QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

FRENCH WORD “CERHIER” – TO SEEK

“RE” MEANS TO REPEAT

- is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and

performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques.
- collects information from existing and potential customers using sampling methods and sending
out online surveys, online polls, questionnaires, etc., the results of which can be depicted in the
form of numerical.

Characteristics:
1. Methods or procedures of data gathering include items like age, gender, educational status, that call
for measurable characteristics of the population.
2. Standardized instruments guide data collection, thus, ensuring the accuracy, reliability and validity
data.
3. Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collected in order to show trends, relationships
or differences among variables. In sum, the charts and tables allow you to see the evidence collected.

4. A large population yields more reliable data, but principles of random sampling must be strictly
followed.
5. Quantitative data can be repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus, reinforcing validity of
findings.
6. Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.
Types of Quantitative Research

1. Descriptive Research
- This type of research describes what exists and may help to uncover new facts and meaning.
The purpose of descriptive research is to describe, observe and document. Descriptive research
includes multiple variables for analysis; it is used to describe characteristics of population or
phenomenon being studied. It is also referred to as “observational studies”
Examples:
a. How many hours do senior high school students spend in social media.
b. The number of malnourished students who failed in the achievement test.
c. How healthy is the food served during recess in public school.
d. A description of how parents feel about the implementation of K-12 program
e. A description of the tobacco use habits of teenagers in Concepcion, Tarlac

2. Correlational Research
- A correlational study is a quantitative method of research in which these are 2 or more
quantitative variables from the same group of subjects, and the researcher is trying to determine
if there is a relationship (covariation) between those 2 variables without necessarily investigating
into casual reasons underlying them.
Examples:
a. The correlation between parental involvement and academic achievement in high school
students of CHCC.
b. The Relationship between occupation and life span
c. Sex and mathematical ability
d. The Relationship Between a Teacher’s Personality and Performance Evaluation

3. Ex- Post Facto

Also known as “after-the-fact”. It aims to uncover a cause-and-effect relationship. This research
is not conducted between the two-groups on each other. Rather, it looks solely for a statistical
relationship between variables it tries to identify, specifically, how the different groups are
affected by the same circumstance. It attempts to determine the cause or consequences of
differences that already exist between or among groups of individuals.
Examples:
a. Coping Mechanism of Teachers on the Implemented New Distance Learning
b. ( a researcher is interested in how weight influences self-esteem levels in adults. )
4. Survey Research
- This type of research is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting sample
chosen from population. It uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get data.
2 types of survey research:

Cross-sectional research
If the information is collected from a single point of time.

Longitudinal research
 - The researcher collects information over a period of time.

5. Evaluation Research
This kind of research aims to assess the effects, impacts or outcomes of practices, policies or
programs.
6. Experimental Research
In experimental research, the researcher manipulates one variable, and controls/randomizes
the rest of the variables. it has a control group--the subjects have been randomly assigned
between the groups, and the researcher only tests one effect at a time. It is also important to
know what variable/s the researcher wants to test and measure.
Examples:
a. Effects of Aspirin on Reducing the Cholesterol Level of Obese People
b. Effects of Instagram on the Visual Literacy of Teenagers
c. The effect of a new treatment plan on breast cancer
d. The effect of positive reinforcement on attitude toward school

A research topic is a general area of interest that you would like to pursue in your research.
The first challenge of a researcher is the identification of a research topic.

A research gap is a question or a problem that has not been answered by any of the existing studies or
research within your field. Sometimes, a research gap exists when there is a concept or new idea that
hasn't been studied at all.

The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. A good title contains the fewest possible
words that adequately describe the contents and/or purpose of your research paper. The title is without
doubt the part of a paper that is read the most, and it is usually read first.

Basic Elements of Research Title

1. The subject matter or goal.

2. Independent Variable
3. Dependent Variable
4. The locale of the study.

Examples:
1. The Relationship Between Economic Status and Educational Achievement of the SHS learners of CHCCI
2. The Effect of Siblings on Social Skills of the teenagers of San Jose Concepcion, Tarlac
3. Pinay Single Mom: Paghanga o Pagkutya? A Multi-Case Study on the Lives and Experiences of the Solo
Parents in Zamboanga City
VARIABLES

- Variables are among the fundamental concepts of research.

Bernard (1994) defines a variable as something that can take more than one value, and values
can be words or numbers.

The most common variables in social research are age, sex, gender, education, income, marital
status and occupation.

Other experts define a variable as any entity that can take on different values. Simply stated, anything
that can vary can be considered a variable.

A variable specifically refers to a characteristics, or attribute of an individual or an organization that can

be measured or observed and that varies among the people or organization being studied. (Creswell,
2002).

Quantitative researchers try to count human behaviors, that is, they attempt to count multiple variables
at the same time. Generally speaking, variables are classified as one of four types: (Allen, Titsworth,
Hunt, 2009)

Kinds:
1. NOMINAL VARIABLES

Represent categories that cannot be ordered in any particular way. Examples are: biological sex (male or
female), political affiliation

2. ORDINAL VARIABLES

Represent categories that can be ordered from greatest to smallest. Examples of ordinal variables
include education level (Grade 11, Kindergarten), income brackets, etc.
ranking, etc.)

3. Independent Variables

Those that probably cause, influence, or affect outcomes. They are invariably called treatment,
manipulated, or predictor variables. Examples: age, gender, what people eat, how much time they spend
using gadgets.
4. Dependent Variables

Those that depend on the independent variables: they are the outcomes or results of the influence of
the independent variables. Examples: test score, academic performance

Example:

Peer Tutoring and Its Effects on Reading Fluency of Senior High School Students

An Experiment on Online Teaching and Academic Achievement of SHS Learners

Lack of sleep significantly affects learning in 10-year-old boys.

The Effect of Technology Integration on Student Achievement