BES133BASI

COCCUPATI
ONALSAFETYANDHEALTH

BES133BASI
COCCUPATI
ONALSAFETY
ANDHEALTH

Pr
epar
edby
:

MarO.Roxas

Juv
ieannC.Fer
rer

Er
icaAl
dav
i

COLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG
Topi
cOut
li
ne

I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofHar
mfulChemi
cal
sinWor
kEnv
ironment

 Pr
event
iveMeasur
es

 Pr
ior
it
yTopi
cOut
li
ne

 Summar
y

I
efer
ence

OBJECTI
VES

I
dent
if
yandcl
assi
fyhar
mfulchemi
cal
s

 Pr
ovi
decl
earl
abel
sandsaf
etydat
asheet
s

 Ev
aluat
echemi
caluseandpot
ent
ialexpour
e

 Desi
gnpr
event
iveandpr
otect
ivepr
ogr
ams

I
mpl
ementhi
erar
chyofcont
rol
sforef
fect
iver
iskr
educt
ion
HARMFULCHEMI
CALSI
NTHEENVI
RONMENT
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Her earemanysi tuationsi nwhichwor kersareexposedt ovari

ouschemi calcomponent sin
thewor kenvir
onment .Theer aaftert heni neteenthcent uryi
sonei nwhi chv ar i
ousor ganic
compoundswer ealsosy nthesi
zed( Yuetal .,2016) .Manyst rongchemi calsar eusedi n
healthcaresetti
ngs, forav ariet
yofr ea- sons:tot reatpati
ents;toclean,disinfect,andst eri
l
ize
surfacesandsuppl ies;andt oki l
li nsect sandot herpests( Luoma,2006) .Exposur et o
potentiall
yhazar douschemi calsi saf actofl ifef orhealthcarewor ker s(Stellman,2011) .
Chemi calhazar ds( harmf ulchemi cal)canbef oundahospi t
al,from t helabor atorytot he
operatingroom t ohospi talrooms,i nl abor at
or ywor kandot heract i
vi
ties.Car bondi oxideis
oftenconsi d-
eredanont oxicasphy xiantgast hatcandi splacetheoxy genr equiredt osustain
l
ife,ithassignificantphy si-
ologicaleffect s.Onesucheffecti sincreasedr espirati
on.

Chemi cals ar ef requentl

yused i n wor kplaces.Qui te a numberoft hem ar e bynat ure
hazar dous.Somear ehazardouswhen heat ed,gr ound,mi xed with otherchemi calsor
exposedt oai r.Ifempl oyeesdonothav eadequat eknowl edgeoft hehazar dsandr isks
i
nv olvedi nt heuseofchemi cals,orintheabsenceofappr opriatesafetymeasur es, acci dents
mayoccur .Undert he Occupat i
onalSaf ety and Heal th Or di
nance,t he empl oy erofa
wor kplacei srequi r
edt omakenecessar yar rangement st oensur et hesaf et
yandheal t
hof
empl oy eesi nt heuse,handl i
ng,storageandt ransportofchemi cal
s.Inor dertomakesuch
arrangement s,theempl oyerhast oev aluat ethewor krelatedhazar dsorpot entialhazar ds
anddev elopsaf etyproceduresandr iskcont rolmeasur es.I notherwor ds,theempl oyer
needst oi dentif
yt hehazardsandassesst herisksinvolvedi nunder taki
ngt hewor k, gener all
y
knownasr i
skassessment .Basedont her esultsofr iskassessment ,appropriatesaf ety
procedur esandsaf etymeasur esshouldt henbeest abli
shed, impl ementedandmai ntained.

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFHARMFULCHEMI
CALSI
NWORKENVI
RONMENT

1.Asbest
os
 Asbestosdescri
besagr oupofnat ural
l
yoccurr
ingmineral
sthati
ncludeschrysot
ile,
cr
ocidoli
te,amosi
te,ant
hophyl
li
te,tremoli
teandact
inol
it
e.Alt
houghchr y
soti
leisthe
mostcommonl yknownf orm,
alltypesofasbest
osareoccupati
onalcarci
nogens.

 Occupationalexposureto asbest
osoccursthr
oughi nhal
ati
onoff i
bresfrom ai
r
contaminated wit
h asbest
os,forexample,dur
ing t
he handli
ng ofasbest
osand
asbestos-cont
aini
ngmateri
als.

 Sinceasbestosispredominatel
yusedinoccupat
ionswi
thmanuallabor
,suchas
constr
ucti
on,occupat
ionalexposur
etoasbest
ospredomi
nat
elyoccur
sinmen,wi
th
 theexcepti
onoftheasbest
ostext
ilei
ndustr
y.Womenrunahigherr
iskofsecondar
y
exposureorexposur
ethr
oughcontaminat
edconsumerpr
oduct
s.

Exposur
e
Occupat i
onalexposur et hroughi nhalati
on,andt oal esserextenti ngestion,occursint he
mining and mi ll
i
ng ofasbest os ( orot hermi neral
s cont aminated wi t
h asbest os)
,t he
manuf actur
ingoruseofpr oduct scontainingasbestos,const r
uction,aut omot i
veindustry,
andt heasbest os-abatementi ndust r
y(includingthet ransportanddi sposalofasbest os-
containi
ngwast e).Atpr esent,mor et han50count ri
eshav ebannedasbest os.Unfort
unately,
ast hedev elopedwor l
dwasphasi ngoutorr est
ri
cti
ngt heuseofasbest os,LMICswer e
greatl
yi ncr
easinguseoft hist oxicmat erial
.Thecur rentwor l
dt otalpr oducti
oni sst i
l
l
esti
mat edtobe1, 100,
000met ri
ct ons( BernhardtandRei l
l
y2019) .Peakwor l
dproduction
was est i
mat ed t
o be 5, 090,000 met ri
ct ons in 1975,wi t
h approximat ely25 countries
producingasbest osand85count r
iesmanuf act
uri
ngasbest osproduct s( Nishi
kawaetal .
2008).

Heal
thef
fect
s

Cancer
Asbestos is cl
assi
fi
ed byt he I
nternat i
onalAgencyf orResear ch on Cancer( IARC)as
carci
nogenict ohumans( group1) ,i.e.thattherei ssuf f
ici
entev i
dencei nhumansf orthe
carci
nogenicit
yofallformsofasbest os.Asbest oscausesmesot heliomaandcanceroft he
l
ung,lar y
nx,andov ari
es.Ther ear eal soobser vedassoci ati
onsbet weenexposur etoall
for
msofasbest osandcanceroft hephar y
nx,st omach,andcol orectum (IARC2012) .An
i
ncreasedr i
skofcolorectalcancerhadal sobeenconf i
rmed.Ar ecentcase- cont
rolstudyof
over5,000casesofchol angiocarcinoma, orbil
eductcancer ,inFinland,Icel
and,Norwayand
Sweden, showedaposi ti
veassoci ationbet weenoccupat i
onalexposur etoasbestosandt he
ri
skofi nt
rahepat
iccholangiocarci
noma( Fari
olietal.2018).

2.Si
li
ca
 Si
l
ica,orsi
li
condioxi
de(Si
O2),isanaturalcompoundofsi l
iconandoxygenfound
mostl
yinsand.Themostabundantfor
m ofsilicai
sα-quar
tz,andtheter
m quart
zis
of
tenusedinpl
aceofthegener
alter
m cry
stall
inesi
li
ca(c-
sil
i
ca)(Uhrl
andt2006)
.

 Inhal
ationleadst oar angeoflung-rel
ateddiseasesandI ARChasconcl udedt hat
thereissuffici
entevi
dencethatc-
sil
icacausescanceroft helung.Exposur
eal socan
causesi l
icosis,along-
term pr
ogressiv
el ungdisease,causedbyt hedeposit i
onof
fineparti
culatesi
li
cadust.

Exposur
e
Occupat
ionalexposur
et orespi
rabl
ec-si
li
camostf r
equent
lyoccur
satawi derangeof
pr
ocessi
ngandconst ruct
ionsit
es,suchasmet al
,nonmetal,andcoalminesandmi l
ls;
gr
anit
e quarry
ing and pr
ocessi
ng sit
es;hydr
aul
icfract
uri
ng oper
ati
ons;crushed-
stone
i
ndustries;foundri
es;ceramics;andsandbl asti
ngoper ati
ons( NTP 2016).Sil
icacanal so
contami nat
eotheror eormaterial
sbeingmi ned,orami ni
ngenv ir
onment ,
thusinadver
tentl
y
exposingwor kers.Forexample,substant
ialexposuret orespi
rablec-si
l
icaoccursamongst
coalmi nersinthecentralAppal
achiancoalmi nesintheUni t
edSt at
es,wherethinseamsof
coalli
esandwi chedbetweensi l
i
ca-ri
chsandstone(ILO,2021).

Heal
thef
fect
s
Cancer
s

Crystall
i
nesi l
ica( c-sil
i
ca)i sclassif
ied byIARC ascar cinogenict o humans( Group 1).
Accor di
ngtoIARCt hereissuf f
ici
entevidencethatc-sil
i
cacausescanceroft helung(IARC
2012) .Eff
ectsofi nhaled c-si
l
icaar estri
ctlyassociated with occupationalexposureto
parti
clesthatareofr espirabl
esize(<10μm)( ATSDR2019) .Recentr esul
tsofcohortstudi
es
andmet a-
analysesconf ir
medt hatexposuret oc-
sil
icaisassoci atedwi t
hl ungcancer
,even
i
ntheabsenceofsi licosi
s( Li
uetal.2013;Poinen-
Rughooput hetal .2016).

Si
li
cosi
s

Sil
icosisisat ypeofpneumoconi osi
s,orpul monaryfibrosis,causedbyi nhal
ati
onand
pulmonar y deposi
ti
on ofr espir
able dustcont aini
ng c-sil
ica,primaril
y as a resul
tof
occupationalexposure.Itisapermanentdi seasewithnotreat mentorcureandcanbecome
wor seevenafterexposur etor
espirabledustceases(Dumav ibhatetal.2013;Hnizdo&Slui
s-
Cremer ,1993).TheGl obalBur denofDi seaseSt udy(GBD 2019)est i
mat edthatall
cause
mor tal
i
tyfrom occupationalsi
li
caexposur eresul
tedin65,
870gl obal
deathsi n2019.

3.Heav
ymet
als
 Heav
ymetalsaremetal
swithahi
ghdensi
tythati
nmanycasesar
ehazar
dous,
such
asar
seni
c,cadmium,
lead,
mercur
yandhexav
alentchr
omi
um.

 Occupat
ionalexposur
etoheavymet
alsandtheircompoundsoccur
sinawider
ange
ofsect
orssuchasconstr
ucti
on,mi
ning,
elect
roni
csandthetext
il
esi
ndust
ry.

Exposur
e

 Ar
senicis most l
y used inindustr
ialprocesses to pr
oduce ant i
fungalwood
pr
eserv
ati
ves,whichcanleadtosoilcont
ami nat
ion,i
npart
icularchromatedcopper
ar
senate(
CCA) .Theproduct
ionanduseofCCAhasbeenpr ohibi
tedinthecert
ain
 countri
es,howeverthepresenceofwoodt reatedwit
hCCAi sstillubiquitous(Chen
andOl sen2016).Arseni
cisalsousedi nthephar maceuti
calandgl assi ndustr
ies,i
n
the manufacture ofall
oys,sheep dips,leatherpreservat
ives,ar senic-
containi
ng
pigments,anti
foul
ingpaintsandpoi sonbai t
sand,t oadi minishingext ent,inthe
producti
onofagrochemicals(especi
all
yforusei nor
chardsandv ineyards).

 Hexaval
entchr omium compoundsar eusedwi delyinappl
icati
onsincl
udi
ng:pi
gment
f
ortexti
ledy es,paint
s,inks,andplast
ics;corrosioninhi
bit
ors;woodpreserv
ati
ves;
metal
f i
nishi
ngandchr omepl at
ing;
andleathertanning.

 Leadisusedmai nl
yintheproducti
onofl ead-aci
dbat ter
ies,pl
umbi ngmat erial
sand
all
oys,aswellasi ncablesheathi
ng,paints,glazesandammuni ti
on( WHO2017a) .
Leadisalsost i
l
lusedi nsomecount ri
esasast abi
liserinpolyvi
ny lchl
oride( PVC)
(ECHA2016)andl eadchromatesaspi gment si nyellow pl
asti
cs( Stenmar cketal.
2017).In2019,theworldproducti
onofleadf r
om mi ningwas4, 500,000met r
ictons
andtheleadi
nggl obal
producerwasChina( 2,100,
000met ri
ctons)(USGS2020) .

 mer cur
yoccur sinmini
ng,e.g.inmercur
ymi ni
ng,gol
dmini
ngwher emercuryisused
i
namal gamation,
andmi ni
ngofothermetalssuchascopper
,zi
ncandsil
v er.I
n2019,
thewor ldproduct
ionofmer curyf
rom mini
ngwas4, 000metr
ictonsandt heleadi
ng
globalproducerwasChina(3,500metri
ctons)(USGS2020)
.

Heal
thEf
fect
s

Cancer

I
ARC( 2012)hascl
assi
fiedarseni
c,cadmi
um andhexav al
entchr
omium ascar
cinogeni
cto
humans(Group1)
,noti
ngthatther
eissuff
ici
entev
idencetoconcl
udethat
:

Ar
senicandinor
gani
car seni
ccompoundscausecanceroft hel
ung,ski
n,uri
nar
ybladder.
Al
so,posi
ti
veassoci
ati
onshav ebeenobserv
edbetweenexposur
etoarseni
candinorgani
c
ar
seni
ccompoundsandcanceroft hepr
ostat
e,ki
dney
,li
verandbi
l
educt.

Cadmium andcadmi um compoundscausecancerofthelungandposi t

iveassoci
ati
ons
havebeenobser
vedbetweenexposur
etocadmium andcadmium compoundsandcancerof
thepr
ostat
eandkidney.

Hexav alentchromium compoundscausecanceroft helung.Posit

iveassoci
ati
onshave
beenobser vedbetweenexposuretohexav alentchromi um compoundsandcanceroft he
nasalcav it
yandparanasalsi
nus(IARC2012) .Ani ncreasedri
skofstomachcancerwasalso
observed in workersexposed to hexavalentchr omium (Welli
ng etal.2015).However
,
accordingt oIARCt her
eislimit
edev idencet hathexav al
entchromium compoundscause
canceroft hestomach(IARC2012).

I
nor
gani
clead compoundshav
ebeencl
assi
fi
ed aspr
obabl
ycar
cinogeni
cforhumans
(Group2A)I ARC( 2006).Thisi ssuppor t
edbyar ecentstudyt hatanal
yseddataont wo
cohortsofalmost30, 000lead-exposedwor kerswi t
hpastbloodl eaddata(
Finl
and:n=20,
752,
GreatBrit
ain:n=9,122),whichshowedi ncreasedincidencetrendsf orl
ungandbraincancer
withincr
easingbloodl eadlevel(St
eenlandetal .2019).

4.Sol
vent
s

Solv
entsarehazardoussubst ancesusedinlargequant i
ti
esgl oball
yandi nawi derangeof
occupat
ions.They aref ound i n many products,including cleani
ng material
s,paints,
adhesi
ves,inksandtoil
etr
ies.Commonexampl esarei sopropanol,benzene,t
oluene,xyl
ene
andsolventmixt
ures,
suchaswhi tespi
ri
ts(
ILO,2021).

High solventexposure occupat

ionsincl
ude painter
s,lacquerers,pri
nter
s,dr ycleaner
s,
foot
wearmanuf acturer
s,occupat
ionsingraphicsandpl asti
cpr oductworks.Inhal
ati
onof
solv
entv apour
sist hemostcommonmet hodofoccupat ionalexposure,alt
houghder mal
contactmaybehighi ni
ndustri
essuchaspaint
ing(ILO,2021)

Exposur
e

Thet erm‘ sol

vent’i
sgener i
candmayi ncludehundredsofdiff
er entchemi calcompounds.
Solventsar eusedtodi ssolveordil
uteot hersubst
ancesandar ef oundincleaningagents,
fossilfuel
s,paint
s,adhesivesandv arnishesandar eusedinthepr oduct i
onofdy es,pl
asti
cs,
text
iles,pri
nti
nginks,agricul
tur
alproduct sandpharmaceut i
cal
s.Sol ventsarevolati
leagent
s
andoccupat i
onalexposur egeneral
lyoccur sbyinhalat
ionofvapour s.Dermalexposureis
alsopr eval
entinsomei ndustr
ies,suchaspai nti
ngandi ndust
rialdegr easi
ng( Dick2006).
Certaintasks,suchasspr ayi
ng,canpr oducev eryhi
ghexposurelev els(I
LO,2021)

Heal
thef
fect
s

Cancer
I
ARChasclassi
fi
edbenzeneandtr
ichl
oroethy
lene(TCE)ascar
cinogeni
ctohumans(gr
oup
1)
,andsomesolvent
s,f
orexampl
e,methylenechl
orideandt
etr
achlor
oethy
lene,
aspr
obabl
y
carci
nogenic(group2A) .Benzenehasbeenspecifi
call
yli
nkedwi t
hleukaemia( WHO2019e)
andchlorinatedhy drocar
bonst or enalcancer(
Brüning etal.2003).Increasedrisksof
vari
ousgast r
ointesti
nalcancershav ebeensuggestedfollowi
ngexposur etot ol
uene,and
occupati
onasapai nt
erhasconsistentl
ybeenassoci
atedwi tha40percentincreasedriskof
l
ungcancer (I
LO,2021) .

Pr
event
ivemeasur
es

LABELLI
NG
Label
li
ng ofalldanger
oussubstancesused isv er
yi mport
ant
.Per sonstr
anspor
ting or
handl
ingt
hem maynotbeawar eofthei
rnatur
e,hazar
ds,andthenecessarypr
ecaut
ionst o
beused.Al abelisanessent
ialrequi
rementtoidenti
fythecontent
sandt owarnoft he
d(
hazar JI
SC, 2019)
.

Mostdanger oussubst
ancescanbeadequat el
ycl
assif
iedasei
therexpl
osi
ve,f
lammable,
toxi
c,corrosi
veorradi
oacti
ve.Label
li
ngshoul
dbeclearandvi
sibl
eandkeptwherev
erthe
substancesarest
oredorused(JISC,
2019)
.

I
NSTRUCTI
ONSFORUSEANDSAFETYI
NSTRUCTI
ONS
Duetolackofspacetheinf
ormati
ononthelabeloneachcont
aineri
softeni
ncomplet
e.I
tis,
ther
efor
e,necessaryt
odrawupmor edet
ail
edinfor
mationi
ntheform ofi
nst
ruct
ionsf
oruse
orsafet
yinst
ructons(
i JI
SC,2019)
.

✓Theseshoul
dcont
ainsi
mpl
eandcl
eari
nfor
mat
ionon:

✓t
hemosti
mpor
tantchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hepr
oduct
.

✓r
isksi
nvol
vedi
nhandl
i
ngt
hepr
oduct

✓pr
event
ivesaf
etymeasur
es

✓sui
tabl
esaf
etyequi
pment

✓acti
ontobet akenint
heev
entofanacci
dent
,fi
rstai
dinst
ruct
ions,f
ir
eor
spi
l
lagepr
ecaut
ions.

I
nfor
mat
ion

I
tisi
mportantt
hatpeopl
eworki
ngwi t
hchemical
srecei
vei
nformat
ionont
her
iskst
oheal
th,
t
rai
ningi
nhow t heyshoul
dprotectthemsel
vesandhow theyshoul
dwearandcar
efor
personalprotect
iveequipment.Eachpersonwor ki
ngwi thdangeroussubstancesshoul
dbe
provi
dedwi thwritt
eninstr
ucti
onscontaini
ngil
lustr
ati
ons.Safetyinstr
ucti
onandinfor
mation
brochuresshouldbeeasi l
yaccessi
bleattheworkplace.Thisi
nformationmustbesharewith
al
l i
ndivi
dualsthatmaycomei ntocontactwit
hthesubst ance(JI
SC, 2019)

Thest
orageandt
ranspor
tat
ionofchemi
cal
sandhandl
ingofchemi
calwast
es

Ever
ycompanyshoul dhavewri
tt
eni nf
ormati
ononhowchemi calproductsshouldbestor
ed
andtranspor
tedandhow chemicalwastesshouldbet r
eated.Ifonedanger oussubst
ance
comesi nt
ocontactwit
hanother
,e.g.intheeventofaleakoraf i
re,dangerousgasescan
for
m.Suchsubstancesshoul
dnot,theref
ore,
bestoredneareachother(JISC,2019).

Vent
il
ati
on
Themostef fecti
vewayofr educingt her i
sksofat mospher i
cpoll
uti
onistoencl osetheentire
process.I fthisisnotpossi bl
e,thent hepol lutedai rmustbeext r
acted.Ext r
acti
onand
encapsulationoftenneedt obesuppl ement edbyi ncr
easedventil
ati
on.Di fferenttypesof
coverswi thbuil
t-
inextract
orscanbeconnect edt ot oolsandsomehand- oper atedmachi nes.
Bothcov ersandboot hscanbeusedf orstationar ygri
nder
sandbuf f
ingmachi nes.The
problem wi t
hboot hsisthatthewi dertheopeni ngt hemor edi
ffi
culti
tistogett heext r
actor
towor kef f
ecti
vely.Thewor kershouldt herefore,alsouset hepersonalpr
ot ectiveequipment
event houghaboot hmaybepr ovded(
i JISC,2019)

Per
sonalpr
otect
ionequi
pment
Usingpersonalprot
ecti
veequi pmentcanof t
eninvol
vediscomfort.Theaim mustt heref
ore
bet ousepreventi
vetechnicalmeasurestotryandreducetheneedf orper sonalpr
otecti
ve
equipment.I
tis,however,
impossiblet
or educetheatmospherepollut
ionproducedonsome
j
obst oalevelwherethereisnor i
sktohealth.I
nsuchcasesper sonalprot
ect i
veequipment
mustbeused( JISC,2019).

Pr
ior
it
yact
ionar
eas

 Nat
ionall
evelact
ion
(
Impl
ementanat
ionalOSHsy
stem f
ort
hesoundmanagementofchemi
cal
s)
Ast rongnationalOSH sy st
em i scrit
icalfort
heeffecti
vei mplementati
onofpoliciesand
programmesonOSH andt hesoundmanagementofchemi cals,bothatthenationaland
workplacelevel.ILOi nst
rumentsonOSHandchemi calsafety(descri
bedbelow)pr ovi
dea
l
egalf r
amewor kf ormanagi ngrisksposedbychemi calsinthewor ldofworkandshoul dbe
rati
fi
edandi mpl ement edasapr ior
it
yact i
on.Acoherentandef f
ecti
vemethodist ousea
managementsy stems appr oach,based on t he generalILO pr i
ncipl
es ofthese OSH
i
nstruments,aswel lastheI LOGui deli
nesonoccupat i
onalsafetyandhealthmanagement
systems( I
LO–OSH 2001) ,i
npr omot i
ngt hesoundmanagementofchemi calst
hr oughout
thei
rlif
ecycle(ILO, 2021).

 Wor
kpl
acel
evelact
ion

(I
mplementawor
kpl
acepr
ogr
ammef
ort
hesoundmanagementof
chemical
s)
TheILOrecommendsthatthefoll
owingcomponentsareusedasagener albl
uepr
intf
orthe
soundmanagementofchemicalsintheworkpl
ace.Asalways,
nat
ionalguidel
i
nesshouldbe
consi
der
edinthef
ir
sti ance(
nst ILO,2021)

(
Impl
ementawor
kpl
acel
evelst
rat
egy
)

Theoveral
lst
rat
egytoachievet
hesoundmanagementofchemicalsi
nthewor
kpl
aceandi
n
prot
ect
ingthegener
alenv
ironmentcanbesi
mpl
ydescri
bedinthreest
eps:

1.Thef i
rststepist oi denti
fywhatchemi cal
sarepr esent
;classifythem astothei
rhealt
h,
physi
cal,andenv ir
onment alhazards;andprepar
el abel
sandsaf etydatasheetstoconvey
thehazardsandassoci atedprotecti
vemeasures.Wi t
houtsuchi nformati
ononchemicalsin
theworkplace,orreleasedt otheenv ir
onment,i
tisnotpossiblet ogof ar
theri
ntermsofan
eval
uati
onofi mpact,anddet erminati
onofappropriat
epr ev
entivemeasur esandcontrol
s.
Inf
ormationprov i
dest heunder l
yingstruct
ureneededt oachi
evet hesoundmanagementof
chemicals(I
LO, 2021)..

2.Thesecondst epistoeval
uatehowt heidenti
fi
edandcl assif
iedchemi cal
sareusedinthe
workplace,andwhatexposurescanresul
tfrom thisuse.Thismaybeaccompl i
shedt
hrough
exposuremoni t
ori
ng,orthr
oughapplicat
ionoft oolsthatall
owf orestimati
onofexposures
basedonf actor
sregardi
ngthequanti
tyused,thepot ent
ialf
orreleasegiventhecondi
ti
onsin
thewor kpl
aceorfaci
li
ty,
andphysical
characteri
sti
csoft hechemi (
calILO,2021).
3.Oncet hehazar dshavebeeni dentifi
ed,classif
ied,communi cat
ed,andt hei
rri
skhasbeen
assessed,t hethirdstepistouset hisinformat i
ont odesi
gnanappr opriateprevent
iveand
prot
ect iveprogrammef orthewor kplace,usingt heHi er
archyofCont rols(below)
.Other
provisionsofat horoughprogram t hatsuppor tandenhancet hesecont rol
sareexposure
moni tori
ng;i nf
or mation and t r
aining f or exposed wor ker
s;recordkeeping;medi cal
surveill
ance;emer gencypl
anning;anddi sposal pr es(
ocedur ILO,2021)

Appl
ytheHi
erar
chyofCont
rol
s

The Hierar
chy ofCont r
olsi
s a system used to el
iminat
e ormi nimise exposureto
occupati
onalhazar
ds,suchaschemicals.Therearefi
vecategori
esint hehier
archy,wi
th
contr
olmethodsatthetopoft
hehi
erarchypotent
ial
l
ymor eeff
ecti
vethanthoseatthe

bot
tom:

Summar
y:
The topicr evol
ves ar ound "HarmfulChemi cal
si nt he Env i
ronment .
"Itdiscusses the
presenceanddanger sofv ar
iouschemical
si nworkplaces,focusingont hei
rexposureand
healt
hef f
ects.Theintroduct i
onhighl
ightst
heprevalenceofchemi calexposurei
nheal t
hcare
setti
ngs and the impor tance ofsaf et
ymeasur es.The t opicf ur
therclassi
fi
es harmf ul
chemi cal
sintocategories,withdetai
l
edexplanati
onsofspeci f
icchemi cal
sineachcategory :

1.Asbestos:Thissecti
onemphasi zest
hedangersofasbestosexposure,predominantl
yin
occupati
ons inv
olvi
ng manuall aborsuch as constr
ucti
on.The di
scussion covers how
asbestosexposureoccurs,i
tshealt
heff
ectsincl
udingcancer
,andi
tsglobalproducti
onand
use.

2.Si
lica:Si
li
caexposure,mai
nlythr
oughinhal
ati
on,i
sli
nkedt olungdi
seasesandcancer
.
Thi
ssect i
onexplai
nshow exposurehappensinvari
ousindust
ri
es,anditemphasi
zesthe
car
cinogeni
cproper
tiesofcr
yst
all
i
nesili
ca.

3.HeavyMet al
s:Heav ymet alslike arsenic,cadmium,lead,mercury
,and hexav
alent
chr
omium ar
ehazardous.Thet extoutl
inest hei
ruseindif
ferenti
ndust
ri
es,suchasmining
andel
ect
roni
cs,andthei
rassociatedhealthri
sks,incl
udi
ngcancer.

4.Solvent
s:Theuseofsolvent
sinproduct
slikecl
eaningmat eri
als,pai
nts,
andinksexposes
workersto heal
thrisks.The di
scussi
on covershigh-exposure occupati
ons,sour
cesof
exposure,
andtheconnecti
onbetweencert
ainsolv
entsandcancer .

Thet opicalsohighli
ghtskeyprevent
ivemeasurestomi t
igateri
sksassoci
atedwithharmful
chemi cals.Thesemeasur esincl
udel abel
i
ng,provi
dingdet ai
l
edinstr
ucti
onsf orsaf
euse,
ensuring properstorage and tr
ansportat
ion,impl
ement i
ng vent
il
ati
on systems,uti
li
zi
ng
personalpr otect
ive equi
pment,and applying t
he Hier
archyofCont rol
st o el
imi
nate or
minimi zeexposure.

Fi
nally
,t hetextunderscorestheimport
anceofimplementi
ngnationalandwor kplace-
lev el
str
ategiesforsoundchemi calmanagement.Itadvocat
esforidenti
fy i
ng,cl
assi
fying,and
eval
uatingchemicals,aswellasdesigni
ngprev
entiv
eandprotect
ivepr ogramsbasedont he
Hier
archyofCont rols.Theulti
mategoalistocreatesaf
erworkenv i
r onmentsandpr otect
bothwor ker
s'heal
thandt heenvir
onmentfr
om thedanger
sofharmf ulchemical
s.
REFERENCE

Int
ernat
ionalLabourOrgani
zat
ion.(2021)
.Exposuret o hazar
dous
chemicalsatwor
kandresul
ti
ngheal
thimpacts:Agl
obalr
evi
ew.

Joi
ntIndust
ri
alSaf
ety Counci
l.(
2019)
.Saf
ety
-Heal
th and Wor
king
Condi
ti
ons.

I
LO/WHO Gl obalPr
ogrammef ortheEl
i
mi nat
ionofSil
icosi
s(GPES),
2006.Outl
ineforaNat
ionalPr
ogrammefortheEli
minat
ionofSi
li
cosi
s
(NPES).