 Dialogo
 Manual de Urbanidad
 Ejemplo
 Tratado
IV. Stages of Development of Philippine
Literature
1. Works of Spanish Religious About the
Philippines (1593–1800)
2. Formative Stage (1800–1900)
3. Nationalist Stage (1883–1903)
1. Works of Spanish Religious About the
Philippines (1593–1800)
a) Spanish conquerors established a strict
class system that imposed Roman
Catholicism
b) Augustinian and Franciscan
missionaries, accompanied by Spanish
soldiers, spread Christianity
Mission:
 forced relocation of indigenous peoples
natives turned to the foreign, structured
religion as the new center of their lives.
 priests and friars preached in local
languages and employed indigenous
peoples as translators, creating a bilingual
class known as ladinos.
c) Indios – natives, were not taught Spanish
Gaspar Aquino de Belén
 poet-translator
 produced devotional poetry written in the
Roman script in the Tagalog language
Pasyon
 a narrative of the passion, death and
resurrection of Jesus Christ
 has circulated in many versions.
Corrido
 Mexican ballads of chivalry, provided a
model for secular literature.
Komedya/Commedia
 verse narratives, were performed in the
regional languages for the illiterate
majority.
 also written in the Roman alphabet in the
principal languages and widely circulated.
d) Tomas Pinpin
 Chinese Filipino printer, set out to
write a book in romanized phonetic
script writer
 to teach his fellow Tagalog-speakers the
principles of learning Spanish
 the first such work ever written and printed
by a Philippine native
e) Native Filipino intellectuals who
developed and preserved Phil. Lit. short
stories:
 Isidro Marfori
 Enrique Fernandez Lumba
 Cecilio Apostol
 Fernando Ma. Guerrero
 Jesú s Balmori
 Flavio Zaragoza Cano
 Francisco Zaragoza
f) Documented ‘by-word-of-mouth’ hand-
down lit. pieces:
 Castrillo
 Fernandez
 Rivera
 Licsi
 Estrada
2. Formative stage (1800 - 1873)
- Filipino writers began to recognize the
Philippines a separate entity from Spain and
codified these in different form of
expressions
a) Luis Rodríguez Varela
 one of the first Filipinos to produce
works
 a mestizo born in Tondo
b) Fernández de Folgueras
 Governor General to the Philippines
 was granted by the 'Office of the
Censor' to publish three books
 "Elogio a las Provincias de los
Reynos de la España Europea“
 "Elogio a la mujer"
 "El Parnaso Filipino"
El Parnaso Filipino
 a collection of poems written by various
Filipino poets
 still considered one of the most important
works in the entire corpus of Philippine
Literature in Spanish.
 it bears the merit of being the first book
about the Philippines in Castilian that is
purely literary and not didactic or religious.
c) Other notable writers:
1. José Vergara
 one of the Philippine representative
to the Spanish Cortes
2. Juan Atayde
 a military official
3. Fr. Pedro Peláez, S.J.
 founded the "El Católico Filipino",
a journal of religious nature
 first used the term "Perla De
Oriente" to refer to the Philippines
 4. Fr. José Apolonio Burgos 3. "Sampaguita" (1880)
 a student of Pelá ez at UST  a collection of poems
 "El Eco Filipino“ 4. "La antigua civilización tagalog" (1887)
 "Mare MAgnum" "El cristianismo en la antigua civilización
 "Estado de Filipinas a la llegada de los tagalog" (1892)
españ oles“ "La familia tagala en la historia
 "Ciencias y costumbres de los filipinos" universal"
 "Cuentos y leyendas filipinas" (1860)  all expositories.
 "Es verdad los milagros"
 "Los Reyes Filipinos". Jose Rizal
 Noli Me Tangere
3. Nationalist stage (1873 - 1903)  El Filibusterismo
- Reasons that brought social and economic
changes in the Philippines: Isabelo de los Reyes
a. opening of Philippine ports to foreign  fondly called Don Belong by
commerce contemporaries) introduced Tagalog for the
b. transition to an export economy Ilocanos.
c. the establishment of regular maritime  "La invasión de Limahong” (1882)
routes between the Philippines and Spain.  this made him enter the world of journalism
which gave him all the outlets he needed to
Ilustrados express his nationalism
 educated young men sent by affluent Some of the newspapers he worked for:
families abroad  "El Diario de Manila“
 Became the spokesmen of the grievances  "La Oceanía Españ ola“
and the aspirations  "Revista Catolica“
 "El Progreso“
Circulo Hispano-Filipino (1882) renamed  "El Republicano“
to Asociación Hispano-Filipina  "El Heraldo"
 association of Ilustrados in Madrid, Spain  founder of the workers' movement in the
Philippines
La Solidaridad (La Sol)  founder of "La actividad del obrero"
 newspaper founded by the Ilustrados on (1902) that served as the main voice of the
15 February 1885 working class
 with propagandist intentions and  founder of Iglesia Filipina Independiente
nationalist aspirations Other works of Don Belong:
 potent tool in promoting Filipino  "El Folklore Filipino" (1889)
nationalism in Spanish  "Las Islas Visaya en la É poca de la
Conquista" (1889)
Graciano Lopez Jaena  "Historia de Filipinas" (1889)
 best-known editor of La Sol  "Historia de Ilocos" (1890)
 writer of
o “Fray Botod" Other writers in this era:
o "La Hija del Fraile”  Antonio Luna
 Eduardo de Lete
Pedro Paterno  Emilio Jacinto
 also tried to establish some newspaper  José Palma
 outlets where Filipino were able to publish  Felipe Calderó n
their works in Spanish  Apolinario Mabini.
 "La Patria“
 "El Libera“ El Boletín de Cebú
 "Soberanía Nacional"  the first Spanish newspaper in Cebu
 "Asamblea Filipina”  published in 1886.
Notable works of Paterno:
1. “Ninay" (1885) Other private publications:
 depicting local color  Plaridel
 one of the inspirations that led Jose  Flora Sentino by Orlando Agnes.
Rizal to write his own.
2. "Doña Perfecta" (1876)
 a novel;
 NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND Literary Forms
REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 1. Poems
(1864 – 1896)  written were amateurish and
mushy, which phrasing and diction
I. Characteristics is awkward and artificial.
 Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos  mostly in free verse
 Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog 2. Short Stories
 Addressed the masses instead of the Dead Stars
“intelligentsia”  Paz Marquez Benitez
The Key
II. Literary Forms  Paz Latorena
Footnote to Youth
1. Propaganda Literature  Jose Garcia Villa
 Reformatory in objective 3. Novels
a. Political Essays Child of Sorrow
 satires, editorials and news articles  first novel in English
were written to attack and expose  by Zoilo Galang
the evils of Spanish rule
b. Media B. PERIOD OF EMERGENCE (1920-1930)
Diariong Tagalog
 founded by Marcelo del Pilar Characteristic
La Solidaridad - Highly influenced by Western literary trends
 whose editor-in-chief is Graciano like Romanticism and Realism.
Lopez-Jaena
c. Political Novels Literary Form
Noli Me Tangere 1. Short Stories
El Filibusterismo  most prevalent literary form
 Jose Rizal’s masterpieces that paved Jose Garcia Villa
the way to the revolution.  earned the international title “Poet
of the Century”
2. Revolutionary Literature
 more propagandistic than literary as JAPANESE OCCUPATION
it is more violent in nature and
demanded complete independence TWO SUB-PERIODS
for the country I. War Years (1942-1944)
a. Political Essays II. Period of Maturity and Originality
 helped inflame the spirit of (1945-1960)
revolution
b. Kalayaan I. War Years (1942-1944)
 newspaper of the society Characteristics
 edited by Emilio Jacinto 1. Simplicity of language
c. Poetry  Tagalog poets broke away from the
True Decalogue Balagtas tradition and instead wrote in
 Apolinario Mabini simple language and free verse-
Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas conventions of traditional poetry writing
 Andres Bonifacio are disregarded
Liwanag at Dilim  Tagalog, a local language, was favored
 Emilio Jacinto by the Japanese Military authority,
writing in English was a taboo or
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD unaccepted
(1910-1945)  It is also during this time when Filipinos
were encouraged to write literary
A. PERIOD OF APPRENTICESHIP pieces using their vernaculars of the
(1910-1930) native tongue.
2. Fiction prevailed over poetry
Characteristic  Filipino literati wrote more works of
- Filipino Writers imitated English and fiction or short stories than poetry
American models 3. Pessimistic and Bitter
  During this time, there was no freedom
of speech and of the press. And because
of censorship, few literary works were
printed.
 The weekly Liwayway (a Filipino
magazine) was placed under strict
surveillance until it was managed by a
Japanese named Ishiwara.
Bannawag (a Ilocano magazine)
 The only contact with the outside world
was done with utmost secrecy through
the underground radio program called
“Voice of Freedom.”
Literary Forms
1. Drama
 the drama experienced a lull/silence
because movie houses showing
American films were closed.
 The big movie houses were just made to
show stage shows which were merely
reproduction of English plays to Filipino
 Famous translators were Francisco Soc
Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso
Pimentel who founded an organization
of Filipino players named Dramatic
Philippines
Notable Playwrights and their masterpieces
 Jose Maria Hernandez
 “Panday Pira”
 Francisco Soc Rodrigo
 “Sa Pula, Sa Puti”
 Clodualdo del Mundo
 “Bulaga”
 Julian Cruz Balmaced
 “Sino ba Kayo?”, “Dahil sa Anak”,
“Higante ng Patay”
2. Poetry
Types of poetry that emerged:
Haiku
 a poem of free verse
 made of 17 syllables, 5-7-5
 has allegorical meaning, short and
covers a wide scope in meaning
 mostly has nature as its theme
Tanaga
 a poem of 4 lines with seven syllables
each and with a single rhyme
Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)
3. Short Stories
Notable works:
 25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang
Pilipino (1943)
 compilation of the short story contest
by the military government.
 Suyuan sa Tubigan – Macario Pineda
 This story narrates a story of farmers
and also focuses on two gentlemen
fighting their way to the same woman
they fell inlove with.
 Lupang Tinubuan – Narciso Reyes
 This story narrates the journeys of the
major characters in different places yet
misses their hometown every now and
then. Not forgetting where you come
from is the main theme of the story.
 Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa – Liwayway
Arceo
 The title is metaphorical in nature and
the story deals with a family: a father,
mother and a daughter, who all crave
for love and affection of one another.
Noteworthy Writers
1. Books
Carlos P. Romulo
 won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers
 “I Saw the Fall of the Philippines”
 “I See the Philippines Rise”
 “Mother America”
 “My Brother Americans”
2. Journalists
 Salvador P. Lopez
 Leon Ma. Guerrero
 Raul Manglapuz
 Carlos Bolusan
3. Essay
Salvador P. Lopez
 (“Literature and Society”)
4. Autobiography
Manuel L. Quezon
 (“The Good Fight”) which was
published posthumously
II. Period of Maturity & Originality
Characteristics
- Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama
and essay
- Filipino writers mastered English and
familiarized themselves with diverse
techniques
Literary Giants
1. Palanca Awards for Literature
 The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards
for Literature (Palanca Awards) was
established in 1950 to commemorate
the memory of Don Carlos Palanca, Sr.
through an endeavor that would
promote education and culture in the
country.
The Palanca Awards aims to develop Philippine
Literature in the following manner:
 By providing incentives for writers
to craft their most outstanding
literary works;
 By being a treasury of the
Philippine’s literary gems from our
gifted writers; and
 To assist in their eventual
dissemination to our people,
particularly students.
 68 years ago, the Palanca Awards called
on Filipino fictionists to weave their
best short story in either English or
Filipino. Over the years, the Palanca
Awards continues to challenge writers
to express their creativity in the
different literary genres.
 Nick Joaquin (3 awards)
 1958 La Vidal 1st Prize Short Story
 NVM Gonzales (4 awards)
 1953 Lupo and the River
 Second prize Short Story
 1952 Children of the Ash-covered
Loam
 Second prize Short Sto
 Gregorio Brillantes (11 awards)
 1960 Faith, Love, Time and Dr.
Lazaro
 Second prize Short Story
2. National Artist Awards
a. Jose Garcia Villa
 A Manila native who is a poet, literary
critic, short story writer, and painter.
 He was awarded the National Artist of
the Philippines title for literature in
1973, as well as the Guggenheim
Fellowship in creative writing by
Conrad Aiken.
 introduced the "reversed consonance
rhyme scheme" in writing poetry, as
well as the extensive use of punctuation
marks—especially commas, which
made him known as the Comma Poet.
 He used the pen name Doveglion
(derived from "Dove, Eagle, Lion"),
based on the characters he derived from
his own works.
b. Nick Joaquin
 Nicomedes "Nick" Má rquez Joaquín was
writer and journalist best known for his
short stories and novels in the English
language.
 He also wrote using the pen name
Quijano de Manila. Joaquín was
conferred the rank and title of National
Artist of the Philippines for Literature.
 He has been considered one of the most
important Filipino writers, along with José
Rizal and Claro M. Recto.
 Unlike Rizal and Recto, whose works were
written in Spanish, Joaquin's major works
were written in English despite being a
native Spanish speaker.
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
Characteristics
- Martial Law repressed and curtailed human
rights, including freedom of the press
- Writers used symbolisms and allegories to
drive home their message, at the face of
heavy censorship
- Theater was used as a vehicle for protest,
such as the PETA (Phil. Educational Theater
Association) and UP Theater.
Sub-Periods
I. Period of the New Society (1972-1980)
II. Period of the Third Republic (1981-2000)
III. 21st Century
I. Period of the New Society (1972-
1980)
 started on September 21, 1972.
 The Carlos Palanca Awards continued to
give annual awards.
 Almost all themes in most writings dealt
with the development or progress of the
country –like the Green Revolution, family
planning, proper nutrition, environment,
drug addiction and pollution.
 The New Society tried to stop pornography
or those writings giving bad influences on
the morals of the people.
 All school newspapers were temporarily
stopped and so with school organizations.
a. Poetry
 Themes of most poems dealt with patience,
regard for native culture, customs and the
beauties of nature and surroundings.
 Forms of oral poetry continued to be
declaimed by the rural-based bards:
 Balak – Cebuano
 Bukanegan – Ilokano
 Balagtasan – Tagalog
 Tinis-Tinis – Samal
b. Play
 The government led in reviving old plays
and dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela,
Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the Muslims
which were presented in the rebuilt
Metropolitan Theater, the Folk Arts Theater
and the Cultural Center of the Philippines.

c. Radio and Television
 Radio continued to be patronized during
this period. The play series like SI
MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO AND PALAD KO,
and MR. LONELY were the forms of
recreation of those without television
d. Filipino Films
 A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulng Pilipino
(Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was held
during this time. During the festival
which lasted usually for a month, only
Filipino films were shown in all theaters
in Metro Manila.
 MAYNILA…SA MGA KUKO NG
LIWANAG
 written by Edgardo Reyes and
filmed under the direction of Lino
Brocka. Bembol Roco was the lead
role.
 MINSA’Y ISANG GAMU-GAMO;
 Nora Aunor was the principal
performer here
 GANITO KAMI NOO…PAANO
KAYO NGAYON
 led by Christopher de Leon and
Gloria Diaz
 INSIANG
 by Hilda Koronel
 AGUILA
 led by Fernando Poe Jr., Jay Ilagan
and Christopher de Leon
e. Comics, Magazines and Other
Publications
 newspapers donned new forms. News on
economic progress, discipline, culture,
tourism and the like were favored more
than the sensationalized reporting of
killings, rape and robberies.
f. Novels
 Edgardo Reyes’ Sa Mga Kuko
ng Liwanag (1966)
 is a critique of urban blight
 Edilberto K. Tiempo’s To Be Free
 a historical probe of the western
idea of freedom in the context of
indigenous Philippine culture.
 Kerima Polotan Tuvera’s The
Hand of the Enemy (1972)
 a penetratingly lucid critique of
ruling-class psychology, is entirely
realistic, if Rizalian in its moments
of high satire, although unlike the
Rizalian model, it falls short of a
moral vision.
II. Period of the Third Republic (1981-
2000)
 After ten years of military rule and some
changes in the life of the Filipino which
started under the New Society, Martial Rule
was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.
a. Filipino Poetry
 Poems were romantic and
revolutionary.
 Writers wrote openly of their criticism
against the government. The
supplications of the people were
coached in fiery, colorful, violent,
profane and insulting language.
 Sa Ngalan Ng Ina (1997), by prize-
winning poet-critic Lilia Quindoza
Santiago, is, to date, the most
comprehensive compilation of feminist
writing in the Philippines.
b. Filipino Songs
 Many Filipino songs dealt with themes
that were really true-to-life like those of
grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom,
love of God, of country and of
fellowmen.
c. Philippine Films
 The yearly Festival of Filipino Films
continued to be held during this period.
The people’s love for sex films also was
unabated.
d. On Newspapers and other Publications
 Newspapers which were once branded
crony newspapers became instant
opposition papers overnight. This was
true of BULLETIN TODAY which became
the opposition paper.
o Rappler is an example of
opposition paper to date.
e. On Books
 The Philippine revolution of 1986 and
the fire of its spirit that will carry the
Filipinos through another epoch in
Philippine history is still being
documented just as they have been in
the countless millions who participated
in body and spirit in its realization.