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Lca 1L
Lca 1L
Circuit Analysis I
Set 1: Basic Concepts and Resistive Circuits
Shahriar Mirabbasi
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of British Columbia
shahriar@ece.ubc.ca
• Midterms 40%
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EECE 251, Set 1
Motivation
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EECE 251, Set 1
Overview
In this slide set we will review basic concepts,
electrical quantities and their units, circuit elements,
and basic circuit laws.
Note: Some of the figures in this slide set are taken from the books (R.
Decarlo and P.-M. Lin, Linear Circuit Analysis, Second Edition, 2001,
Oxford University Press) and (C.K. Alexander and M.N.O Sadiku,
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition, 2004, McGraw Hill)
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EECE 251, Set 1
A Simple Circuit
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EECE 251, Set 1
A More Complicated Circuit
A Radio Receiver
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EECE 251, Set 1
System of Units
SI Base Units
SM 10
SI Prefixes
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Review of Basic Circuit Concepts
• Electric Charge is the basis for describing all electrical
phenomena .
• Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which
matter consists and is measured in coulombs (Charles Augustin
de Coulomb (1736-1806) a French Scientist)
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EECE 251, Set 1
A Material Classification
• Conductor: a material in which charges can move to
neighboring atoms with relative ease.
– One measure of this relative ease of charge movement is
the electric resistance of the material
– Example conductor material: metals and carbon
– In metals the only charged particles that can move are
electrons
• Insulator: a material that opposes the charge movement
(ideally infinite opposition, i.e., no charge movement)
– Example insulators: Dry air and glass
• Semi-conductor: a material whose conductive properties are
somewhat in between those of conductor and insulator
– Example semi-conductor material: Silicon with some added
impurities
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EECE 251, Set 1
Electric Current (Charges in Motion!)
• Current: net flow of charge across any cross section of a
conductor, measured in Amperes (Andre-Marie Ampere (1775-
1836), a French mathematician and physicist)
dq
i
dt
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EECE 251, Set 1
Electric Current
• Originally scientists (in particular Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
an American scientist and inventor) thought that current is only
due to the movement of positive charges.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Electric Current
• In reality in metallic conductors current is due to the movement
of electrons, however, we follow the universally accepted
convention that current is in the direction of positive charge
movement.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Two Important Types of Current
• Direct current (DC) is a current that remains constant with time.
• Alternating current (AC) is a current that varies sinusoidally with
time.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Magnitude of Some Typical Currents
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EECE 251, Set 1
Voltage (Separation of Charge)
• Voltage (electromotive force, or potential) is the energy required
to move a unit charge through a circuit element, and is
measured in Volts (Alessandro Antonio Volta (1745-1827) an
Italian Physicist).
dW
v
dq
• Similar to electric current, there are two important types of
voltage: DC and AC
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EECE 251, Set 1
Typical Voltage Magnitudes
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Voltage
• “Voltage between two points in a circuit is the difference in
energy level of a unit charge located at each of the two points.
• Some examples:
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EECE 251, Set 1
Voltage Polarity
• The plus (+) and minus (-) sign are used to define voltage
polarity.
• The assumption is that the potential of the terminal with (+)
polarity is higher than the potential of the terminal with (-)
polarity by the amount of voltage drop.
dW dW dq
p vi
dt dq dt
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EECE 251, Set 1
A Classification of Circuit Components
• One common classification for circuit components is to group
them in two major groups:
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EECE 251, Set 1
Passive Sign Convention
• For calculating absorbed power: The power absorbed by any
circuit element with terminals A and B is equal to the voltage
drop from A to B multiplied by the current through the element
from A to B, i.e., P Vab I ab I ab
a b
+ -
Vab
• With this convention if P 0 , then the element is absorbing
(consuming) power. Otherwise (i.e., P 0 ) is absorbing negative
power or actually generating (delivering) power.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Tellegan’s Theorem
• Principle of Conservation of the Power: The algebraic sum of
the powers absorbed by all elements in a circuit is zero at any
instance of time (ΣP=0). That is, the sum of absorbed powers is
equal to the sum of generated powers at each instance of time.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Passive Sign Convention
• Calculate the power absorbed or supplied by each of the
following elements:
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• Given the two diagrams shown below, determine whether the
element is absorbing or supplying power and how much.
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Example
• Determine the unknown voltage or current in the following
figures:
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• Suppose that your car is not starting. To determine whether the
battery is faulty, you turn on the light switch and find that the
lights are very dim, indicating a weak battery. You borrow a
friend's car and a set of jumper cables. However, how do you
connect his car's battery to yours? What do you want his battery
to do?
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EECE 251, Set 1
Energy Calculation
• Instantaneous power: p(t ) v(t )i(t )
i (t )
+
Circuit element
Remainder
v(t ) consuming/generating
of Circuit
power p(t)
-
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EECE 251, Set 1
Circuit Elements
• Circuit components can be broadly classified as being either
active or passive.
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EECE 251, Set 1
(Ideal) Voltage and Current Sources
• Independent sources: An (ideal) independent source is an
active element that provides a specified voltage or current that
is independent of other circuit elements and/or how the source
is used in the circuit.
• Symbol for independent voltage source
(a) Used for constant or time-varying voltage
(b) Used for constant voltage (dc)
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EECE 251, Set 1
Common Voltage and Current Source Labeling
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• Determine the power absorbed or supplied by the elements of
the following network:
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EECE 251, Set 1
Ideal Dependent (Controlled) Source
• An ideal dependent (controlled) source is an active element
whose quantity is controlled by a voltage or current of another
circuit element.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Dependent (Controlled) Source
• There are four types of dependent sources:
+
V(t) +
Vs(t)=V(t)
-
-
+
V(t) +
Vs(t)=I(t)
-
-
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EECE 251, Set 1
Dependent (Controlled) Source
• Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
I(t)
+
V(t) Is(t)=V(t)
-
+
V(t) Is(t)=I(t)
-
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example: Dependent Source
• In the following circuits, identify the type of dependent sources:
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Example: Power Calculation
• Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component in
the following circuit.
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Example
• Use Tellegan’s theorem to find the current I0 in the following
circuit:
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Example
• The charge that enters the BOX is shown below. Calculate and
sketch the current flowing into the BOX and the power absorbed
by the BOX between 0 and 10 milliseconds.
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Notes
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• A third-generation iPod® with a 630 mAh Lithium-ion battery is
to be recharged from a high-power USB port supplying 150 mA
of current. At the beginning of the recharge, 7.8 C of charge are
stored in the battery. The recharging process halts when the
stored charge reaches 35.9 C. How long does it take to
recharge the battery?
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EECE 251, Set 1
Resistance
• Different material allow charges to move within them with
different levels of ease. This physical property or ability to resist
current is known as resistance.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Resistance
l
R
A
• The constant of the proportionality is the resistivity of the
material, i.e., r
l
Rr
A
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EECE 251, Set 1
Resistance
• In honor of George Simon Ohm (1787-1854), a German
physicist, the unit of resistance is named Ohm (W).
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Ohm’s Law
• The voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the
current i flowing through the resistor. The proportionality
constant is the resistance of the resistor, i.e., v(t ) Ri (t )
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EECE 251, Set 1
Resistors (Fixed and Variable)
• Fixed resistors have a resistance that remains constants.
• Two common type of fixed resistors are:
(a) wirewound
(b) composition (carbon film type)
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EECE 251, Set 1
Fixed Resistors
• Inside the resistor
• A common type of resistor that you will work with in your labs:
• It has 4 color-coded bands (3 for value and one for tolerance)
– How to read the value of the resistor?
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EECE 251, Set 1
Variable Resistors
• Variable resistors have adjustable resistance and are typically
called potentiometer (or pot for short).
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Conductance
• G=1/R is called the conductance of the element and is
W
measured in siemens (S) or mho ( ) .
German inventor
Ernst Werner von Siemens
(1816-1892)
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EECE 251, Set 1
Short and Open Circuits
• A device with zero resistance is called short circuit and a device
with zero conductance (i.e., infinite resistance) is called open-
circuit.
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Example
• The power absorbed by the 10-kΩ resistor in the following circuit
is 3.6 mW. Determine the voltage and the current in the circuit.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• Given the following network, find R and VS.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• Given the following circuit, find the value of the voltage source
and the power absorbed by the resistance.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Wheatstone Bridge
• A Wheatstone Bridge circuit is an accurate device for measuring
resistance. The circuit, shown below, is used to measure the
unknown resistor Rx. The center leg of the circuit contains a
galvanometer (a very sensitive device used to measure current).
When the unknown resistor is connected to the bridge, R3 is
adjusted until the current in the galvanometer is zero, at which
point the bridge is balanced.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Wheatstone Bridge
• In the balanced condition:
R1 R2
R3 Rx
That is:
R2
Rx R3
R1
• Invented by Samuel Hunter Christie (1784–1865), a British
scientist and mathematician.
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Wheatstone Bridge
• Engineers use the Wheatstone bridge circuit to measure strain
in solid material. For example, in a system used to determine
the weight of a truck (shown below). The platform is supported
by cylinders on which strain gauges are mounted. The strain
gauges, which measure strain when the cylinder deflects under
load, are connected to a Wheatstone bridge.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Wheatstone Bridge
• Typically, the strain gauge has a resistance of 120Ω under
no-load conditions and changes value under load. The variable
resistor in the bridge is a calibrated precision device.
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Terminology (Nodes and Branches)
• Note: our definition of nodes (and branches) is slightly different
from traditional definitions used in the textbooks!
• Please note that almost all components that we deal with in this
course are two-terminal components (resistors, sources, …)
• A “binary node” (or b-node for short) has only two components
connected to it.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• In the following circuit identify the nodes (and their types).
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Example
• Are the following two circuits different? Identify the nodes (and
their types) in each circuit.
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Branch
• A branch is a collection of elements that are connected between
two “true nodes” that includes only those two true nodes (and
does not include any other true nodes).
• In our example:
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Loop
• A “loop” is any closed path in the circuit that does not cross any
true node but once.
• A “window pane loop” is a loop that does not contain any other
loops inside it.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• In the following circuit, find the number of branches, nodes, and
window pane loops. Are the window pane loops independent?
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Series and Parallel Connections
• Two or more elements are connected “in series” when they
belong to the same branch.(even if they are separated by other
elements).
• In general, circuit elements are in series when they are
sequentially connected end-to-end and only share binary nodes
among them.
• Elements that are in series carry the same current.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Series and Parallel Circuits
• Two or more circuit elements are “in parallel” if they are
connected between the same two “true nodes”.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887), a German physicist,
stated two basic laws concerning the relationship between the
currents and voltages in an electrical circuit.
• Example: Write the KCL for the node A inside this black box
circuit:
i4 A
i1
i3
i2
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EECE 251, Set 1
KCL
Σiin=Σiout
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• The following network is represented by its topological diagram.
Find the unknown currents in the network.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• In the following circuit, find ix.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Closed Boundary
• A closed boundary is a closed curve (or surface), such as a
circle in a plane (or a sphere in three dimensional space) that
has a well-defined inside and outside.
• This closed boundary is sometimes called supernode or more
formally a Gauss surface.
2A
3A
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• In the following circuit, use a closed surface to find I4.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltage drops around any closed path
(or loop) is zero at any instance of time.
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EECE 251, Set 1
KVL Example
• Find VAC and VCH in the following circuit.
B
C H G
A
+ +
-
1V 4V
-2V
+ - -
D - 2V + E F
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• In the following circuit, find vo and i.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• In the following circuit, assume VR1=26V and VR2=14V. Find VR3.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• In the following circuit use KVL to determine Vae and Vec. Note
that we use the convention Vae to indicate the voltage of point a
with respect to point e or Vae=Va-Ve
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EECE 251, Set 1
Some Interesting Implications of KCL and KVL
• A series connection of two different current sources is
impossible. Why?
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EECE 251, Set 1
More Interesting Implicationsz
• A current source supplying zero current is equivalent to an open
circuit:
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EECE 251, Set 1
Series Resistors
• The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected
in series is the sum of the resistors (Why?)
1 1 1 1
Req R1 R2 Rn or
Geq G1 G2 Gn
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EECE 251, Set 1
Voltage Division
• In a series combination of n resistors, the voltage drop across
the resistor Rj for j=1,2, …, n is:
Rj
v j (t ) vin (t )
R1 R2 Rn
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EECE 251, Set 1
Parallel Resistors
• The equivalent conductance of resistors connected in parallel is
the sum of their individual conductances:
1 1 1 1
Geq G1 G2 Gn or
Req R1 R2 Rn
• Why?
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EECE 251, Set 1
Current Division
• In a parallel combination of n resistors, the current through the
resistor Rj for j=1,2, …, n is:
Gj
i j (t ) iin (t )
G1 G2 Gn
• Why?
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EECE 251, Set 1
Parallel Resistors and Current Division Example
• For the special case of two parallel resistors
R1R2 R2 R1
Req , i1 (t ) i(t ), and i2 (t ) i(t )
R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2
• Why?
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• In the following circuit find Req:
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• In the following circuit find the resistance seen between the two
terminal s A and B, i.e., RAB
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• In the following circuit find the current i.
20W
30W
30W
30W
i
12V
10W
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• In the following circuit find I1, I2, I3, Va, and Vb.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Tricky Example!
• In the following circuit, find the equivalent resistance Req.
Assume gm=0.5S.
2W
W
Req gmv1
1W
v1
-
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EECE 251, Set 1
Standard Resistor Values for 5% and 10% Tolerances
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Example
• Given the network shown in Fig. 2.31: (a) find the required value
for the resistor R; (b) use Table 2.1 to select a standard 10%
tolerance resistor for R; (c) using the resistor selected in (b),
determine the voltage across the 3.9-kΩ resistor; (d) calculate
the percent error in the voltage V1, if the standard resistor
selected in (b) is used; and (e) determine the power rating for
this standard component.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Board Notes
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Wye-Delta Transformations
• In some circuits the resistors are neither in series nor in parallel.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Wye and Delta Networks
• A useful technique that can be used to simply many such
circuits is transformation from wye (Y) to delta (D) network.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Wye and Delta Networks
• The delta (D) or pi (P) network has the following general form:
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EECE 251, Set 1
Delta-Wye Conversion
• In some cases it is more convenient to work with a Y network in
place of a D network.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Delta-Wye Conversion
• We calculate the equivalent resistance between terminals a and
c while terminal b is open in both cases:
Rac (Y ) R1 R3
Rac (D) Rb ( Ra Rc )
Rb ( Ra Rc )
Rac (Y ) Rac (D) R1 R3
Ra Rb Rc
Similarly: Rc ( Ra Rb )
R1 R2
Ra Rb Rc
Ra ( Rb Rc )
R2 R3
Ra Rb Rc
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EECE 251, Set 1
Delta-Wye Conversion
• Solving for R1, R2, and R3 we have:
Rb Rc
R1
Ra Rb Rc
Rc Ra
R2
Ra Rb Rc
Ra Rb
R3
Ra Rb Rc
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EECE 251, Set 1
Wye-Delta Conversion
• From the previous page equations, we have:
Ra Rb Rc ( Ra Rb Rc )
R1R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
( Ra Rb Rc ) 2
Ra Rb Rc
Ra Rb Rc
SM 107
EECE 251, Set 1
Wye-Delta Transformations
• Y and D networks are said to be balanced when:
R1 R2 R3 RY and Ra Rb Rc RD
RD
RY and RD 3RY
3
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• For the following bridge network find Rab and i.
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EECE 251, Set 1
Example
• Find IS?
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EECE 251, Set 1