 Optimal care; provide most
effective, appropriate care to
 Theory of nursing
 Scientific and professional
foundation to nursing knowledge
 Aim to mold future nurses in
providing quality, ethical, and
humane patient care
 Statements or propositions used
as principles of explanation
 Tentatively describe, explain or
predict relationships among
concepts that have been
systematically selected and
organized as an abstract
representation of some
phenomenon
 Abstract idea or general notions
 A set of interrelated concepts
that describe ideas about a
phenomenon.
 Usually represented in a visual
format and illustrate cause-and-
effect relationships.
o Several ideas grp together
 Basic generalization, accepted as
true and use as basis for
reasoning
 Beliefs and values
 Organized framework of concepts
and purpose to guide and
practice
 Way to explain what nurses do
for patients and why they do it
patients
:
o Interrelated concepts
o Logical in nature
o Generalizable
o Basis for hypothesis to be
tested
o Increasing general knowledge
o Use as a guide to improve
practice
Components of a theory
 Ideas and mental images that
helps describe phenomena
 Building blocks of a theory; can
be abstract or concrete
 General idea formed in the mind
 Convey the general meaning of
the concepts.
 Descriptions within a theory
 Provide general understanding of
concepts in a manner that aligns
with the theory's objectives.
 Described how these concepts are
defined in the dictionary or based
on the theorist’s perspective.
 based on how these concepts are
used or will be used
 Statements that describe
concepts or connect two
concepts that are factual (based
on facts).
 “taken for granted” (assumed but
not yet accepted)
Importance of a theory Nursing:

 Act of utilizing the environment

of patients to assist him in his
 Focus for curriculum design
recovery
 Guide curricular decision making
10 key aspects of theory:

1. Patients should have clean air

 Offer a framework for knowledge
and a temperature-controlled
and ideas
environment.
 Discover gaps in specific fields of
2. Patients should have access to
study
direct sunlight and not be
 systematic approach to identify
subjected to unnecessary noise.
nursing interventions
3. Rooms should be kept clean
4. Hospital facilities should be well-
constructed
 guide to nursing process
5. Beddings should be changed and
 provided for data collection about
aired frequently.
patient’s health status
6. Patients should be kept clean and
 establish criteria for quality
nurses should wash hands
nursing care
frequently
 Help build common terminology
7. Patients should be offered a
in communication
variety of scenery such as new
 Enhance nursing anatomy
books or flowers to prevent
** Dependent = doctors boredom.
8. Nurses should be positive but not
** Independent = can do something
offer false hope to patients or
without the doctors order
make light of their illness
9. Offer a variety of meals and do
not do patient care while patient
 Founder of modern nursing;
is eating as it is distracting
Mother of modern nursing
10. Consider the individual patient
 Lady of the lamp = during the
where he/she lives.
Crimean War
 “Environmental Theory” = the act APPLICATION Of NIGHTINGALE’S THEORY
of utilizing the patient’s IN nursing process
environment to assist him in his
1. assessment:
recovery.
a. Ask the client what is
 Importance of sanitation
needed or wanted
o Born in Florence, Italy on
b. Observe the client ‘s
May 12, 1820
physical health and
o Linguist, educated in
environment
science, math, lit, and arts
2. Nursing diagnosis:
Goal: a. Client’s response to the
environment.
 Help patient retain his own
vitality by meeting basic needs
 b. Reflects the importance of
environment to health and
well-being of the client.
3. Planning:
a. Modifying the environment
to keep client comfortable ,
in the best state for nature
to act on.
b. Being comfortable, clean, in
the best state for nature to
act on.
4. Implementation:
a. Nursing actions to keep
client comfortable, in the
best state for nature to act
on.
b. Being comfortable, clean
air, appropriate noise, light
that place client in the
best position for nature to
work upon him/her.
5. Evaluation:
a. Client’s response to the
intervention.
b. Effect of the changes in the
environment on the client’s
ability to regain health at
the least expense of energy.
 Need theory
 “ The First Lady of Nursing”
 “Nightingale of Modern Nursing”
 “ Modern Day Mother of Nursing”
 “The 20 th
Century Florence
Nightingale”
Focus:
 Increasing the patient’s
independence to hasten their
progress in the hospital.
Health:
 Individual’s ability to function
independently
o 14 components basic to
nursing care.
1. Breathe normally
2. Eat and drink adequately
3. eliminate body wastes
4. Move and maintain
desirable postures
5. sleep and rest
6. Select suitable clothes -
dress and undress
7. Keep the body clean and
well- groomed and protect
the environment
8. Maintain body temperature
within normal range by
adjusting clothing and
modifying environment
9. Avoid dangers in the
environment and avoid
injuring others.
10. Communicate with others
in expressing emotions,
needs, fears or opinions
11. worship according to one’s
faith
12. work in such a way that
there is a sense of
accomplishment
13. play or participate in
various forms of recreation.
14. learn, discover, or satisfy
the curiosity that leads to
normal development and
health and use the
available health facilities.
Application in nursing process
1. Practice: the nurse can help
patient move to an independent
state by encouraging and helping
 Assessment
 o assess the patient for 14
fundamental needs and
determine what are lacking
 Planning
o plan to meet the needs fit
to doctors prescribed plan
 Implementation
o Use the 14 basic needs in
answering the factors that
contribute to illness. Assist
the sick or well individual
to maintain health or
recover
 Evaluation
2. Pioneered in nursing research & education,
development of the 1st nurse scientist
program & expertise in international health
policy.
3. First woman & nurse as deputy surgeon
general in 1981.
CONCEPTS
 Nursing as an art and science
that molds the attitudes,
intellectual competencies and
technical skills of the nurse to
help people cope with their
health needs.
MAJOR CONCEPTS

o Goals met or not. Provide  Individuals/families: recipients of

rationale for collecting care
reliable and valid data  Health: the purpose of nursing
about health of clients. services
2. Help build a common nursing  Society: planning for optimum
terminology to use in health
 Nursing Problems: patient’s
communicating
health need
RTC=round the ROM=Range of
 Problem solving: Quality
clock motion
professional nursing care,
CBR= complete FOB=flat on bed
requires that nurses be able to
bed rest
identify & solve nursing problems
PRN =as NPO=nothing
necessary per orem SUB CONCEPTS: 21 nursing problems
BID =twice a KVO=keep vein
 BASIC NEEDS
day open
1. To maintain good hygiene and
TID =three QID = four times
physical comfort
times a day a day
2. To promote optimal activity:
OD = once a Stat= at once
exercise, rest & sleep.
day 3. To promote safety through
prevention of accidents, injury,
trauma & spread of infections
4. To maintain good body mechanics
 Patient- centered approach
& prevent & correct deformity

CONTRIBUTION  SUSTENAL CARE NEEDS
1. Changed nursing focus from disease centered 5. To facilitate maintenance of
to patient centered. Patient assessment of oxygen supply to all body cells.
care evaluation is the standard of care used in 6. To facilitate maintenance of
the US. nutrition of all body cells.
7. To facilitate maintenance of 10 STEPS TO IDENTIFY THE PATIENT
elimination. PROBLEMS
8. To facilitate maintenance of
1. Learn to know the patient
fluids & electrolyte balance
2. Sort out relevant & significant
9. To recognize the physiological
data
body responses to disease
3. Make generalizations about
conditions.
available data in relation to
10. To facilitate maintenance of
nursing problems by other
regulatory mechanisms &
patients.
functions.
4. Identify the therapeutic plan.
11. To facilitate maintenance of
5. Test generalizations with the
sensory function
patient.
6. Validate patient’ conclusions
 REMEDIAL CARE NEEDS
about his nursing problems
12. To identify & accept
7. Continue to observe & evaluate
positive/negative expressions,
the patient over a period of time
feelings & reactions.
to identify attitudes & clues
13. To identify & accept the
affecting his behavior
interrelatedness of emotions &
8. Explore the patient’s/family’s
organic illness.
reactions to the therapeutic plan
14. To facilitate maintenance of
& involve them in the plan.
effective communication.
9. Identify how the nurse feels
15. To promote the development of
about the patient’s nursing
productive interpersonal
problems.
relationships
10. Discuss & develop a
16. To facilitate progress toward
comprehensive nursing care plan.
achievement of personal
spiritual goals.
17. To create/maintain a therapeutic
11 PROBLEM SOLVING NURSING SKILLS
environment.
18. To facilitate self-awareness as an 1. Observation of health status
individual with physical, 2. Communication skills
emotional & developmental 3. Knowledge application
needs. 4. Teaching of patients & families
5. Planning & organization of work
 RESTORATIVE CARE NEEDS 6. Use of resource materials
19. To accept the optimum possible 7. Use of personal resources
goals in the light of limitations, 8. Problem-solving
physical & emotional 9. Direction of work of others
20. To use community resources as 10. Therapeutic use of self
an aid in resolving problems 11. Nursing procedures
arising from illness.
21. To understand the role of social
problems as influencing factors
in illness.
LINK BETWEEN THEORY & CLINICAL letting them choose the actions
NURSING PRACTICE: use the 21 that best suit them.
problems in the nursing process with 6. The science of caring
critical thinking. complements the science of
curing.
7. Caring practice is a core element
– of nursing practice

10 Carative Factors:
 American nurse theorist and
 The first three factors form the
nursing professor known for
“philosophical foundation” for the
her “Philosophy and Theory of
science of caring, and the
Transpersonal Caring.” remaining seven come from that
 integrated into education and
foundation.
patient care to various nursing
(1) forming humanistic-
schools and healthcare facilities
altruistic value systems,
worldwide
(2) instilling faith-hope,
 nursing model=“nursing is
(3) cultivating a sensitivity to
concerned with promoting self and others,.
health, preventing illness, caring (4) developing a helping-trust
for the sick, and restoring relationship,
health.” It focuses on health (5) promoting an expression of
promotion, as well as the
feelings,
treatment of diseases.
(6) using problem-solving for
 Caring is central to nursing decision-making,
practice and promotes health (7) promoting teaching-
better than a simple medical learning,
cure. She believes that a holistic (8) promoting a supportive
approach to health care is environment,
central to the practice of caring (9) assisting with the
in nursing. gratification of human
needs, and
Watson’s theory includes seven
(10) allowing for
assumptions about care:
existential-
1. Caring can only be demonstrated phenomenological forces
and practiced interpersonally.
2. Caring consists of factors that
satisfy certain human needs.
3. Effective caring promotes health
Application. The science of caring
and growth.
builds on 10 key ideas:
4. A caring response accepts
individuals as they are as well as  Embrace: Approach oneself and
what they may become. others with kindness, and uphold
5. A caring environment fosters a altruism.
person’s development while
  Inspire: Be an example of faith
and hope to inspire and honor
others.
 Trust: Nurture others’ belief
systems through personal growth
Self-Care Requisites: Three Categories
and other practices.
 Nurture: Foster relationships that
help others, inspire trust, and are
based on caring.
 Forgive: Listen to others and
accept their emotions and their
stories, positive and negative.
 Deepen: Apply problem-solving
techniques to ensure decisions
are made based on caring.
 Balance: Address people’s needs
and readiness, and teach to their
unique learning styles.
 Co-create: Join with others to
make room for respectful,
dignified healing of the spirit and
body.
 Minister: Address people’s
fundamental needs, whether
physical, emotional, or spiritual.
 Open: Remain receptive;
appreciate and welcome the
miraculous.
 Self-care and Self-Care Deficit
theory
I. Theory of Self – Care
 Performance of activities that
individuals initiate and perform
to maintain health and well-
being.
 Maintain structural integrity and
human functioning.
Self- care agency:
 Human’s acquired powers and
capabilities to engage in self-
care.
 Conditioning factors: age, gender,
health state, sociocultural
orientations, health
care system factors.
1. Universal self care requisites
a) maintenance of a sufficient
intake of air
b) maintenance of sufficient
intake of water
c) maintenance of sufficient
intake of food
d) provision of care associated
with elimination processes and
excrements
e) maintenance of balance
between activity and rest
f) maintenance of balance
between solitude and social
interaction
g) prevention of hazards to
human life, human functioning
and well being
h) promotion of human
functioning and development
within social groups in accord
with human potential.
2. development self care requisites:
more specific to the process of
growth and development and are
influenced by what is happening
during life cycle stages; such
influence may be positive or
negative.
Example: adjusting to new job or
adjusting to body changes.
3. Health deviation self care
requisites
a. seeking and securing
appropriate medical
assistance
 b. Being aware of and Classification of nursing system
attending to the effects
1. 1. Wholly compensatory system:
and results of pathologic
The individual is unable to carry
condition and states.
out needed self-care actions
c. Effectively carrying out
such as vertebral fracture,
medically prescribed
severe mental illness
diagnostic, therapeutic and
2. 2. Partly compensatory system:
rehabilitative measures.
The individual needs a nurse to
d. Modifying self concept in
help meet other needs. Example
accepting oneself as being
: a patient with abdominal
in a particular state of
surgery
health and in need of
3. Supportive-educative system:
specific forms of health
The individual needs assistance
care.
with decision making, behavior
e. Learning to live with the
control and knowledge
effects of pathologic
acquisition skills.
conditions and states and
the effect of medical
diagnostic and treatment
Major Assumptions
measures in a life style
that promotes continued 1. All patients wish to care for
personal development themselves.
2. Humans are capable and willing
to engage in self-care.
II. Theory of self- care deficit 3. Self-care are learned behaviors
through communication and
 5 Methods of helping
interaction
1. Acting for and doing for 4. Humans are self-reliant and
others responsible for their self-care
needs.
2. Guiding and directing
5. Nursing as a human service focus
3. Providing on persons with inabilities to
physical/psychological maintain continuous health care.
support

4. Providing environment for

personal development

5. Teaching