Professional Documents
Culture Documents
All June I bound the rose in sheaves, Now, rose by rose, I strip the
leaves. ~Robert Browning Hamilton
O C T O B E R 2 0 1 0
How to Dry
Roses Properly
7
HISTORY OF THE JACK O’LANTERN
Recipe of the 8 People have been making jack would not claim his soul. The been roaming the Earth with
o'lanterns at Halloween for next year, Jack again tricked ever since. The Irish began to
Month
centuries. The practice origi- the Devil into climbing into a refer to this ghostly figure as
nated from an Irish myth about tree to pick a piece of fruit. "Jack of the Lantern," and then,
a man nicknamed "Stingy While he was up in the tree, simply "Jack O'Lantern."
Jack." According to the story, Jack carved a sign of the cross
In Ireland and Scotland, people
Stingy Jack invited the Devil to into the tree's bark so that the
began to make their own ver-
have a drink with him. True to Devil could not come down
sions of Jack's lanterns by carv-
his name, Stingy Jack didn't until the Devil promised Jack
ing scary faces into turnips or
want to pay for his drink, so he not to bother him for ten more
potatoes and placing them into
convinced the Devil to turn years.
windows or near doors to
himself into a coin that Jack Soon after, Jack died. As the frighten away Stingy Jack and
could use to buy their drinks. legend goes, God would not other wandering evil spirits. In
Once the Devil did so, Jack allow such an unsavory figure England, large beets are used.
decided to keep the money and into heaven. The Devil, upset Immigrants from these coun-
put it into his pocket next to a by the trick Jack had played on tries brought the jack o'lantern
silver cross, which prevented him and keeping his word not tradition with them when they
the Devil from changing back to claim his soul, would not came to the United States.
into his original form. Jack allow Jack into hell. He sent They soon found that pump-
eventually freed the Devil, un- Jack off into the dark night kins, a fruit native to America,
der the condition that he would with only a burning coal to make perfect jack o'lanterns.
not bother Jack for one year light his way. Jack put the coal
and that, should Jack die, he into a carved-out turnip and has BOO!
PAGE 2
A History of Roses
Forty million years is Rosa gallica, also known as before the second century.
ago, a rose left its the French rose, which once Roses later became synonymous
imprint on a slate bloomed wild throughout cen- with the worst excesses of the
deposit at the tral and southern Europe and Roman Empire when the peas-
Florissant Fossil western Asia, and still survives ants were reduced to growing
Beds in Colorado, there. Although the exact origin roses instead of food crops in
and fossils of roses of Rosa gallica is unknown, order to satisfy the demands of
from Oregon and traces of it appear as early as the their rulers. The emperors filled
Montana date back twelfth century B.C., when the their swimming baths and foun-
35 million years, Persians considered it a symbol tains with rose-water and sat on
long before humans of love. carpets of rose petals for their
existed. Fossils feasts and orgies. Roses were
Roses in the ancient world used as confetti at celebrations,
have also been
found in Germany In Crete, there are Frescoes for medicinal purposes, and as a
and in Yugoslavia. which date to c. 1700BC illus- source of perfume. Heliogabalus
Roses grow wild as trating a rose with five-petals used to enjoy showering his
far north as Norway and pink blooms. Discoveries of guests with rose petals which
and Alaska and as tombs in Egypt have revealed tumbled down from the ceiling
far south as Mexico wreaths made with flowers, with during the festivities.
and North Africa, roses among them. The wreath
The early Phoenicians, Greeks,
but no wild roses in the tomb of Hawara
and Romans all grew and traded
have ever been (discovered by the English ar-
in roses, which they brought
found to grow be- chaeologist William Flinders
with them as they traveled and
low the equator. Petrie) dates to about AD 170,
Rosa hilliae probably resem- conquered. As a result, roses
Today, there are over 30,000 and represents the oldest pre-
bled a wild rose more than spread throughout the Middle
varieties of roses and it has the served record of a rose species
East and elsewhere in the Medi-
the large-bloomed domesti- most complicated family tree of still living. Descending from
terranean. The Greek scientist
cated varieties. any known flower species. Rosa gallica is Rosa damascene
and writer Theophrastus wrote
whose well-known fragrance
The rose apparently originated the first known detailed botani-
has been part of rose history
in Central Asia about 60 to 70 cal description of a rose. Alex-
since 900 B.C. About 50 B.C. a
million years ago, during the ander the Great, king of Mace-
North African variant called
Eocene epoch, and spread over donia around this time, grew
Rosa damascena semperflorens
the entire Northern Hemisphere. roses in his garden and is cred-
thrilled the Romans because it
Early civilizations, including the ited for introducing cultivated
bloomed twice a year - a trait
Chinese, the Egyptians, the roses into Europe. He may have
previously unknown to them.
Phoenicians, the Greeks, and the had something to do with rose
The 'Autumn Damask', which
Romans, appreciated roses and growing in Egypt, too.
The early Phoenicians, has been traced back to at least
grew them widely as long as the fifth century B.C., is be- In 1888 famous English archae-
five thousand years ago. lieved to be a cross between ologist Sir Flinders Petrie, while
Greeks, and Romans all
About 500 B.C. Confucius Rosa gallica and Rosa mo- excavating tombs in Upper
grew and traded in roses, wrote of roses growing in the schata, the musk rose. Until Egypt, found the remains of
Imperial Gardens and noted that European merchants discovered rose garlands that had been used
which they brought with the library of the Chinese em- the tea and China roses in the as a funeral wreath in the sec-
peror contained hundreds of Orient many centuries later, this ond century A.D. The petals,
them as they traveled and books about roses. It is said that rose would be the only repeat though shriveled, had retained
the rose gardeners of the Han bloomer known to the Western their pink color and, when
conquered. dynasty (207 B.C.-A.D. 220) world. Another important early soaked in water, were restored
were so obsessed with these rose was rosa alba, the 'White to a nearly lifelike state. Other
flowers that their parks threat- Rose of York'. Made famous as researchers have found paint-
ened to engulf land needed for the emblem of the House of ings of roses on the wall of the
producing food, and that the York (Lancaster was repre- tomb of Thutmose IV, who died
emperor ordered some rose gar- sented by the red rose) during in the fourteenth century B.C.
dens plowed under. the fifteenth-century Wars of References to the rose have
the Roses, this five-petaled rose been deciphered in hieroglyph-
The oldest rose identified today is actually far older, dating to (Continued on page 3)
PAGE 3
A History of Roses (continued)
ics.In ancient Rome patricians tended which this rose grows best. repeat-blooming "Autumn Damask',
rose gardens at their homes, and public which blooms briefly twice a year, con-
Captain John Smith wrote of the Indians
rose gardens were a favorite place to tinual repeat bloomers produce flowers
of the James River Valley planting wild
pass a summer afternoon. Records show over an extended period during the
roses to beautify their villages, thus
that there were two thousand public growing season. In addition to its flow-
making roses one of the first North
gardens in Rome before its fall in A.D. ering capabilities, the China rose pos-
American native plants to be widely
476. sesses a foliage that is almost evergreen,
cultivated as an ornamental. and the tea rose a foliage that is resis-
Medieval roses tant to mildew. European rose breeders
When William Penn, the founder of
After the fall of the Roman Empire rose Pennsylvania, lived in Europe in the late were eager to marry these traits into
gardening became impossible for all but 1600s, he observed that roses enjoyed existing rose lines. Indeed, the China
a few. Charlemagne (A.D. 742-814) high favor in gardens as well as in the and tea roses laid the genetic foundation
grew roses on the palace grounds at Aix arts and sciences. Returning to America for almost all modern roses. Unfortu-
-Ia-Chapelle, but it was primarily the in 1699, he brought 18 rosebushes with nately, they also passed on a lack of
monks who kept roses alive, growing him. He later discussed their beauty and cold hardiness to many of their descen-
them and other plants for a variety of medicinal virtue in a "Book of Physic" dants.
medicinal uses. Monasteries of the for the medical care of Pennsylvania
In the British colonies in America, rose
Benedictine order in particular became settlers. commerce was active during the eight-
centers of botanical research. eenth century. Robert Prince opened the
Although European hybridizers were
Monastery gardens of Medieval Eng- busy during this period, they based their first American nursery in Flushing,
land were full of roses; roses were introductions on a limited gene pool, Long Island, in 1737, and started to
closely associated with the church, par- which made novelty hard to achieve. import a mounting assortment of new
ticularly the wild red rose which was Moreover, the laws of heredity were plants. By 1746 he advertised 1,600
considered to represent the blood of poorly understood-a handicap that was varieties of roses-no doubt one of the
Christ and each of its five petals repre- to persist until well after Gregor Mendel largest collections in the world at that
sented his five wounds. Rose hips were conducted his research in the mid- time. The Portlands were a class of rose
used to make rosaries and many Rose 1800s. In addition, early breeders that came into being about 1800, proba-
windows are found in English cathe- guarded their methods with paranoiac bly derived from a cross of the
drals. jealousy, worried that competitors "Autumn Damask' with the China rose
would put them out of business. and Rosa gallica. Named for the duch-
As social conditions stabilized, roses
ess of Portland, the Portlands were one
began to reappear in private gardens. Roses from the orient of the first good garden hybrids to meld
During the twelfth and thirteenth centu- East and West, possessing the repeat-
A revolution in rose breeding and grow-
ries, soldiers returning from the Cru- blooming ability of their China rose
ing took place in Europe in the eight-
sades in the Middle East brought back
eenth and nineteenth centuries when parent. Also called damask perpetuals,
tales of extravagant rose gardens, as the Portlands were grown until the hy-
increased trade with the Orient brought
well as sample flowers. Travel in- brid perpetual was introduced almost
Rosa chinensis, the China rose, to the
creased everywhere, and traders, diplo-
attention of Europeans. 'Old Blush', the forty years later.
mats, and scholars began to exchange
first variety of China rose to reach the
roses and other plants. Interest in the To be continued in November….
West, was introduced into Sweden in
rose was rekindled.
1752 and into the rest of Europe by
Roses in the new world 1793. Rosa x odorata, the
tea rose, followed in 1808
Across the Atlantic many separate
or 1809. Tea rose was so
strains of roses had arisen in the wilds
named because of the tea
of North America. Of some 200 rose
like scent of its foliage.
species now known worldwide, 35 are
indigenous to the United States, making Although the Chinese had
the rose as much a native of North grown these and other roses
America as the bald eagle. These roses for centuries, their impact in
include Rosa virginiana, the first Europe was truly phenome-
American species mentioned in Euro- nal. Their most remarkable
pean literature; Rosa carolina, the quality - continual repeat
'Pasture Rose'; Rosa setigera, the blooming - was completely
'Prairie Rose'; Rosa californica; Rosa unknown in Europe at the
woodsii; and Rosa palustris, the 'Swamp time and made them an in-
Rose', named for the environment in stant sensation. Unlike the
PAGE 4
Meeting Information:
KCRS meets the 2nd Monday of every month.
The next meeting is
at the
PO Box 1063
Seabeck, WA 98380