The cells listed above are suspended in a liquid known as

plasma.

1. Cartilage
2. Bone
3. Blood

Blood is composed of plasma, platelets, red blood cells and

different kinds of blood cells.

Blood is responsible for:

- Transporting gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide.)
- Transporting nutrients
- Transporting waste products
- Helping remove toxins from the body.
- Transport of proceeded molecules such as hormonal
enzymes.
- Regulation of PH and osmosis
- Maintenance of body temperature.
– the formation and development of blood
cells
In adults the cellular elements are produced in the bone marrow.
Some WBCs are produced in the lymphatic tissue and bone
marrow.
Blood cells need certain nutrients to form properly.
Examples include:

- Protection against foreign substances. - Iron

- Clot formation. - Folic acid

Blood is makes up 6% of our total body weight. - Vitamin B12

Normal adult blood volume is 5L. All blood cells formed come from a hematopoietic stem cell.
These cells can become any blood cells.
Blood is made up of cellular material in a fluid called plasma.

Blood is a circulating tissue consisting of a three types of cells.

1. – Erythrocytes
2. – leukocytes The blood is made up of cells that are suspended in liquid called
plasma.
3. – thrombocytes.
Plasma makes up 55% of the blood.
Plasma is made of 90% water and 10% proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, amino acids, antibodies, hormones, electrolytes,
waste, salts, and ions.
Blood cells make up remaining 45% of the blood.
Red blood cells make up 99% of the blood cells.
White blood cells and platelets make up the other 1%
Lowest numbers in the blood (4,500 – 11, 000 per microliter)
- Formed in the bone marrow and some in lymph glands.
- Primary cells of immune system
- Fight disease and foreign invaders
- Contain nuclei with DNA, the shape depends on type
of cell.
- Certain WBCs produce antibodies.
- Life span is from 24 hours to several years.
- Size is 8-20 micrometers in diameter.

There are five different types of WBCs.

Each type of blood performs a different function.
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
4. Lymphocytes
- Most abundant cell in the body. (4 million – 6 million
5. Monocytes
per microliter of blood)
- Formed in the bone marrow.
- Mature forms do not have a nucleus.
- Shaped as biconcave disks.
- 6-8 micrometers in diameter.
- Life span of about 120 days
- Hemoglobin (iron protein) is found in RBC.
- Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest
of the body and carbon dioxide binds to RBC and is
taken to the lungs to be exhaled.

- Normally found in the bloodstream

- Most abundant phagocyte, consisting of 6% to 65% of
the total circulating WBCs.
- They do not return to the blood; they turn into pus cells
and die.
- Do normal exit the bone marrow until maturity, but
during infection neutrophil precursors called
- Largest sixed blood cells myelocytes and promyelocytes are released.
- Higher in bacterial infections
- Phagocytosis of bacteria - Monocytes migrate from blood to tissue and develop
- Releases antimicrobial chemicals. into either macrophages and dendritic cells.
➢ are large cells present in nearly
all tissues. They actively perform phagocytic
- Number of granules in an eosinophils can vary because functions.
they tend to degranulate while in the bloodstream. ➢ – reside most often in the
- Crucial part in the killing of parasites because their tissue areas that meet external antigens. They are
granules contain toxic basic protein and cationic found in the skin, lungs gastrointestinal tract, and
protein (cathepsin) inner layers of the nose. Dendritic cells function
- Receptor that binds and used to help the task. primarily to present antigens information to
- They are professional antigen-presenting cells which lymphocytes in lymph nodes and lymph organs to
regulates other immune cell functions (e.g., CD4+T aid in the development of antigen immunity.
cell, dendritic cell, B cell, mast cell, neutrophil, and Dendritic cells are so named because they have
basophils) projections that are similar in appearance to
- Involved in the destruction of tumor cell. dendrites of neurons.
- Higher in parasitic infections or allergies.
- Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, allergies
& inflammatory chemicals.
- Release enzymes destroy parasite such as worms.
- Formed in the bone marrow.
- Fragments from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes.
- Smaller of the blood cells
- Least abundant cells in bone marrow and blood.
- 1-4 micrometers in diameter.
- Have receptor bind lgE, lgG, complement and
- Shape can be round, oval, or appear spiky.
histamine.
- Life span of around 8-12 days.
- Higher in chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes)
- Secrete histamine (vasodilator)
- Secrete heparin (anticoagulant)

- After neutrophils, lymphocytes are the most common

type of white blood cells.
- These cells are spherical in shape with large nucleic
and very little cytoplasm. There are three main type of
lymphocyte. - Involved in the clotting process.
- Seal wounds and prevent blood loss.
- Help repair damaged vessels.
- 150,000 – 400,000 microliter of blood.
- These cells are the greatest in size of the while blood - Platelets stain bluish with reddish or purple granules.
cells.
- They have a large, single nucleus that comes in variety
of shapes but most often kidney-shaped.
Cell Image % in Nucleus Functions Lifetime Main targets
adult
Macrophage Varies Varies Phagocytes Months – years Various
Antigen presentation to
T cells.
Neutrophil 40-75% Multi- Phagocytosis 6 hours – few Bacteria
lobed Degranulating days Fungi
(discharge of contents
of cell)
Eosinophil 1-6% Bi-lobed Degranulation 8 – 12 days Parasites
Release of enzymes, (circulate for 4- Various allergic tissues
growth factors, 5 hours)
cytokines.
Basophil < 1% Bi- or tri- Degranulation Lifetime Various allergic tissues
lobed Release of histamine, uncertain: likely
enzymes, cytokines a few hours –
few days.
Mast cell Common Central, Degranulation Months to years Parasites
tissues single- Release of histamine, Various allergic tissues
lobed enzymes, cytokines
Lymphocytes 20-40 % Deeply T helper (Th) cells Weeks to years Th cells: intracellular
(T cells) staining, (CD4+): immune bacteria
eccentric response mediators Cytotoxic T cells: virus
infected and tumor cells.
Cytotoxic T cells Natural killer cells: virus-
(CD8+): cell infected and tumor cells
destruction
Monocyte 2-6 % Kidney Differentiate into Hours – days Various
shaped macrophages and
dendritic cells to elicit
an immune response.
circulating and tissues.

Natural killer 15% Single- Tumor rejection 7 – 10 days Viruses

(NK) cell (varries0 lobed Destruction of infected Tumor cells
of cells
Release of perforin and
granzymes which
induce apoptosis.

A blood type is a classification of blood presence or

absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Human

blood is divided into one of four main types: A, B, AB, and O,

and is further divided into Rh+ or Rh-