Cultural, Social and
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
Political Institutions
Unit II-Module 1
I. KINSHIP, MARRIAGE AND
THE HOUSEHOLD
FAMILY
- the smallest unit of society.
- a social and economic unit that
consists of one or more parents and
their children.
- husband and wife are considered as
family because they are married.
KINSHIP
(Kaugnayan ng mag kamag-anak)
- refers to the “web of social
relationships” that humans form as
part of a family, which is an a social
institution that refers to relations
formed between members of the
society.
Points that you can learn from this definition
1. Family is a socioeconomic unit.
2. Family can have one or more parents.
3. Family can have parents who are not
married.
4. Family can have parents with same
gender.
5. Family have at least one child.
Descent
(Pinagmulan ng Angkan)
- refers to the origin or background of
a person in terms of family or
nationality.
- It is a biological relationship.
A.
Principles of Descent (UpmB)
1. UNILENIAL DESCENT
- usually traced through a single line
of ancestors either from the
patrilineal or matrilineal descent but
Not both
a. Patrilineal descent - affiliates a
person with a group of relatives through his
or her father.
b. Matrilineal descent - affiliates a
person with a group of relatives through his
or her mother.
2. BILATERAL DESCENT
- affiliates a person with a group of
relatives through either his or her
parents. Kinship is traced through
both ancestral lines of the mother
and the father.
Types of Kinship (CA)
1. CONSANGUINEAL KINSHIP
(kadugo)
- is considered as the most basic
- kinship based on blood general
form of relations.
- The relationship is achieved by birth
or blood affinity It is commonly called
as relatives by blood.
Examples are the relationship or connection
between parents and their children,
between siblings, between nephews nieces
and aunts/uncles.
 2. AFFINAL KINSHIP
- kinship based on marriage
- refers to the type of relations
developed when a marriage occurs.
- The husband forms new relations
with his wife and her family likewise
the wife forms new relations with his
husband and his family.
Family Code of the Philippines
- defines marriage as a special
contract of permanent union
between a man and a woman
entered into in accordance with law
for the establishment of conjugal and
family. life.
- Marriage is an important social
institution wherein two persons, a
man and a woman, enter into family
life.
B. Kinship by Marriage
Marriage
- socially or ritually recognized union
or legal contract between spouses
that establishes
- rights and obligations between them
their children, and their in-laws.
(Haviland et al, 2011.)
Types of families based on marriage
systems
1. Patrifocal and Matrifocal
- This type of family is focused on one
parent.
- Patrifocal (father) and Matrifocal
(mother)
Patriarchal – rule of the father
Matriarchal – rule of the mother.
2. Monogamy
- refers to a manage where an
individual has only one spouse at
time.
- This is also referred to as the
nuclear family.
3. Polygamy
- refers to a manage of having more
than one spouse at a time.
2 types of Polygamy
a. Polygyny
- the marriage of one man having
multiple female partners at the same
time
Sororal Polygyny - men are allowed to
marry several wives who are at times
brothers. Ex in Islam.
b. Polyandry
- is the manage of one woman having
multiple male partners at the same
time.
Fraternal Polyandry – women are allowed to
marry several husbands who are at times
brothers. Ex. In Tibet
4. Endogamy or compulsory marriage
- refers to marriage within their own
clan or ethnic group
5. Exogamy or out marriage
- to manage outside their own clan or
ethnic group
6. Extended Family
- Several married couples and their
children living on one household.
Post Marital Residency Rules
(based on residence)
1. Patrilocal residence
- occurs when the married couple
stays with or near the husband's kin
or relatives
2. Matrilocal residence
- occurs when the married couple
stays with or near the wife's kin or
relatives
3. Biolocal residence
- happens when the couple stays with
the husband's kin or the wife's kin
alternately
4. Neolocal
- residence happens when the couple
stays or build a home Independently
from the husband or wife's kin
5. Avunculocal
- residence occurs when the couple
resides with or near the family of the
groom
6. Natalocal Residence
- Newly married couple resides
separately from both the husbands
natal household and wife’s natal
household.
7. Matrifocal residence
- occurs when the married couple
stays with or near the wife’s kin or
relatives
8. Ambilocal Residence
- a newly married couple has the
choice of living with or near the
groom’s or the bride’s family.
9. Transnational Residence
- Families in which one or more
members live in another country or
region.
Referred Marriage and
Arrange Marriages
1. REFFERED MARRIAGE
- happens when someone finds
his/her partner through friends,
relatives or people who act as
matchmakers.
- referring them to other single mends
who are also interested in finding a
life partner.
Example: reto reto
2. ARRANGE MARRIAGE
- is usually called fixed marriage.
- It happens when manage is
arranged by the parents
- the groom and bride are usually
chosen by parents community
leaders, or religious officials to
ensure that the young people are
guided through the process of
finding the right person to marry
Types of Arranged Marriages
1.Child marriage
- The parents of a small child arrange
a future marriage with another child's
parents.
- The children are betrothed to each
other.
2. Exchange Marriage
- This form of manage involves a
reciprocal exchange of spouses
between two nations, groups,
or tribes
3. Diplomatic Marriage
- arranged for political reasons, to
cement alliances between royal
families. The monarchs of Europe
were all related by blood due to
frequent diplomatic marriages.
- This form of marriage occurs when
an arranged marriage has been
established between two royal or
political families in order to forge
pascal or diplomatic alliances
4. Modern arranged marriage
- The parents choose several possible
mates for the child sometimes with
the help of the child
- (who may indicate which photos he
or she likes)
Example:
The parents will then arrange a meeting
with the family of the prospective mate, and
the two children will often have a short
unsupervised meeting such as an hour-long
walk around the neighborhood. The child
then chooses who they wish to marry if
anyone), although parents may exert
varying degrees of pressure on the child to
make a certain choice.
C. Kinship by Ritual
COMPADRAZGO
- literally translated as "godparent
(ninong and ninang)”.
- This can be done through the
performance of Catholic rituals like
baptism, confirmation, and manage.
- This “compadrazgo" becomes the
spiritual parents of the child or as
co-parents
- The godson of goddaughter is called
inaanak
D. Family and the Household
The family is considered the basic unit of
social organization. It is made up of a group
of individuals who are linked together by
marriage, blood relations, or adoption
Types of family
1. Nuclear Family
- is a type of family that is made up of
a married couple (parents) and their
biological or adopted children
2. Extended family
- Composed of two or more nuclear
families in a household.
- Some of the relatives are living with
the nuclear family.
- It is an expanded household
composed of three or more
generations.
- It may include great grandparents,
grandparents. the parents, the
children and other relatives
3. Blended Family
- is a type of family where both the
parents (father and mother) have
children from previous marital
relationships but all the members
stay in one household to form a new
family.
- This is also called a step family,
reconstructed family or a complex
family.
4. Reconstructed Family
- a growing percentage of household
classification in countries allowing
divorce and legal separations.
- Example is the concepts of
stepmothers, half-brothers and
stepsisters.
-
5. Conditionally Separated Family
- is a type of family where a member
is separated from the rest of the
family due to employment, military
service sickness, etc.
6. Transnational family
- is a type of a family who lives in
more than one country.
- They may spend part of each year
from one country to the other.
- This is caused due to employment or
military service of parents
E. Kinship of Politics: Political
Dynasties and Alliances
KINSHIP POLITICS
- Commonly found in tribal societies
across the world where kin
genealogy is applied to determine
the system of communal leadership.
- It is the traditional pattern of
bequeathing political power among
family members.
POLITICAL DYNASTIES
- Have long been present in the
Philippine political structure
- In the Philippines, political dynasties
refer to family members who are
involved in politics for several
generations. Most politicians elected
in public offices and government
positions are relatives
- Political alliances Political parties
tend to align or agree to cooperate
to each other for common political
agenda to ensure victory in the
elections or guarantee the passage
of legislation
State and Non-State
Institutions
Quarter II-Module 2
INSTITUTION
- It is composed of a formal rules,
informal norms or agreed upon
understanding that constraint and
prescribe political actors behavior
and interaction with one another.
Main function: keep society in order and
implement specific tasks assigned to them.
E.g. 6 social institutions
State Institution
- Institutions that have state functions
and are established to govern the
state including all other agencies,
bureaus and offices.
Political structure or Institutions
- Organized way in which power is
allocated and decisions are made
within society.
- Indicate the organizational chart of
the Philippine government.
POLITICAL AND
LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
Branches of the Government
1. Executive Branch
- President and the Vice President –
chosen by direct popular and fulfill a
term of 6 years or 1 term.
- The constitution grants the President
authority to appoint his Cabinet.
- These departments from a large
portion of the country’s bureaucracy.
2. Legislative Branch
- Can make laws, alter and reverse
them through the power bestowed in
the Philippine Congress.
- This institution is divided into the
Senate and the House of
Representatives
3. Judicial Branch
Maintains the power to resolve disputes
concerning rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable.
POWER
- Refers to the ability to do something
in order to achieve the desired
outcome.
AUTHORITY
- A person who has authority and has
the right to exercise power.
Veto power – power or right of one branch
to cancel or postpone decisions, law this
power is vested to the president, governor,
or other chief executive. They can reject
bills that has been pass by the legislature.
Max Weber - 3 Types of
Legitimacy Authority
1. Traditional Authority
- Legitimacy is derived from
well-established customs, habits,
social structures.
Ex. Monarchies, Chiefdoms
2. Charismatic Authority
- Authority is from the charisma of the
individual.
- Some see the charisma as the right
for that individual to rule.
Ex. Religious Icons, Celebrities
3. Legal – Rational Authority
- This is found in more industrialized ,
modern societies where power rests
upon a particular office and not upon
a specific person.
- Authority and power are exercised
based on laws. As such , the law
and the judiciary are seen as the
highest forms of power in society.
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
- an enduring organization, practice,
or relationship created by individuals
to handle and cope with basic
economic dilemmas.
Forms of Redistribution and Exchange of
Products
1. RECIPROCITY
- to values of goods or services.
Transaction between two socially
equal parties having the same status
with regards
Example: The dowry given by a Muslim
groom to his prospective bride is a
transaction between two socially equal
parties having the same status with regards
to values of goods or services. Tantamount
to the wealth and educational attainment
possessed by the latter.
Types of Reciprocity
1.1 GENERALIZED RECIPROCITY
- A form of transaction which utilizes
gestures that expresses personal
relationships than economic
transactions.
- In the Philippines, the eldest child
expresses generalized reciprocity to
his or her family by graduating, and
in exchange, they will be providing
means to sustain the academic
needs of their other siblings.
1.2 BALANCED RECIPROCITY
- In this form of transaction, the giver
is expected to gain something in
return although it does not have to
be given instantly.
- One good example is the business
transaction between Filipino artists
and advertisement companies.
Artists will perform activities that are
required of him or her by the said
advertisement company in exchange
for publicity and exposure.
1.3 NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY
- This transaction is being practiced
using deceiving ways to gain profit.
individuals involved try to gain as
much as conceivable while paying
the least amount possible
- Example business ventures offered
to you by persons you do not have a
personal relationship with.
2. REDISTRIBUTION
- The process by which products
produced out from the community is
sent to a place where they are
stored, counted, and later distributed
back to the people.
- Taxes are collected from individuals
based on their income. The money
collected is distributed to other
members of society through different
government programs.
- Charitable donation functions
similarly.
3. MARKET EXCHANGE
- The price of the transactions of
deliverables and services are
supposedly governed by the rules of
supply and demand.
- A transaction that uses money in
exchange for goods or services.
NON STATE INSTITUTION
Non-state institutions
- are entities that participate in
international politics.
- They are organizations with
sufficient power to influence and
cause a change even though they
do not belong to any established
institution of state.
Non-State Actors
A group of people or organization that
participates in international affairs and
relations but is not affiliated with any state
or nation.
BANKS
- It is a financial institution licensed to
provide several financial services to
different types of customers.
CORPORATION
- A corporation is a legal unit that is
distinct from its owners.
- Moreover, a corporation has the right
to enter contracts, loan and borrow
money, hire employees, own assets,
and pay taxes.
TRADE UNIONS
- Trade unions or also known as labor
unions
- Consist of workforces who have
come together to attain mutual goals
like protecting the integrity of its
trade, improving safety standards,
achieving higher pay and benefits
like. health care, and retirement
COOPERATIVES
- These are made up of people with
FUNCTION AND
common interest who agreed to IMPORTANCE OF
work together for easy, safe and
affordable access to commodities , EDUCATION IN THE
loans and other services.
- Cooperatives are jointly owned
SOCIETY
MODULE 3
enterprises engaging in the
production or distribution of goods or
EDUCATION
services.
- Derived from the Latin word
- Cooperatives are usually operated
“educare” which means train, to rear
by farmers or consumers for their
or bring-up.
mutual benefit.
- Acquisition of knowledge, habits,
skills and abilities through instruction
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
and training or through self-activity.
- These are independent
- It is the act or process of imparting
organizations whose goals are to
or acquiring general knowledge,
help develop and support economic
developing the powers of reasoning
growth especially for the poor and
and judgement and generally of
marginal portion of the society. So,
preparing oneself or others
they may have opportunities for
intellectually for mature life.
income and decent employment.
- The social institution through which
- Agencies that promote progress by
society provides its members with
engaging in projects, policy making,
the important knowledge, including
dialogue ( Contreras et al 2016)
basic facts, job skills, and cultural
norms and values (Macionis, 2012).
CIVIL ORGANIZATIONS
- Cultivates a country’s economy and
- These organizations are created to
society: therefore , it is the milestone
expose the conditions of the
of a nation’s progress.
marginalized sector of the society by
- The most crucial aspect of society.
using mass media as its platform as
they raise critical issues to the
EDUCATION IN THE SOCIETY
government.
- Managed and regulated by the
Department of Education also known
TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS
as DepEd.
- Organizations that are devoted to
manipulating political, economic,
Types of Education
social, and institutional decisions
across country borders.
1. FORMAL EDUCATION
- A group maybe a national or
- Refers to the hierarchically
international organization that
structured, chronologically graded
promotes and advocates progress
educational system from primary
and development related to
school to the university, including
particular issues and society.
 programs and institutions for full time
technical and vocational training.
- Including ALS and TESDA
Types of Formal Education
1.1 Elementary Education
- Compulsory, formal education
primarily concerned with providing
basic education
- Preschool programs
- Traditional six grades
1.2 Secondary Education
- Continuing basic education of the
elementary level and expanding it.
- Old curriculum 1st year to 4th year
high school, in transition to K12
Curriculum Grade 7 to Grade 12
1.3 Tertiary Education
- Administered and supervise by the
CHEd. The actual years spent in this
level depends on the curriculum of
each course.
2. NON FORMAL EDUCATION
- Organized educational activity
outside the established formal
system to provide selected types of
learning to a segment of the
population.
- OSYP out of school youth program
3. SPECIAL EDUCATION
- Education of persons who are
physically, mentally , emotionally ,
socially or culturally different from so
called “normal” individuals
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION AND
ITS IMPORANCE
1. Promote citizenry
- Education systems enable citizens
to be productive members of a
society , as they are equipped with
knowledge and skills that could
contribute to the development of
their society’s system and institution.
2. Promote Self-Actualization
- Through education that an individual
learns to value of self and the
purpose of his/her existence.
- It enables one to see your strengths
and maintain them.
- Enables one to determine your
weakness and adjust to them.
- Helps one reach full potential and
establish oneself as a whole.
3. Socialization
- school is the agent of socialization
- Education helps transform human in
becoming literate and recognize its
function in the society.
- Education as means of socialization;
- Learn social norms, values and
culture that are fortified by our
teachers, textbooks and our
classmates.
TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE
- Through education, human learn the
values, beliefs and social norms of
their culture.
Types of transmission of culture
1. SOCIAL INTEGRATION
– as the saying says “nations are built
because of education” , this is because
education portrays an important role to unify
individuals by teaching the common values
and social norms.
2. SOCIAL PLACEMENT
– education provides a social placement for
everyone. It prepares us for the later station
of our lives, and to buy the necessities of
life.

Stratification System
Module 4
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
- is the classification of people into
socioeconomic class, based upon
their occupation and income, wealth
and social status.
- relative social position of people
within a social group, category,
geographic region, or social unit
SOCIAL DESIRABLES
- resources considered valuable by
societies. These resources may be
tangible or intangible
Three important social desirables
1. Prestige
2. Power
3. Wealth
SOCIAL MOBILITY
- refers to changes of individuals,
families, households, or other
categories of people within or
between social class in a society.
- It is a change in social status relative
to one's current social location within
a given society.
Types of Social Mobility
1. Horizontal mobility
- This happen when a person
changes their occupation but their
overall social standing remains
unchanged.
2. Vertical mobility
- It is a change in the occupational,
political, or religious status of a
person that causes a change in their
societal position. A person or social
object moves from one social class
to another.
3. Upward mobility
- It is when a person moves from a
lower position in society to a higher
one. It can also include people
occupying higher positions in the
same societal group. However,
upward mobility, while seen as a
good thing, can also come at a cost
for individuals.
-
4. Downward mobility
- It takes place when a person moves
from a higher position in society to a
lower one. It happen when someone
is caught performing a wrongful act
that can result in the loss of the
position they currently hold.
5. Inter-generational mobility
- This happen when the social
position changes from one
generation to another. The change
can be upward or downward.
6. Intra-generational mobility
- Change in societal position occurs
during the lifespan of a single
generation. It can also refer to a
change in position between siblings.
One way is when a person climbs up
the corporate ladder in their career.
Issues Relative to Social 3. GENDER AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Stratification - Woman have always been coerce by
societies that have a structural bias
because of cultural beliefs.
1. WEALTH AND INCOME
- Men are seen in many cultures as
- In the Philippines, there are 92.3
natural leaders and conformed more
million Filipinos lives below poverty
social and political rights. In some
line because of the country’s
culture, women cannot own property,
economic and social inequality.
and they cannot drive their own car.
- According to the ASEAN Trade
Woman also experienced
Union Council, the Philippines has
harassment in the work place and
the highest rate of economic and
become victim of sexual harassment
social inequality in Southeast Asia,
and violence.
and unless action is taken, the gap
- A similar situation is being
will continue to widen.
experienced by lesbian, gay,
The 4 major causes of income inequality in
bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)
our country are:
people. They are often subjected to
1. the rising proportion of urban households
discrimination and ridicule by a
2. age distribution changes
society that considers them
3. increasing number of highly educated
aberrations or forms of deviancy.
household
4. wage rate inequality.
4. PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY (PWD)
- These people are also discriminated
2. ETHNICITY
and their physical impairments
- Ethnic groups are also facing
become basis of denial and equal
discrimination.
opportunity in employment. They do
- Aside from cultural marginalization
not enjoy the benefits that abled
that they suffer from the dominant
persons receive.
cultural majorities, where their
cultural practices are subjects of
ridicule and their physical
appearances and demeanor ear for
them over forms of discrimination
through stereotypes and end up as
victims of development aggression.
- Their ancestral land are either
forcibly taken away from them in the
guise of development projects like
government infrastructures or
dumping site for toxic waste.