CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

A drug is any chemical substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or

psychology when consumed. Drugs are typically distinguished from food and
substances that provide nutritional support. Consumption of drugs can be
via inhalation, injection, smoking and ingestion, absorption via a patch on the
skin, suppository, or dissolution under the tongue. The effect of drugs could be
positive or negative Drugs works in our body in various ways. They can interfere with
microorganisms (germs) that invade our body, destroy abnormal cells that cause
cancer, replace deficient substance (such as hormones or vitamins) or change the way
that cells work in our body.
Table 1: Different types of Drugs

 Alcohol Kratom Psilocybin (Magic

 Ayahuasca Mushrooms/Shro
LSD (Acid)
 Cannabis(Marijuana/Po oms)
t/Weed) MDMA
Rohypnol®
(Ecstasy/Molly)
 Central Nervous
(Flunitrazepam)
 System Depressants Mescaline (Peyote)
 (Benzos) Salvia
Methamphetamine
 Cocaine (Coke/Crack) Steroids
(Crystal/Meth)
 GHB (Anabolic)
 Hallucinogens Over-the-Counter
Medicines Synthetic
 Heroin
Dextromethorphan Cannabinoids
 Inhalants
(DXM) (K2/Spice)
 Ketamine
 Khat Over-the- Synthetic
Cathinones
Counter Medicines
Loperamide (Bath
Salts/Flakka)
PCP (Angel Dust)
Tobacco/Nicotine
Prescription Opioids
and
(Oxy/Percs)
Vaping
Prescription
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Stimulants (Speed)
Many drugs can alter a person’s thinking and judgment, and can lead to health risks,
including addiction, drugged driving, infectious disease, and adverse effects on
pregnancy. Information on commonly used drugs with the potential for misuse or
addiction can be found here.

1. POSITIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS

1.1 They cure diseases

Drugs have numerous positive effects. In fact, all of our medicines are drugs. Cancers
and other fatal diseases were impossible to cure before the discovery of drugs like tax
and cisplatin. The wonders drugs have done in the world of medication is
indescribable in a few words.

1.2 They make pain bearable

Drugs having a sedative effect often help patients cope with nail-biting pain and assist
doctors to carry on surgical procedures. Pain-killers are a huge discovery that is, until
today, the sole basis of ease to patients. Aspirin cures headaches and is a wonder in
the case of inflammation

1.3 Helps people escape reality

One cannot argue, legal or not, drugs are the best way to escape reality and have a
little relaxation period. Along with being a stress buster, it has also been proven to be
a performance enhancer. Once on drugs, some people have reported a heightened
view of the world as a glorious place. Your mood, creativity, confidence, self-
confidence, and perception of life can reach a whole new level with correct
administration of drugs.

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 Fig 1: Medicine using drugs

2. NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS

2.1 Drugs abuse
Drugs abuse refers to the point where a person starts taking drugs without a
physician’s guidance and in order to experience pleasure. As drugs induce a feeling of
getting “high”, drug abuse is a very common problem today. It has ended in fatality
for many unfortunate souls.
2.2 Addiction
Followed by drug abuse, people start getting addicted to drugs. It isn’t uncommon,
really. The levels of dopamine released when we take drugs are enough to make our
body crave for more. If we give in to the cravings, we are gone – life starts having a
singular meaning, “drugs”. As we know, all sorts of addictions are bad for health, so
are drugs.
2.3 Money wastage
When addicted, drugs can lead to money wastage. Start investing all money and time
into drugs. It’s a vicious cycle that never ends-start going down in debt and losing
everything. Drugs user work, home, and health start getting affected – to stabilize,
which invest even more money.

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Fig 2: Drugs addiction

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Table 2: Side effects of Drugs

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CHAPTER 2: OBJECTIVES

1. To study the positive and negative effects of drugs.

2. To study different types of Drugs and their types.

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MATERIAL AND METHOD

Materials
1. Chemicals and reagents
2. Lab equipment such as beakers, test tubes, measuring cylinders, etc.
3. Analytical instruments such as chromatographs and spectrophotometers
4. Microscopes for the analysis of drug particles
5. Samples of the drugs under investigation
Methods
1. Physical analysis: This involves determining the physical characteristics of the
drug such as color, shape, size, solubility, melting point, etc.
2. Chemical analysis: This involves identifying the chemical components of the drug
and determining the concentrations of these components as well as other impurities.
3. Biological analysis: This involves testing the drug on living organisms to
determine its toxicity, effectiveness, and other effects.
4. Pharmaceutical analysis: This involves testing the drug to make sure that it is safe
and effective for human use.
5. Clinical trials: This involves testing the drug on human volunteers to determine its
safety and efficacy.

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of a study of drugs depend on the type of drugs being studied. For
example, a study of the effectiveness of a new drug may show that it is more effective
than existing drugs in treating a certain condition. Alternatively, a study of the safety
of a certain drug may show that it has fewer side effects than other drugs in its class.
Different types of studies may also look at the cost-effectiveness of drugs, the impact
of different doses on different populations, or the long term effects of a drug on
overall health.

Loss of future productivity place burdens on the community. Mental health problems
such as depression, developmental lags, apathy, withdrawal, and other psychosocial
dysfunctions frequently are linked to substance abuse among adolescents.

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 RECOMMENDATIONS
Following are several recommendations for effective drug identification:

Program planning, development, and implementation should include all potentially

affected persons, including agency administrators, line personnel, key juvenile justice
stakeholders (e.g., judges, court administrators, prosecuting and defence attorneys),
and important community representatives (e.g., substance abuse, mental health, and
medical treatment providers).
The program purpose should complement the agency’s mission statement.
There should be a clearly defined rationale and procedure for identifying youth to be
included in the program. For detention programs, all youth entering a center should be
screened. For probation programs, all youth may be screened, but it is usually cost
effective to limit ongoing tests to those found to have a substance abuse problem.

The program must have written policies and procedures that all staff read and
understand. This document should detail areas such as the agency’s authority to
perform drug testing (i.e., State statutes, court orders, or agency policy), procedures
for observed specimen collection, chain of custody, cut-off levels, confirmation
procedures, use of results, and confidentiality for youth in the program. Youth
identified as having alcohol and other drug use problems often need multiple services
from a variety of community agencies. Juvenile justice agencies and the youth they
serve will benefit from interagency partnerships to provide these services. Clearly
articulated interagency agreements, including referral processes and procedures for
sharing information between agencies, should be included in program policy
documents.
Interventions should be appropriate for the developmental stage of the youth and
tailored to individual case plans.
Staff involved in the program should receive ongoing training.
Ongoing evaluation of the program should be undertaken, and the information
obtained from the evaluation should be the basis for decisions about the future
direction of the program.

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 CONCLUSION

Drugs can have both positive and negative effects on individuals and society. The
positive effects may include improvement in health and well-being, relief from
symptoms of illnesses, and increased quality of life. On the other hand, the negative
effects may include side effects, addiction, overdose, and societal issues such as
increased crime and healthcare costs. It is important to weigh the potential benefits
and risks before using drugs and to always use them under the guidance of a
healthcare professional. Additionally, continued research is needed to further
understand the effects of drugs and to develop safer and more effective treatments.

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 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The limitations of the study of the positive and negative effects of drugs depend on
the availability of research materials and the scope of the study. It may be difficult to
gain access to the detailed data needed to accurately assess the effects of drugs on
individuals, as well as to obtain data from a wide range of demographics.
Furthermore, since drugs can have different effects on different individuals, it may be
difficult to determine what the overall effects of a drug may be. Additionally, it is
difficult to accurately measure the long-term effects of drugs, as this requires very
long-term studies that may not be feasible in all cases. Finally, the cost of conducting
such studies may be prohibitive for some researchers.

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 REFERENCES

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perspectives, John Wiley and Sons.
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CRC Press
3. Zuckerman, K. (2011). Principles of drug action: The Basis of Pharmacology.
Garland Science.
4. Rang, H. P., Dale, M. M., Ritter, J. M., & Moore, P. K. (2019). Rang and Dale’s
pharmacology, Elsevier
5. Kolb, B. W., & Finn, P. (2017). Drug discovery and development, John Wiley and
Sons
6. Newman, D. J., & Cragg, G. M. (2012). Natural products as sources of new drugs
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