LESSON 1: PROPERTIES AND

CHARACTERISTICS OF
MINERALS
MR. JOHN MICHAEL R. QUINQUE
ROCKS
Rocks are defined as an
aggregate of minerals and
silicates predominantly found in
the solid state of matter. Rocks
are split into separate categories
define the way they were formed.
Meanwhile, MINERALS are naturally
occurring substance made from
geological processes that possess the
following characteristics:
1. A mineral is a naturally occurring
substance, hence are not made by
artificial means and no intervention
or aid of any organism is made.
2. A mineral is inorganic.
3. A mineral is a homogenous
solid.
4. A mineral has a definite
chemical composition.
5. A mineral has an ordered
internal, or crystalline structure.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION [ XRD ]
MINERALS
MINERALS
A mineral is a naturally occurring
inorganic element or compound
having an orderly internal
structure and characteristic
chemical composition, crystal
form, and physical properties.
MINERALS
MINERALS
 There are approximately
4,000 different minerals,
and each of those minerals
has a unique set of physical
properties that can be easily
used to identify a mineral:
 TWO TYPES OF MINERALS

NON-
METALLIC METALLIC
MINERALS MINERALS
METALLIC MINERALS
Metallic minerals exhibit
lustre in their appearance
and consist of metals in their
chemical composition. It has
metal in chemical properties.
METALLIC MINERALS
NON-METALLIC MINERALS
Non-metallic minerals are
minerals which either show a
non-metallic lustre or shine in
their appearance. Do not have
metals in chemical properties.
NON-METALLIC MINERALS
 PROPERTIES,
DESCRIPTION
AND EXAMPLES
OF MINERALS.
PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES.

1. COLOR Color is the perceived

wavelength of light
that bounced off from
the material and is
detected by our eyes.
PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES.

2. STREAK Streak is the color of a

crushed mineral's powder. For
an example, pyrite resembles
gold in terms of its color but
upon getting the streak it will
show greenish black color
while gold remains yellow in
color.
PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES.

3. LUSTER Luster is the behavior of light

as it is reflected by the surface
of a mineral. Luster can either
be metallic and metallic
(pearly, waxy, vitreous or
glassy, silky, adamantine or
sparkly, dull or clay-like, and
resinous or like resins).
PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES.

4. Hardness is the
HARDNESS
resistance of a mineral
to scratching. Friedrich
Mohs, a German
mineralogist, developed
the scale in 1812.
PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES.

5. Cleavage is the tendency

CLEAVAGE of a mineral to break along
particular directions at
regions where the bonding
is relatively weaker. It can
be described as perfect,
good, fair, or poor.
PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES.

6. Magnetism is the
MAGNETISM
tendency of a mineral
such as magnetite,
iron oxide (Fe3O4) to
be attracted to a
magnet.
 PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION AND
EXAMPLES.

7. Minerals with
FLUORESCENCE fluorescence like
fluorite stop
glowing when the
light source is
turned off.
PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES.

8. Effervescence describes the

CHEMICAL reactivity of minerals to dilute
REACTION hydrochloric acid (HCl). This
[Reactivity] "acid test" is a diagnostic
property of carbonate minerals
such as calcite and dolomite, or
calcium magnesium carbonate,
CaMg (CO3)2.
PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES.

9. TASTE
Some minerals
taste salty such
as Halite (rock
salt, NaCl).
PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES.

10. ODOR Some minerals have a

distinctive smell like
sulfur (smells like rotten
eggs), some smell similar
to spices (garlic), and
industrial materials
(fireworks).
THANK
YOU!
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ROCK
Rocks are aggregates
of minerals and other
earthly particles like
sand, clay, shale, and
magma.
ROCK
The study of the rocks is
called PETROLOGY
(‘Petro’ means ‘rock’ and
‘logy‘ means ‘study‘).
THREE {3} TYPES OF ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCK
• Igneous rocks (“IGNI” from the
Latin word meaning fire) form
when hot, molten rock crystallizes
and solidifies.
• It is formed from the cooling of
magma or underground molten
rocks
IGNEOUS ROCK
• It is form when molten
rock (magma or lava)
cools and solidifies.
• formed by fire, or
magmatic rock.
PROCESSES OR FACTORS INVOLVED:
1. DEPOSITION -
desublimation, or gas to
solid phase transformation.
2. CRYSTALLIZATION - It
refers to the formation of rock
crystals in cooling magma.
 LOCATION
1. INTRUSIVE ROCKS (Plutonic
Rocks): crystallize below Earth's
surface, and the slow cooling that
occurs there allows large crystals to
form.
EXAMPLES: diorite, gabbro, granite,
pegmatite, and peridotite.
 LOCATION
2. EXTRUSIVE ROCKS (Volcanic
Rocks): erupt onto the surface,
where they cool quickly to form
small crystals.
EXAMPLES: andesite, basalt, dacite,
obsidian, pumice, rhyolite,
scoria, and tuff.
 MINERAL COMPOSITION
1. ULTRAMAFIC: periodite and
komatiites
2. MAFIC: gabbro and basalt
3. INTERMEDIATE: diorite and
andesite
4. FELSIC: granite and rhyolite
 TEXTURE
1. PHANERITIC (coarse-grained):
gabbro, diorite, granite
2. APHANITIC (fine-grained):
basalt, andesite, rhyolite
3. GLASSY (Vitreous): no
crystallization occurs like in
amorphous glass such as obsidian
 TEXTURE
4. PEGMATIC: with a size of 2.5 cm up
to several meters.
5. POPHYRITIC: develops when
conditions during cooling of a magma
change relatively quickly.
6. PYROCLASTIC: textures occur
when explosive eruptions blast the
lava into the air resulting in fragments
 TYPES OF
IGNEOUS ROCK
1. GRANITE ROCK
-formed when slow
cooling of pockets
of magma takes
place deep below
the earth’s
surface.
2. SCORIA ROCK OR BASALT ROCK
- Forms due to
quick cooling of
lava during
underwater
volcanic eruption
in the sea or ocean
3. PUMICE ROCK
- Forms when lava
cools quickly
above the ground.
These rocks have
sponge-like
appearance.
4. OBSIDIAN ROCK
- Forms due to
rapid cooling of
molten lava above
the ground. They
look like black
glass.
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
• originate when particles settle
out of water or air, or by
precipitation of minerals from
water.
• Rocks from sediments.
• formed from pre-existing rocks or
pieces of once-living organisms.
 PROCESSES OR FACTORS INVOLVED:
1. WEATHERING
a. Chemical Weathering - alters a
rock's chemical composition driven
basically by temperature and
pressure.
b. Physical Weathering – allows the
breakdown of rocks into smaller
pieces.
PROCESSES OR FACTORS INVOLVED:
2. EROSION - It is the
geological process in which
earthen materials are worn
away and transported by
natural forces such as wind
or water.
PROCESSES OR FACTORS INVOLVED:
3. TRANSPORT - It is the
movement of sediments from one
place to another.
4. DEPOSITION - It is the setting
of the sediments in an area
before they are finally lithified to
form sedimentary rocks.
PROCESSES OR FACTORS INVOLVED:
5. DIAGNESIS OR LITHIFICATION
(compaction and cementation)
- It is the group of processes
responsible for the
transformation of sediments
(sand) into sedimentary rocks
(sandstone).
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
A. DETRITAL - Detrital
sedimentary rocks form from
detritus, the rock and mineral
fragments that are transported
by gravity, water, ice, or wind.
Detrital sediments are classified
by grain size.
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
B. CHEMICAL is formed when
minerals, dissolved in water,
begin to precipitate out of
solution and deposit at the base
of the water body such as oolitic
limestone, halite (rock salt),
sylvite, baryte and gypsum.
 TYPES OF
SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
1. SANDSTONE
- Is used for
construction of
buildings,
statues and
temples.
2. GYPSUM

- Is used in the
form of plaster
of Paris, casts,
and moulds.
3. CONGLOMERATES
- Find uses as
ornamentals
stones.
4. LIMESTONES
- Is used for
manufacture of
writing chalk,
concrete and
glass.
5. SHALE ROCK
- Is used for
manufacturing
bricks, tiles
and portland
cement.
METAMORPHIC ROCK
• result when existing rocks
are changed by heat,
pressure, or reactive fluids,
such as hot, mineral-laden
water.
• transformed rocks.
METAMORPHIC ROCK
• arise from the transformation of
existing rock types, in a process
called METAMORPHISM, which
means "change in form”.
• make up a large part of the
Earth's crust and form 12% of
the Earth's land surface.
 PROCESSES OR FACTORS INVOLVED:
1. METAMORPHISM
a. Heat
- Temperature is a key variable in
metamorphism:
• High temperatures occur near to
igneous intrusions, where the
magma heats the surrounding rocks.
PROCESSES OR FACTORS INVOLVED:
1. METAMORPHISM
b. Pressure
- Pressure has implications
for mineral stability and
texture of metamorphic
rocks.
 PROCESSES OR FACTORS INVOLVED:
1. METAMORPHISM
c. Chemically Active Fluids -
Water is the main fluid present within
rocks of the crust that facilitates the
transfer of ions between minerals and
within minerals, and therefore increases
the rates at which metamorphic
reactions take place.
CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
A. FOLIATED
- Foliated metamorphic have a
layered or banded appearance that
is produced by exposure to heat
and directed pressure.
EXAMPLES: slate, phyllite, schist,
and gneiss.
CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
B. NON-FOLIATED
Non-foliated metamorphic rocks such
as hornfels, marble, quartzite, and
novaculite do not have a layered or
banded appearance.
EXAMPLES: marble, quartzite,
hornfels, and novaculite.
 Describe the rock cycle.
• A volcano erupts magma and it cools forming igneous rock.
• Over time that rock breaks down into different smaller
pieces.
• These sediments cement together and form sedimentary
rock.
• That sedimentary rock is then subjected to great heat or
pressure and transforms into metamorphic rock.

*This is not linear. Rocks can change from one form to another
and back again in any order.
 Describe the rock cycle.

sediments sedimentary rock

igneous rock
metamorphic rock