INTERMOLECULAR

FORCES

Prepared by
JOJI C. VICTORIANO, MChem
Master Teacher II
Roxas Stand-Alone Senior High School
Learning Competency
Describe and differentiate the types of
intermolecular forces
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100)
Intermolecular Forces vs.
Intramolecular Forces
❖Intramolecular (within molecules)
forces holds atoms together in a
molecule.
❖Intramolecular forces stabilize individual
molecules.
❖Generally, these forces are simply the
chemical bonds such as ionic and
covalent bonding.
Intermolecular Forces vs.
Intramolecular Forces
❖Intermolecular forces are attractive
forces between molecules.
❖Intermolecular forces are responsible
for the non-ideal behavior of gases, but
they exert more influence in the
condensed phases of matter which are
liquids and solids.
Intermolecular Forces vs.
Intramolecular Forces
❖Intermolecular forces are collectively
known as van der Waals forces named
after Dutch chemist Johannes van der
Waal.
❖Van der Waals forces are electrical in
nature; that is, they result in the attraction
between centers of opposite charge in two
molecules close to each other.
 Inter-molecular Forces

INTRA molecular forces—the forces holding

atoms together to form molecules.

Forces between molecules — INTER molecular

forces.
Forces between molecules, between ions, or
between molecules and ions.
6
Types of Intermolecular Forces

❖London Dispersion Forces

❖Dipole-Dipole Forces
❖Hydrogen Bond
❖Ion-Dipole Forces
1. London Dispersion Forces
➢Simply called dispersion forces
➢Intermolecular forces of attraction that
exist between all atoms and molecules
➢The only kind of intermolecular forces
present among symmetrical nonpolar
substances such as O2 and CO2 and
monoatomic species such as noble
gases
Figure 1. Boiling point of noble gases increases as one
goes from top to bottom of the periodic table .
Dispersion forces increase with increasing atomic size.
❖From the figure, it can be observed that
the boiling point increases as you go
from top to bottom of the periodic table.
❖This means that the greater the
atomic size, the greater the boiling
point.
❖It can also be observed that the greater
the molar mass, the higher the
boiling point.
❖There are time when an atom lost its
symmetry, resulting in a temporary
separation of charges or temporary
dipole.
❖Temporary dipole results from a shift in
the position of the electrons where one
end becomes more negative causing
the other end to be more positive.
❖At this point, the centers of positive and
negative charges do not coincide.
Figure 2. London dispersion forces are temporary
attraction forces that result when the electrons in
two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make
the atoms form a temporary dipole.
❖It is a dipole created by the presence of
a neighboring dipole.
❖As the molar mass or atomic size
increases, dispersion forces increase
because more dipoles can be induced
in larger substances.
❖The greater the number of dipoles,
the greater the dispersion forces.
2. Dipole-Dipole Forces
Recall: Nonpolar and Polar Molecules
➢Nonpolar molecules results when the
electronegativity difference between two
atoms is less than or equal to 0.4
Examples: Cl2, H2, CCl4
➢Polar molecule is formed when there is
an uneven sharing of electrons between
atoms
Examples: HCl, H2O
 Electronegativity Type of Bond Symmetry
Difference

Less than 0.5 Nonpolar Symmetrical

0.5 – 1.9 Polar Unsymmetrical

Dipole-Dipole Forces
➢Dipole-dipole forces are formed
between neighboring molecules with
permanent dipoles.
➢The dipole-dipole forces are strong
because of the attraction of opposite
charges that are permanent within the
entire substance.
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Dipole-Dipole Forces
➢The strength for dipole - dipole forces
increases as the magnitude of the
dipole increases and the distance
between the molecules decreases.
➢Solubility of a solute in a solvent can be
estimated by considering the energy
required to break bonds and the energy
released when bonds form.
Dipole-Dipole
Forces

20
Dipole-Dipole Forces
➢Solubility of polar substances in polar
liquids can be explained by considering
the energy required to break the solute -
solute "bonds" and the solvent - solvent
"bonds" in comparison to the energy
released when the solvent - solute
"bonds" form.
➢If the latter is too small when compared
to the former, the substance is not
soluble.
Dipole-Dipole Forces
➢Since this energy balance is rarely
achieved between substances which
are not similar, an often quoted axiom is
" like dissolves like".

" Like dissolves like”

is a statement of fact NOT, it is an
explanation of the phenomenon.
Dipole-Dipole Forces
➢The relative magnitude of these forces
can also be used to explain trends in
melting points and boiling points.

➢It must be remembered that both

melting point and boiling point tend to
increase with increasing molar mass, all
other factors being equal.
 Dipole-Dipole
Forces
Influence of dipole-dipole forces is
seen in the boiling points of simple
molecules.
Compd Mol. Wt. Boil Point
N2 28 -196 oC
CO 28 -192 oC
Br2 160 59 oC
ICl 162 97 oC

24
3. Hydrogen Bond
❖This is a result of a high partial positive
charge on hydrogen and a large partial
negative charge for the more
electronegative atom (F, O, N).
❖Because of the very large dipole
produced between the hydrogen atom
of one molecule and the F, N, O of
another molecule, a special name is
given to this kind of force --- hydrogen
bond.
Hydrogen Bond
❖Hydrogen bonding is a special case of
dipole - dipole forces, and only exists
between hydrogen atoms bonded to F,
N, or O, and F, N, and O atoms bonded
to hydrogen atoms.
Hydrogen Bonding

27
 Hydrogen Bonding
A special form of dipole-dipole
attraction, which enhances dipole-
dipole attractions.

Hydrogen bonding in HF

H-bonding is strongest when X and Y are

N, O, or F
28
H-Bonding Between
Methanol and Water

- H-bond
+

-

29
H-Bonding Between Two
Methanol Molecules

-
+

-

H-bond

30
 H-Bonding Between
Ammonia and Water
-

+ -

H-bond
This H-bond leads to the formation of
NH4+ and OH-
31
The partial positive hydrogen of NH3 is bonded to the
partial negative oxygen H2O and the partial negative
nitrogen of NH3 is bonded to the partial positive
hydrogen of H2O.
Hydrogen Bonding

33
Hydrogen Bonding

34
Hydrogen Bonding
❖H-bonding is especially strong in biological
systems — such as DNA.
❖DNA — helical chains of phosphate groups
and sugar molecules. Chains are helical
because of tetrahedral geometry of P, C, and
O.
❖Chains bind to one another by specific
hydrogen bonding between pairs of Lewis
bases.
— Adenine with Thymine
— Guanine with Cytosine
AMP = Adenosine monophosphate

36
Adenine

Thymine

37 37
 Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen bonding and base pairing in DNA

38
Base Pairing Specificity (A with T and G with C)
4. Ion-Dipole Forces
➢It results from the interaction between
an ion and a polar molecule.
➢The ion-dipole attraction becomes
stronger when the charge on the ion
increases and when the magnitude of
the dipole becomes stronger.
Example: The ion dipole forces in CaCl2 is stronger
than the ion-dipole forces in KCl because the
charge of the ion in calcium is higher than in
potassium
 Ion - Dipole Forces
➢Ion - dipole forces exist between ions and polar
molecules.
➢The magnitude of these forces increases as:
–the distance between the ion and
the polar molecule decreases
–the magnitude of the charge on
the ion increases
–the magnitude of the dipole of the
polar molecule increases.

41
 Ion - Dipole Forces
➢Hydration energies for cations and
anions is an excellent example of this
concept.
➢When these hydration bond form,
energy is released, exothermic.
➢This energy is then used to break the
ion - ion forces in the ionic solid.
➢When the hydration energy is large
enough, the ionic solid is soluble in
water.

42
 Ion - Dipole Forces
➢Solubility trends for ionic solid can be
explained by using this combination for
forces.

➢Explain the trend in hydration

energies for Fe+2, Ca+2, and Fe+3.
The calcium ion has the largest
radius and the Fe+3 is the smallest
radius.

43
 Attraction Between
Ions and Permanent
Dipoles
••
- water
O dipole
H
••

H +
Water is highly polar
and can interact with
positive ions to give
hydrated ions in
water.
44
 Attraction Between
Ions and
Permanent Dipoles
••
- water
O dipole
H
••

H +

Water is highly polar

and can interact with
positive ions to give
hydrated ions in
water.
45
 Attraction
Between Ions and
Permanent Dipoles

Many metal
ions are
hydrated.
It is the reason
metal salts
dissolve in
water.
Co(H2O)62+
46
The Strength of the Different
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Intermolecular Nature of Interaction Strength
Forces of
Attraction
Ion-dipole Interaction of an ion with the charge Strong
end of another molecule

Hydrogen bond A special type of dipole-dipole formed Medium

between a partially positive hydrogen
and a neighboring molecule with a
partially negative oxygen. This is true
for substances containing N-H, O-H,
and H-F.
Dipole-dipole An interaction between two polar Weak
molecules other than N-H, O-H, and
H-F.
Dispersion An interaction between molecules with Very weak
Forces temporary dipoles
Activity
I. Determine what type of intermolecular
force/s is/are present in each compound.
1. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) ______________
2. Nitrogen gas (N2) ________________
3. Lithium chloride (LiCl)
with water _______________
4. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) ________
5. Etahonol (C2H5OH) _____________
6. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) ________
7. Hydrogen iodide (HI) ____________
8. Ammonium bromide (NH4Br)
solution ____________
9. Ethylene (C2H4) ______________
10. Phosphorous trichloride (PCl3) ____
 II. Fill in the Table
Compound Type of Strongest Type of Reason for Classifying
Chemical Bond Intermolecular
Force Present
Example: Covalent bond London dispersion The compound exhibits
Methane (CH4) London dispersion force
because it is a nonpolar
covalent compound

1. Hydrogen
fluoride (HF)
2. Magnesium
chloride (MgCl2)
in water
3. Hydrogen
bromide (HBr)
4. Silicon dioxide
(SiO2)
5. Fluorine
molecule (F2)
Thank you !!!