresco - Pigment is mixed with water and
applied on a portion of the wall with wet
plaster. It is used for mural paintings.
6. Acrylic - Modern medium with synthetic
paint using acrylic emulsion as binder.
C. MOSAIC - It is a wall or floor decorations made
of small tiles or irregularly cut pieces of colored
stones or glass called tesserae.
D. COLLAGE -This is a technique of making art by
gluing or pasting on firm support materials or
found objects.
E. PRINTMAKING
PRINTMAKING TECHNIQUES:
1. Relief Painting (Raised) - The oldest method
of printmaking. The technique involves cutting
away certain parts of the surface and leaving
the ‘raised’ part to produce the image.
2. Intaglio Printing (Depressed) - Instead of the
surface of the plate for the image, the lines of
the image are cut or incised to a metal plate.
3. Surface Printing (Flat) - Includes all processes
in which printing is done from a flat surface
Plastic Or Three-Dimensional Arts
A. SCULPTURE
KINDS OF SCULPTURE:
1. Freestanding - Sculptures which can be
viewed from all sides.
2. Relief - Sculptures in which the figures project
from a background.
Variations: Low Relief (Bas Relief), High Relief
3.Kinetic (Mobile) - A sculpture that is capable
of movement by wind, water or other forms of
energy
PROCESS OF SCULPTING
A. Subtractive Process - Involves removing or
cutting away pieces of the material to form the
figure.
B. Additive Process - The process involves the
construction of a figure by putting together bits
of the material or by welding together metal
parts to create figures.
C. Process of Substitution - This process is also
known as casting. This method involves using a
mold to produce a 3D figure in another material
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF SCULPTURE
A. STONE A natural medium. Hard and relatively
permanent.
B. WOOD Also a natural medium. It varies in
hardness and durability depending on the kind
of tree it came from.
C. METAL It has three unique qualities: tensile
strength, ductility and malleability.
D. PLASTER It is finely ground gypsum mixed
with water and poured into mold.
E. TERRA COTTA (COOKED EARTH) Baked clay or
clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high
temperature.
F. GLASS Made by heating and cooling a
combination of sand and soda lime. G. PLASTIC
Synthetic medium made from organic polymers.
B. ARCHITECTURE
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES
A. Post and Lintel - Makes use of two vertical
supports (post) and spanned by a horizontal
beam (lintel). It was invented by the Greeks.
B. Arch - A Roman invention that consists of
separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks called
voussoirs arranged in a semi-circle.
STRUCTURES THAT CAN BE BUILT FROM THE
PRINCIPLE OF ARCH
Barrel Vault - A succession of arches.
Groin Vault - A structure that is formed by
intersecting arches resulting in four openings.
Dome - Structure with the shape of an inverted
cup
C. Truss - System of triangular forms assembled
to form a rigid framework.
D. Cantilever - A structure that makes use of a
beam or slab that extends horizontally into
space beyond its supporting post.
E. Buttress - A structure that is built as a support
for the wall
Media of Architecture
A. Compressive Strength - Refers to those
materials that can support heavy weights
without crumbling or breaking down.
B. Materials that are used for Creating Building
and Infrastructures:
Stones and Bricks - Stones are favored over
other materials for its durability,
adaptability to sculptural treatment and its
use for building simple structures in its
natural state.
Lumber (Wood) - All parts of a building can
be constructed using wood except the
foundations. Iron and Steel - Provide
stronger and taller structures with less use
of material when compared to stone or
wood.
Concrete - Mixture of cement and water,
with aggregates of sand and gravel.
Six Categories
Literature - Art of combining spoken or written words
and their meanings into forms which have artistic and
emotional appeal.
Types of Literature:
1. Poetry - It used to follow strict rules s to the
number and length of lines and stanzas but in
recent years they have become more free-
flowing
Haiku – Japan, it has 575 lines
Free Verse – free and random
Sonnet – Italy, little song, Petrarchan
and Shakespearean Sonnet
Acrostic- first letters of each line spell
out a word or phrase
Villanelle – 19 lines, 3 lines stanzas and
4 line stanzas
Limerick – 1 stanza with 5 lines
Ode – with musical instrument, praise
of a person, event etc.
Elegy – death, hopeful ending
Ballad – dramatic and emotional
2. Fiction - Written work that is not real and which
uses elaborate figurative language.
3. Non-Fiction - Subject matter comes from real
life
4. Drama - Includes all plays or any written works
that are meant to be performed.
Music - Defined as the art of combining and regulating
sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions that
express various ideas and feelings.
A. Vocal Medium - The oldest and most popular
medium for music is the human voice.
Classification of human voice:
1. Soprano - Highest female singing voice.
2. Contralto – Female singing voice that is low
and rich in quality.
3. Tenor - Highest adult male singing voice
4. Bass – Male singing voice that is low and
rich in quality.
5. Baritone – Male singing voice that is
between tenor and bass.
B. Instrumental Medium
Traditional Instruments of Music
✔String Instruments- Provide basic orchestral
sounds. Two kinds are: Bowed strings that
produce tones by means of a bow of horse hair
and Plucked strings that produce tones by
plucking the strings with a finger or with a
plectrum held in one’s hand. (guitar, ukulele)
✔ Woodwind Instruments- Create sounds by
blowing into them. (flute, carinet)
✔ Brass Instruments- Have cup-shaped
mouthpieces and expands into a bellshaped
end. (trumpet, trump bone)
✔ Percussion Instruments- Makes sound by
hitting them. (xylophone, drums)
✔ Keyboard Instruments- Make sound by
means of a keyboard which consist of a series of
black and white keys. (keyboard, piano, and
organ)
- Keyboard, piano, and organ
C. Some Genres of Music
a. Classical Music- European tradition that covered
the years of 1750 to 1830. Forms such as the
symphony, concerto, and sonata were standardized.
b. Folk Music- Originated in the traditional popular
culture or is written in such a style.
c. Pop Music- Began in the 1950s and is inspired in
the tradition of rock and roll.
d. Jazz- Originated in the African-American
communities in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.
e. Blues- Originated from the African Americans in
the deep South of the United States in the late 19th
Century.
f. Rock Music- Form of popular music that evolved
from rock and roll and pop music.
g. Alternative Music- A style of rock music that
emerged from the independent music of the 1980s
and gained popularity in the 1990s.
Dance - Is said to be the oldest of the arts. It is the
man’s gestures that express emotions through rhythmic
movements.
Types of Dances:
a. Ethnologic (ethnic)- Includes folk dances associated
with national and/or cultural groups.
b. Social or Ballroom- Type of dancing that are generally
performed in pairs.
c. Ballet- Originated in the royal courts of the Medieval
era.
d. Social or Ballroom- Sometimes called contemporary
or interpretative dances. They represent rebellion
against the classical formalism of ballet.
e. Musical Comedy (musicale)- Refers to those dances
performed by one dancer or a group of dancers.
c. Screenwriter- develops stories and ideas for the
screen or adapts interesting written pieces of work as
motion pictures.
d. Director- Studies the script, plans and visualizes how
the film should be portrayed and guides the actors and
the production crew as they carry out the project.

Drama - Genre of literature that is intended to be acted-

out or performed on stage in front of an audience

Theatre - Combined art that includes music, dance,

painting, sculpture, and architecture

Genres of Drama:

a. Tragedy- literature’s greatest dramatic genre.

b. Melodrama- Emphasizes the never ending battle

between good and evil wherein good always wins.

c. Comedy- Exact opposite of tragedy.

d. Satire- Portrays human weakness and criticized

human behavior to pave the path to some form of
salvation for human actions.

e. Farce- Light humorous play in which the emphasis is

on the jokes, humorous physical action, exaggerated
situations and improbable characters.

Cinema – Series of images that are projected onto a

screen to create the illusion of motion.

Genres of Modern Pictures:

a. Feature Films- Commonly shown in movie theaters.

b. Animated movies- Use images created by artists/

animators.

c. Documentary movies- deal primarily with facts, not

fiction.

d. Experimental films- Sequence of images, literal or

abstract, which do not necessarily form a narrative.

e. Educational Films- Specifically intended to facilitate

learning at home or classrooms.

People Behind:

a. Actors- Play the roles of the characters.

b. Producer- handles finances.