SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CORE SUBJECT

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES

Grade 11

CONTENT ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

CONTENT STANDARDS The learners demonstrate an understanding of the geologic processes that occur within the
Earth. The learners will be able to make a simple map showing places where erosion and
landslides may pose risks in the community.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS The learners shall be able to conduct a survey to assess the possible geologic / hydro
meteorological hazards that your community may experience.

MOST ESSENTIAL At the end of the lesson, the learners …

LEARNING COMPETENCIES 1. Compare and contrast the formation of the different types of igneous rocks.

DATE Week 7

MATERIALS Laptop / Smartphone; TIFTCI LMS (Learning Management System)

(1) Monroe, J. S., et al, Physical Geology Exploring the Earth, 6th ed., 2007, pp107-113.
RESOURCES (2) Carlson, D. H., Plummer, C. C., Hammersley L., Physical Geology Earth
Revealed 9thed, 2011, pp289-292.
(3) Tarbuck, E. J. et al Earth An Introduction to Physical Geology, 2014, pp137-140.
(4) http://www.colorado.edu/geolsci/courses/GEOL3950/class_notes/
Lecture%20%239%20notes%202006.pdf): (Accessed 15Dec 2015).
(5) https://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/earthscienceandengineering/rocklibrary/
viewglossrecord.php?gID=00000000159(Accessed: 14 Dec 2015).
(6) (http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens212/magmadiff.htm(Accessed 3Dec 2015).
(7) http://www.science.marshall.edu/elshazly/Igmet/Differentiation.doc
(Accessed 18 Dec 2015).
(8) http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Controls.html
(Accessed 09 Mar 2016).
(9) http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105/images/gaia_chapter_5/bowen.htm
(Accessed 09 Mar 2016).

LESSON OUTLINE:
 1. Introduction
2. Motivation – Class Participation
3. Instruction – Magma Properties
4. Practice – Conceptual Mapping
5. Enrichment
6. Evaluation

PROCEDURE MEETING THE LEARNERS’

NEEDS
INTRODUCTION:

1. Introduce the following learning objectives:

a. Identify and explain the different magmatic processes occurring beneath the surface of the
Earth.
b. Compare and contrast the formation of the different igneous rock types

2. Review
a. Review the different types of igneous rocks based on silica content.
b. Review the processes for magma generation and where it is generated. Use the following
table to quickly run through these.

MOTIVATION:
Ask questions that will guide the students’ focus to the topics to be discussed, such as:
1. What happens to magma after it is formed?
2. Do you think magma rises or stays in place?
3. What happens to the composition of magma as it rises up?

INSTRUCTION: Teacher Tips:

1. Discuss why and how magma rises up (Monroe et al., Physical Geology, 2007, p107). Show a video of someone
Density contrast: magma is less dense than the surrounding country rock. Magma rises faster when the putting a coin, a piece of rock,
density contrast between the magma and the country rock is greater. and a piece of Styrofoam on a
pail/glass of water. Observe
At deeper levels, magma passes through mineral grain boundaries and cracks in the surrounding rock. When what happens to these
enough mass and buoyancy is attained, the overlying surrounding rock is pushed aside as the magma rises. materials. A guide question will
Depending on surrounding pressure and other factors, the magma can be ejected to the Earth’s surface or be: Which materials sink and
rise at shallower levels underneath. which ones float?

At shallower levels, magma may no longer rise because its density is almost the same as that of the country To illustrate viscosity, the
rock. The magma starts to accumulate and slowly solidifies. When the magma solidifies at depth, it can form teacher can show a video using
different types of plutonic bodies. at least three different liquids:
honey, oil, water.
Viscosity: A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Magmas with low viscosity flow more easily than those Ask the learners to observe how
with high viscosity. Temperature, silica content and volatile content control the viscosity of magma. the different liquids flow (e.g.
very fast, fast, slow etc.).

Mafic magma is less viscous than silicic (felsic) magma because it is hotter and contains less silica.

2. Introduce and briefly discuss the Bowen’s reaction series (Carlson, D. H., Plummer, C. C., Hammersley L.,
Physical Geology Earth Revealed 9th ed., 2011, pp289-290)
 a. Certain minerals are stable at higher melting temperature and crystallize before those stable at lower
temperatures.
b. This series explain how minerals are formed under different temperature conditions, given that all the
required elements for certain minerals are present.
c. There are two branches, the discontinuous and continuous branches which happen simultaneously. The
minerals in the discontinuous branch include olivine, pyroxene amphibole and biotite mica. In the
discontinuous branch, there is only plagioclase, but the Calcium and Sodium content changes from high
temperature to low temperature.
d. A single “parental magma” can produce various kinds of igneous rocks through magmatic
differentiation.

Discuss the different magmatic differentiation processes.

1. Cite only the most common and important processes.
2. Magmatic differentiation is the process of creating one or more secondary magmas from single
parent magma (Tarbuck, E. J. et al Earth An Introduction to Physical Geology, 2014, p138).
a. Crystal Fractionation –a chemical process by which the composition of a liquid, such as magma, changes
due to crystallization (https://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/
earthscienceandengineering/rocklibrary/viewglossrecord.php?gID=00000000159). Common mechanism
for crystal fractionation is crystal settling. This means that denser minerals crystallize first and settle
down while the lighter minerals crystallize at the latter stages.
b. Partial Melting - as described in Bowen’s reaction series, quartz and muscovite are basically the most
stable minerals at the Earth’s surface, making them the first ones to melt from the parent rock once
exposed in higher temperature and/or pressure. Partial melting of an ultramafic rock in the mantle
produces a basaltic magma (Carlson, D. H., Plummer, C. C., Hammersley L., Physical Geology Earth
Revealed 9th ed, 2011, p292).
c. Magma mixing – this may occur when two different magma rises up, with the more buoyant mass
overtakes the more slowly rising body. Convective flow then mixes the two magmas, generating a single,
intermediate (between the two parent magmas) magma (Tarbuck, E. J. et al Earth An Introduction to
Physical Geology, 2014, p139).

3. Discuss the relationship of the different igneous rock types and the environment of
formation(http://www.colorado.edu/geolsci/courses/GEOL3950/class_notes/Lecture
%20%239%20notes%202006.pdf):

a. Basalt and basaltic magma: form when hot rocks in the mantle slowly rise and encounter lower
pressures. This leads to decompression melting (melting due to reduced pressures). This commonly
occurs along places where plates are moving away from each other (i.e. extensional plate boundaries
such as continental rifts and hotspots. This type of magma has low viscosity, low silica, high iron and low
volatile (H2O) contents.

b. Rhyolite and rhyolitic magma: formed by either (1) melting of mantle fluxed by water and sediments
carried into the mantle in subduction zones; and /or (2) interaction of mantle derived basaltic magmas
with continental crust. The magma is highly viscous with relatively high silica, low iron and high volatile
(H2O) contents.

c. Andesite and andesitic magma: Andesitic magmas maybe formed in a variety of ways: some are formed
when water and sediments on the ocean floor are pushed into the mantle along subduction zones,
leading to melting in the mantle. Others are formed when hot basaltic magma interact with continental
crust on the way to the Earth’s surface, which likewise leads to melting. The silica, iron and volatile (H 2O)
contents and viscosity are intermediate between basalt and rhyolite.

PRACTICE:

Conceptual mapping of the Bowen’s reaction series.

Post a Bowen’s reaction series template and let the learners fill up the template by placing the words in their
correct number location.
 12

1
13
3

4 11
14

5
10 15
6

7
16
8
2 9

Each diagram should contain the following words/phrases

Felsic Composition High Temperature Olivine

Calcium-rich Feldspar Intermediate Pyroxene Quartz
Low Temperature Amphibole Mafic Potassium Feldspar
Sodium-rich Feldspar Biotite mica Muscavite mica Ultramafic

ENRICHMENT:

Assignment: A Word document file will be submitted:

Answer the following at least 200 words – “Can the same volcano produce volcanic rocks with different
compositions? How? “
EVALUATION:

1. Define viscosity.
Answer: Viscosity is the measure of a substance’s resistance to flow.

2. Identify the three major factors controlling the viscosity of magma/lava.

Answer: The three major factors controlling the viscosity of magma and/or lava are temperature, silica
content and volatile content.

3. Describe how viscosity affects the movement of magma. Compare the viscosity of basaltic and granitic
magmas.
Answer: Viscosity is the measure of fluid’s resistance to flow. Mafic or basaltic magma, when compared to a
felsic or granitic magma is more mobile and flows faster as it is less viscous due to its higher temperature and
less silica content. Granitic magma does not reach the Earth’s surface as often due to its higher viscosity, but
in case, it tends to be thick, slow-moving and can only flow short distances.

4. True or False: Magmatic differentiation is the process of creating one or more secondary magmas from
single parent magma.
Answer: True.

5. How does magma change during crystallization?

Answer: Magma becomes progressively more silica-enriched as crystallization progresses.

6. What is the significance of the Bowen’s reaction series?

Answer: By knowing the mineral composition of the rock, we can infer based from the Bowens reaction
series the temperature condition in which the rock was formed.

7. What is the Bowen’s reaction series?

Answer: Bowen’s reaction series describes the sequence of mineral crystallization in a cooling magma. The
two branches of the series are the continuous and discontinuous branches. As the temperature drops, the
discontinuous branch describes how minerals are transformed into another type of mineral while the
continuous branch shows how calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar is progressively changed into sodic
plagioclase. The reverse of Bowen’s reaction series describes the melting of rock.
8. Rising magma assimilates crustal rocks but does not result to any change in the composition of the
resulting magma. In what condition/s can this occur?
Answer: When the composition of crustal rock and magma are the same, then the composition of a rising
magma will not be altered even when assimilation occurs.

9. True or False: The different mechanisms through which crystal fractionation occurs are crystal settling,
filter pressing, inward crystallization and flow segregation.
Answer: True.