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DSP-controlled Photovoltaic Inverter For Universal Application in Research and Education
DSP-controlled Photovoltaic Inverter For Universal Application in Research and Education
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All content following this page was uploaded by Fritz Schimpf on 26 January 2015.
Abstract—This paper presents a setup for a universal inverter which restrict its usage in the lab. The most severe one is the
board to be used for teaching and research on photovoltaic (PV) (completely unnecessary) risk of electric shock when touching
power systems. The control of power conversion components is parts of the board which are connected to the grid voltage
done by a DSP which offers the advantage of great flexibility.
Depending on the control strategy, the converter can be operated (used for synchronization). Another problem which prevents
as a stand-alone PV system, hybrid PV system, grid-tie PV the board to be used in a standalone system is the missing
system and mixtures of these configurations. A description of power supply from the DC-side.
the hardware and software setup is given and sub-modules to Our goal is to develop a board which does not have these
operate the board in different modes are presented. shortcomings. It can be used for laboratory experiments as well
Index Terms—Batteries, Converter, Digital control, DSP, grid- as for stand-alone-operation without any additional hardware.
tied, Inverter, Microgrid, Photovoltaic, Pulse width modulation, The efficiency does not have to be extremely good, but
Solar-home-system should be high enough for building a small, fully functional
demonstration system.
I. I NTRODUCTION
II. H ARDWARE DESCRIPTION
All authors are with the department of Electric Power Engineering, Norwe- 111
000
000
111 Battery
switchable
Terminal for
gian University of Science and Technology, O.S. Bragstads plass 2E, NO-7491 DC−loads
Trondheim, Norway.
F. Ishengoma: fmi@elkraft.ntnu.no DC/DC for battery−
(dis−)charging
F. Schimpf: Fritz.Schimpf@elkraft.ntnu.no
L. Norum: Lars.Norum@elkraft.ntnu.no
Manuscript received February 28, 2011. Fig. 1. Block diagram of the converters
2
1
4 TABLE I
1 R ATINGS
2
11
00
00
11 2 2
3 00
11
3
3 ~ DC-link voltage 35 V
4
(Island−)
grid
Max. input voltage (PV) 35 V
PV−Panel
Boost−DC/DC Inverter MPP tracking range 10..35 V
MPPT
Max. input current (PV) 10 A
Legend: Battery voltage range 10..30 V
1: Solar home system (only DC−loads)
2: Grid tied inverter
Max. battery current 10 A
1 1
3: Battery−inverter with island−grid 000
111 Continuous power all stages 150 W
111
000 3
4: MPPT for DC−loads 000
111
Transformer pri.: 24 V; 6,25 A; sec: 230 V; 0,7 A
DC−load
Battery
DC/DC for battery−
(dis−)charging
Local ac Loads
the battery for grid stabilization) and a battery charge con- +3.3V
Vac_inv
LF Transformer
troller from the grid (useful for hybrid systems with a diesel
Vac
Relay3
Grid
Vdc_link
PV array Vpv Boost DC/DC Inverter
generator).
Iac
PWM_BOOST
Bi-directional Vbat
DC/DC Relay2
For easy and safe use, all voltages on the board are limited Fuse DC
Battery Load
to ”Safety extra low Voltage” (SELV) which is below 42 V
To relays
PWM_CHG
Vac_inv
PW_BOOST
Vac
Status LEDs
PWM_DISC
Ibat
Iac
PWM_INV1
Vpv
PWM_INV2
PWM_CHG
PWM_INV4
PWM_INV3
Ipv
Drivers
Relays
+12V
Additional analog
from the battery to the DC-link and a buck-characteristic in the signals Analog signals
conditioning, scaling and
other direction. Reasonable system-voltages for the battery are ± 10V offset MOSFET
Additional
digital I/O
EPWM2A
EPWM2B
EPWM3A
EPWM3B
EPWM4A
EPWM4B
EPWM5A
without large heatsinks, but it is enough power for reasonable ADC PWM I/O
operation of a small one-family-PV-system which could supply +5V
lamps, a laptop, and charge mobile devices. A summary of the
technical data is given in table I.
SCI JTAG
+3.3V
RS232 JTAG connector
100 ms task
and turn-on. 1 s task
Data logging
N
5) Serial communication: For communication between the enabled?
via a JTAG port. Texas Instrument’s Code composer studio Timer0 ISR Trip Zone EOC ADC
SCIRx ISR SCITx ISR
software is used for software development, debugging and (TZ) ISR ISR
Update Transmit
online visualization of the desired variables from the running counters for Disable
Enable logic
character
for serial
code in the DSP. timing of PWMs communicati to PC
tasks in outputs and on manager
7) Digital Outputs: Some digital output signals are used for background turn ON
loop error LED
controlling status LEDs and relays. There is also an additional
connector for future extensions of the board or for debugging
(e.g. trigger output for oscilloscope). Fig. 4. Flowchart of the control program
4
Timer 2
The used DSP has a flexible hardware unit for generating 0 Compare 2
2) Battery charging/discharging module: The bi-directional IV. R ESULTS AND FUTURE WORK
DC/DC converter operates as a buck converter when charging The hardware setup, i.e. the board is finished and tested.
the battery and as a boost converter when discharging the A photo of the complete board is shown in Fig. 8. In the
battery. The charging/discharging algorithm can be developed background the power stage with the MOSFETs, inductors
to cater for different types for batteries since each type of and DC-link capacitors is visible. More in the foreground the
battery has different characteristics. We will start with imple- DSP-card and the analog circuitry can be seen.
menting a charging algorithm for a lead-acid battery, since The basic software framework is coded and tested, too. At
this is a commonly used type of battery in PV systems. The the moment we are at the stage of implementing the control-
algorithm to be developed will conform to ones recommeded submodules and the GUI. We will continue the development
by battery manufacturers, i.e. a four state charge algorithm and will demonstrate the setup in different configurations at
with temperature compensation. Powertech 2011 in Trondheim.
3) Inverter current-control module: This module includes
a resonant controller for controlling the output-current of the V. C ONCLUSION
inverter. It is optimized for a sinusoidal reference input.
The universal PV-Inverter is useful for teaching and re-
4) Grid synchronization: A software-PLL is used to gen-
search, because it allows an easy process of getting started
erate the phase-angle of the grid voltage from a voltage
with DSP-control of power electronic converters. The board
measurement. This is very helpful for generating a sinusoidal
is also fully operational without additional hardware and can
current, even if the grid-voltage is distorted.
be used in actual PV-systems. This is a feature which is not
5) Frequency and voltage thresholds, anti-islanding: This offered by any commercial board on the market. Since digital
module checks if the grid voltage is within the allowed toler- control is used for control of the converters on the board,
ances defined in the standards. Also it checks, if the connection it is anticipated that students and researchers will be able to
to the grid is active or not. The information generated by the implement various control algorithmms for PV systems and
module can be used to change the mode of operation from hence improve the techniques for harvesting electricity from
grid-tied to island-operation or vice versa. PV panels.
6) Data logging module: This module is responsible for
logging the values of interested variables in the DSP RAM.
Logging is initiated through configurable trigger conditions
which are specified by the user through the GUI on a PC
connected to the board. By downloading the logged data to
a PC, further visualization and analysis can be done using
software such as MATLAB, LabView and Microsoft Excel.
7) Extra features module: Extra features can be added. For
example, the loads can be run in a prioritized mode depending
on the source of power. In a stand-alone system, low-priority
loads can be switched off in case there is not enough power
from the battery and PV to supply them all. This is done
automatically by the controller.
Another feature is running the system in hybrid mode where
an additional power source like a diesel generator can be
connected to the AC-terminal of the inverter. Then the batteries
can be charged while the generator is running.
For such additional features the board has four general Fig. 8. Photo of the complete board
purpose relay outputs which can be used for switching loads,
the generator or the connection to the grid.