29.11.2022.

BASIC WORD STRUCTURE

WORD FORMATION
There are 3 major objectives to keep in mind when
studying medical terminology:

BASIC  Analyze words by dividing them into component

parts!
WORD STRUCTURE
 Relate the medical terms to the structure and
function of the human body!
 Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems!

Analyze words by dividing them Analyze words by dividing them

into component parts into component parts

 To divide words into basic elements – roots,  Meaning: the process of study of the stomach
suffixes, prefixes and combining forms (“jigsaw and intestines/ study of…
puzzles”)
GASTR /O/ ENTER /O/ LOGY GASTR/ O /ENTER/ O /LOGY

PROCESS
ROOT ROOT SUFFIX STOMACH INTESTINES
OF STUDY

COMBINING COMBINING COMBINING COMBINING

VOWEL VOWEL VOWEL VOWEL

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Analyze words by dividing them Relate the medical terms to the structure
into component parts and function of the human body

 Three important rules:

I. Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back Terms presented in the lessons to come have
to the first part of the word relevance to anatomy, physiology and
II. Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix disease processes (pathology) of the human
beginning with a vowel – gastric not gastroic body
III. Retain the combining vowel between two roots in a
word  ONE SHOULD EXPLAIN TERMS IN CONTEXT OF HOW THE
BODY WORKS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Analyze words by dividing them Be aware of

into component parts spelling and pronunciation problems

 Words pronounced alike but spelled

differently
/o - ileum part of the small intestine
ilium part of the pelvic/hip/ bone

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Be aware of Be aware of
spelling and pronunciation problems spelling and pronunciation problems

 misspelled word = wrong meaning  Words spelled correctly but incorrectly

pronounced
hepat/oma tumor of the liver urethra mokraćna cijev
hemat/oma collection of blood under (juэ’ri:θrэ)
the skin (bruise)
ureter mokraćovod
(‘ju:ritэ)

BASIC WORD STRUCTURE

WORD FORMATION
 Three basic component parts of medical words:

1. WORD ROOT – foundation of the word

2. SUFFIX – word ending
BASIC WORD STRUCTURE 3. PREFIX – word beginning
-----------------------------------------------------------
1. COMBINING VOWEL – a vowel linking the root to the
suffix or to another root
2. COMBINING FORM – root+combining vowel (R+CV)
3. COMPOUND WORDS – words with more than one root

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A. Complete the following sentences A. Complete the following sentences (key)

1. Word beginnings are called _________________. 1. Word beginnings are called __prefixes____.
2. Word endings are called ___________________. 2. Word endings are called __________suffixes_________.
3. The foundation of a word is known as the _______________. 3. The foundation of a word is known as the ____root/stem_____.
4. A letter linking a suffix and a root, or linking two roots, in a term is 4. A letter linking a suffix and a root, or linking two roots, in a term is
called the _________________ called the ______combining vowel_______.
5. The combination of a root and a combining vowel is known as the 5. The combination of a root and a combining vowel is known as the
____________. ___combining form_________.

WORD ANALYSIS WORD ANALYSIS

HEMAT/O/LOGY ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM

root suffix root root suffix

combining vowel combining vowel combining vowel

ROOT – foundation of the word; hemat=blood ROOT – foundation of the word; electr=electricity
SUFFIX – word ending; -logy=study of SUFFIX – word ending; -gram=record
COMBINING VOWEL (usually o) – links the root to the suffix or the root COMBINING VOWEL (usually o) – links the root to the suffix or the root
to another root to another root

HEMATOLOGY=study of blood ELECTROCARDIOGRAM=record of the electricity in the heart

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Combining Forms, Prefixes and Suffixes Combining Forms, Prefixes and Suffixes

 aden/o – crin/o  derm/o - dermat/o

 arthr/o
 carcin/o – bi/o – cis/o
 cardi/o  electr/o: cardi/o – encephal/o
 cephal/o ≠ encephal/o=cerebr/o
 cyst/o
 cyt/o

B. Give the meanings of the following combining forms

B. Give the meanings of the following combining forms (key)

CARDI/O CARCINO/O CARDI/O heart CARCINO/O cancer, cancerous

ADEN/O CYST/O ADEN/O gland CYST/O urinary bladder
BI/O CYT/O BI/O life CYT/O cell
CEREBR/O DERM/O CEREBR/O brain DERM/O skin
DERMAT/O (cerebrum:the largest part of the
brain) DERMAT/O
CEPHAL/O ENCEPHAL/O CEPHAL/O head ENCEPHAL/O brain
ARTHR/O ELECTR/O ARTHR/O joint ELECTR/O electricity

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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS - PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS –

SPECIALISTS SPECIALISTS (key)
 Match the abnormal condition in COLUMN I with the physician (specialist) who treats it in COLUMN II  Match the abnormal condition in COLUMN I with the physician (specialist) who treats it in COLUMN II

COLUMN I ANSWER COLUMN II COLUMN I ANSWER COLUMN II

1. heart attack a) gastroenterologist 1. heart attack d a) gastroenterologist

2. ovarian cysts b) hematologist 2. ovarian cysts f b) hemoatologist
3. bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder c) nephrologist 3. bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder j c) nephrologist

4. breast adenocarcinoma d) cardiologist 4. breast adenocarcinoma e d) cardiologist

5. iron-deficiency anemia e) oncologist 5. iron-deficiency anemia e) oncologist

b
f) gynecologist f) gynecologist
6. retinopathy 6. retinopathy h
g) urologist g) urologist
7. cerebrovascular accident 7. cerebrovascular accident i
h) ophthalmologist h) ophthalmologist
8. renal failure 8. renal failure c
i) neurologist i) neurologist
9. inflammatory bowel disease 9. inflammatory bowel disease a
j) psychiatrist j) psychiatrist
10. cystitis 10. cystitis g

D. Using slashes, divide the following terms into parts and D. Using slashes, divide the following terms into parts and
give the meaning of the entire term give the meaning of the entire term (key)

1. CEREBRAL CEREBRAL CEREBR/AL pertaining to the cerebrum

2. BIOPSY BIOPSY BIO+O/PSY=bi/o/psy process of viewing life (“living tissue”)

3. ADENITIS ADENITIS ADEN/ITIS inflammation of a gland

4. CEPHALIC CEPHALIC CEPHAL/IC pertaining to the head

5. CARCINOMA CARCINOMA CARCIN/OMA cancerous tumor

6. CYSTOSCOPY CYSTOSCOPY CYST/O/SCOPY process of visual examination of the

urinary bladder
7. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/ record of the electricity of the heart
8. CARDIOLOGY GRAM
9. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM CARDIOLOGY CARDI/O/LOGY study of the heart
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ELECTR/O/ENCEPHAL/O record of the electricity in the brain
/GRAM

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D. Using slashes, divide the following terms into parts and D. Using slashes, divide the following terms into parts and
give the meaning of the entire term give the meaning of the entire term (key)

10. DERMATITIS DERMATITIS DERMAT/ITIS inflammation of the skin

11. ARTHROSCOPY ARTHROSCOPY ARTHR/O/SCOPY process of visual examination of a joint

12. CYTOLOGY CYTOLOGY CYT/O/LOGY study of cells

COMBINING FORMS E. Give the meanings of the following combining forms

 CFs connected with blood ERYTHR/O NEPHR/O

 CFs connected with organs ENTER/O LEUK/O
GASTR/O IATR/O
 gnos/o – diagnosis vs. prognosis
GNOS/O HEPAT/O
 iatr/o – iatrogenic fracture HEMAT/O NEUR/O
CIS/O GYNEC/O

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E. Give the meanings of the following combining forms

(key) COMBINING FORMS

 CFs connected with medical specialties

ERYTHR/O red NEPHR/O kidney
ENTER/O intestines LEUK/O white
GASTR/O stomach IATR/O treatment
GNOS/O knowledge HEPAT/O liver
HEMAT/O blood NEUR/O nerve  CFs connected with organs II
CIS/O to cut GYNEC/O woman, female

 sarc/o – “flesh” = connective tissue (muscle, bone, fat)

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F. Complete the medical term based on its meaning, as

provided

1 white blood cell ______cyte

2 inflammation of the stomach gastr_____
3 pertaining to being produced by treatment ______genic
4 study of kidneys ______logy
5 red blood cell _______cyte
6 mass of blood _______oma
7 process of viewing living tissue bi_____
8 pain of nerves neur_______
9 process of viewing the eye ________scopy
10 inflammation of the small intestine _______itis

F. Complete the medical term based on its meaning, as

provided (key)
WORD FORMATION
1 white blood cell LEUKOCYTE
2 inflammation of the stomach GASTRITIS
3 pertaining to being produced by treatment IATROGENIC
4 study of kidneys NEPHROLOGY
5 red blood cell ERYTHROCYTE BASIC WORD STRUCTURE
6 mass of blood HEMATOMA
- PRACTICE
7 process of viewing living tissue BIOPSY
8 pain of nerves NEUROPATHY
9 process of viewing the eye OPHTHALMOSCOPY
10 inflammation of the small intestine ENTERITIS

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G. Match the english term in column I with its combining G. Match the english term in column I with its combining
form in column II form in column II (key)
Column I - English term Column II - Combining Form Column I - English term Column II - Combining Form
kidney PSYCH/O kidney REN/O PSYCH/O
disease OPHTHALM/O disease PATH/O OPHTHALM/O
eye OSTE/O eye OPHTHALM/O OSTE/O
to cut PATH/O to cut SECT/O PATH/O
nose REN/O nose RHIN/O REN/O
flesh RHIN/O flesh SARC/O RHIN/O
mind RADI/O mind PSYCH/O RADI/O
urinary tract ONC/O urinary tract UR/O ONC/O
bone SARC/O bone OSTE/O SARC/O
x-rays THROMB/O x-rays RADI/O THROMB/O
clotting UR/O clotting THROMB/O UR/O
tumor SECT/O tumor ONC/O SECT/O

III. COMBINING FORMS (R+CV), SUFFIXES

AND PREFIXES C. Give the meanings of the following suffixes

 pertaining to (-ac, -al, -ic, -ical etc.)

-OMA -SCOPY
 incision – excision (-tomy vs. –ectomy)
-AL -IC
 condition/process (-emia, -ion, -logy, -opsy, -osis, -ITIS -GRAM
-LOGY -OPSY
-pathy, -sis, -y)
o -algia/-dynia
o -gram, -graph, -graphy
o -scope / -scopy≠-opsy

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H. Underline the suffix in each term and give the meaning

C. Give the meanings of the following suffixes (key) of the entire term

OPHTHALMOSCOPY

-OMA tumor, mass, -SCOPY process of visual OPHTHALMOSCOPE

swelling examination ONCOLOGY
-AL pertaining to -IC pertaining to OSTEITIS
-ITIS inflammation -GRAM record PSYCHOSIS
-LOGY process of study -OPSY process of viewing THROMBOCYTE
RENAL
NEPHRECTOMY
OSTEOTOMY
RESECTION
CARCINOGENIC
SARCOMA

H. Underline the suffix in each term and give the meaning

of the entire term (key) I. Match the suffix in column I with its meaning in column II
Column I – Suffix Column II - Meaning
OPHTHALMOSCOPY OPHTHALM/O/SCOPY process of visual examination of the eye -ALGIA A) abnormal condition
OPHTHALMOSCOPE OPHTHALM/O/SCOPE instrument for visual examination of the eye -ION B) record
C) pertaining to producing, produced by or
ONCOLOGY ONC/O/LOGY study of tumors -EMIA produced in
OSTEITIS OSTE/ITIS inflammation of bone -GRAM D) instrument to visually examine
PSYCHOSIS PSYCH/OSIS abnormal condition of the mind -SCOPE E) pain
F) blood condition
THROMBOCYTE THROMB/O/CYTE clotting cell (platelet) -OSIS G) removal, excision, resection
RENAL REN/AL pertaining to the kidney -ECTOMY H) process
NEPHRECTOMY NEPHR/ECTOMY removal (excision) of the kidney -GENIC I) inflammation
J) cell
OSTEOTOMY OSTEO/TOMY incision of (to cut into ) a bone -PATHY K) disease condition
RESECTION RE/SECT/ION process of cutting back in the sense of removal -TOMY L) incision, process of cutting into
CARCINOGENIC CARCIN/O/GENIC pertaining to producing cancer -ITIS
SARCOMA SARC/OMA tumor of "flesh" (connective tissue: bone, fat, muscle) -CYTE

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I. Match the suffix in column I with its meaning in column II

III. COMBINING FORMS (R+CV), SUFFIXES
(key) AND PREFIXES
Column I – Suffix Column II - Meaning
-ALGIA E A) abnormal condition
B) record
 a-, an-…negation
-ION H
-EMIA F
C) pertaining to producing, produced by or  dia- (diagnosis!): complete/through
produced in
-GRAM B D) instrument to visually examine  endo-/in- vs ex-/exo-
-SCOPE D E) pain
F) blood condition  hyper- vs hypo- (hypergycemia vs hypoglycemia)
-OSIS A G) removal, excision, resection
-ECTOMY G H) process  hypo-, sub- vs epi- (hypogastric vs epigastric)
I) inflammation
-GENIC C
J) cell  peri-, trans-
-PATHY K K) disease condition
-TOMY L L) incision, process of cutting into  brady-, tachy-
-ITIS I
-CYTE J

K. Give the meanings of the following prefixes K. Give the meanings of the following prefixes (key)

DIA- ENDO-
DIA- complete, through ENDO- within
PRO- RETRO-
PRO- before; in front of RETRO- behind
AUTO- TRANS-
AUTO- self TRANS- across, through
A-, AN- PERI-
A-, AN- no, not PERI- surrounding
HYPER- EX-
HYPER- excessive, above, EX- out
HYPO- SUB- more than normal
EPI- RE- HYPO- deficient, below, SUB- below, under
less than normal
EPI- above, upon RE- back

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L. Underline the prefix in the following terms and give the L. Underline the prefix in the following terms and give the
meaning of the entire term meaning of the entire term (key)

DIAGNOSIS DIAGNOSIS DIAGNOSIS complete knowledge about patient’s condition

PROGNOSIS PROGNOSIS PROGNOSIS prediction about outcome of treatment/illness
SUBHEPATIC SUBHEPATIC SUBHEPATIC pertaining to below the liver
PERICARDIUM PERICARDIUM PERICARDIUM the membrane surrounding the heart
HYPERGLYCEMIA HYPERGLYCEMIA HYPERGLYCEMIA condition of excessive glucose in the blood
HYPODERMIC HYPODERMIC HYPODERMIC pertaining to under the skin
EPIGASTRIC EPIGASTRIC EPIGASTRIC pertaining to above the stomach
RESECTION RESECTION RESECTION process of cutting back (in the sense of cutting out)
HYPOGLYCEMIA HYPOGLYCEMIA HYPOGLYCEMIA condition of low glucose in the blood
ANEMIA ANEMIA ANEMIA blood condition of low number of erythrocytes
/deficient hemoglobin in the red blood cells

IV. Plural Suffixes https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pleura

FORM EXAMPLE
Singular Plural RULE Singular Plural
A AE Retain the a and add e PLEURA PLEURAE
AX ACES Drop the x and add ces THORAX THORACES
EN INA Drop the en and add ina LUMEN LUMINA
IS ES Drop the is and add es DIAGNOSIS DIAGNOSES
IX ICES Drop the ix or ex and add ices APPENDIX APPENDICES
EX APEX APICES
ON A Drop the on and add a GANGLION GANGLIA
UM A Drop the um and add a BACTERIUM BACTERIA
US I Drop the us and add i BRONCHUS BRONCHI
Y IES Drop the y and add ies DEFORMITY DEFORMITIES
MA MATA Retain the ma and add ta CARCINOMA CARCINOMATA

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https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/radius
IV. Plural Suffixes

Write the plural form for each word and briefly state the rule
Nr Singular Plural Rule

1 DIAGNOSIS DIAGNOSES Drop the is and add es.

2 FORNIX

3 BURSA

4 VERTEBRA

5 KERATOSIS

6 BRONCHUS

7 SPERMATOZOON

8 SEPTUM

9 COCCUS

IV. Plural Suffixes (key) IV. Plural Suffixes

Write the plural form for each word and briefly state the rule Write the plural form for each word and briefly state the rule

Nr Singular Plural Rule Nr Singular Plural Rule

1 DIAGNOSIS DIAGNOSES Drop the is and add es. 10 APEX

2 FORNIX FORNICES Drop the ix and add ices 11 GANGLION

3 BURSA BURSAE Retain the a and add e 12 PROGNOSIS

4 VERTEBRA VERTEBRAE Retain the a and add e 13 THROMBUS

5 KERATOSIS KERATOSES Drop the is and add es 14 APPENDIX

6 BRONCHUS BRONCHI Drop the us and add i 15 BACTERIUM

7 SPERMATOZOON SPERMATOZOA Drop the on and add a 16 RADIUS

8 SEPTUM SEPTA Drop the um and add a 17 TESTIS

9 COCCUS COCCI Drop the us and add i 18 NEVUS

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M. Complete the following terms (describing areas of medicine) based

IV. Plural Suffixes (key) on their meanings as given below.

Write the plural form for each word and briefly state the rule
study of urinary tract: _______logy
Nr Singular Plural Rule study of women and women’s disease: _______logy
10 APEX APICES Drop the ex and add ices study of blood: _______logy
study of tumors: _______logy
11 GANGLION GANGLIA Drop the on and add a
study of the kidneys: _______logy
12 PROGNOSIS PROGNOSES Drop the is and add es study of nerves: _______logy

13 THROMBUS THROMBI Drop the us and add i treatment of children: _______iatrics

study of x-rays: _______logy
14 APPENDIX APPENDICES Drop the ix and add ices
study of the eyes: _______logy
15 BACTERIUM BACTERIA Drop the um and add a study of the stomach and intestines: _______logy

16 RADIUS RADII Drop the us and add i study of glands that secrete hormones: _______logy
treatment of the mind: _______iatry
17 TESTIS TESTES Drop the is and add es
study of disease: _______logy
18 NEVUS NEVI Drop the us and add i study of the heart: _______logy

M. Complete the following terms (describing areas of medicine) based N. Give the meaning of the underlined word part and then
on their meanings as given below. (key) define the term

CEREBROVASCULAR
study of urinary tract: UROLOGY
ACCIDENT
study of women and women’s disease: GYNECOLOGY
ENCEPHALITIS
study of blood: HEMATOLOGY
study of tumors: ONCOLOGY CYSTOSCOPE
study of the kidneys: NEPHROLOGY TRANSHEPATIC
study of nerves: NEUROLOGY IATROGENIC
treatment of children: PEDIATRICS
HYPOGASTRIC
study of x-rays: RADIOLOGY
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
study of the eyes: OPHTHALMOLOGY
study of the stomach and intestines: GASTROENEROLOGY NEPHRECTOMY
study of glands that secrete hormones: ENDOCRINOLOGY EXOCRINE GLANDS
treatment of the mind: PSYCHIATRY NEURALGIA
study of disease: PATHOLOGY
study of the heart: CARDIOLOGY

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O. Select from the following terms to complete the sentences below

anemia oncogenic psychiatrist
biopsy oncologist psychologist
diagnosis osteoarthritis thrombocyte
N. Give the meaning of the underlined word part and then leukemia pathogenic thrombosis
nephrologist prognosis urologist
define the term (key) neuropathy

CEREBROVASCULAR cerebrum (the largest damage to the blood vessels of the cerebrum 1. Seventy-year-old Ms. Crick suffers from a degenerative joint disease that is
ACCIDENT part of the brain) leading to death of brain cells. caused by the wearing away of tissue around her joints. This condition, which
ENCEPHALITIS brain inflammation of the brain literally means inflammation of bones and joints, is called
CYSTOSCOPE urinary bladder instrument used to visually examine the
_____________________.
urinary bladder 2. The _____________ sample was removed during surgery and sent to a
TRANSHEPATIC across, through pertaining to across or through the liver pathologist to be examined under a microscope for a proper diagnosis.
IATROGENIC treatment/physician pertaining to adverse side effect produced by 3. A (an) ___________ performed surgery to remove Mr. Simon’s cancerous
treatment (physician) kidney.
HYPOGASTRIC under, below, deficient pertaining to below the stomach 4. Ms. Rose has suffered from hyperglycemia (diabetes) for many years. This
ENDOCRINE GLANDS within secrete hormones within the body condition can lead to long-term complications such as the disease of nerves
called diabetic __________________.
NEPHRECTOMY excision, surg. removal surgical removal of a kidney
5. A virus or a bacterium produces disease and is therefore a (an) ____________
EXOCRINE GLANDS outside secrete chemicals to the outside of the body organism.
NEURALGIA pain nerve pain

O. Select from the following terms to complete the sentences below O. Select from the following terms to complete the sentences below
anemia oncogenic psychiatrist anemia oncogenic psychiatrist
biopsy oncologist psychologist biopsy oncologist psychologist
diagnosis osteoarthritis thrombocyte diagnosis osteoarthritis thrombocyte
leukemia pathogenic thrombosis leukemia pathogenic thrombosis
nephrologist prognosis urologist nephrologist prognosis urologist
neuropathy neuropathy (key)

6. Mr. Jordan has disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin in his erythrocytes.
The erythrocytes change shape, collapsing to form sickle-shaped cells that can
become clots and stop the flow of blood. He has a condition call sickle-cell
___________.
7. A (an) ________ is a doctor who treats carcinomas and sarcomas.
8. A cell that helps blood to clot is called a platelet or ___________.
9. Dr. Susan Parker told Mr. Jones that his condition would improve with
treatment in few weeks. She said his ____________ is excellent and he can
expect total recovery.
10. A (an) ____________ is a medical doctor who treats mental illness and can
prescribe medications.
1. Seventy-year-old Ms. Crick suffers from a degenerative joint disease that is
caused by the wearing away of tissue around her joints. This condition, which
literally means inflammation of bones and joints, is called osteoarthritis.
2. The biopsy sample was removed during surgery and sent to a pathologist to
be examined under a microscope for a proper diagnosis.
3. A (an) urologist performed surgery to remove Mr. Simon’s cancerous kidney.
4. Ms. Rose has suffered from hyperglycemia (diabetes) for many years. This
condition can lead to long-term complications such as the disease of nerves
called diabetic neuropathy.
5. A virus or a bacterium produces disease and is therefore a (an) pathogenic
organism.

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O. Select from the following terms to complete the sentences below

anemia oncogenic psychiatrist
biopsy oncologist psychologist
diagnosis osteoarthritis thrombocyte
leukemia pathogenic thrombosis
nephrologist prognosis urologist
neuropathy(key) P. Select the correct term to complete each sentence.

6. Mr. Jordan has disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin in his erythrocytes. Ms. Brody had a cough and fever. Her pathology department for a chest x-ray
The erythrocytes change shape, collapsing to form sickle-shaped cells that can doctor instructed her to go to the radiology
become clots and stop the flow of blood. He has a condition call sickle-cell hematology
anemia. Ms. Thompson had problems holding her urine (a gastroenterologist
7. A (an) oncologist is a doctor who treats carcinomas and sarcomas. condition known as urinary incontinence. She made an pathologist
appointment with a urologist
8. A cell that helps blood to clot is called a platelet or thrombocyte.
Dr. Monroe told a new mother she had anemia and needea a blood
9. Dr. Susan Parker told Mr. Jones that his condition would improve with lost much blood during delivery of her leukocytosis transfusion immediately.
treatment in few weeks. She said his prognosis is excellent and he can expect child. She had adenitis
total recovery.
Mr. Preston was having chest pain during his morning nephrologist
10. A (an) psychiatrist is a medical doctor who treats mental illness and can walks. He made an appointment to discuss his new neurologist
prescribe medications. symptom with a cardiologist
After the skiing accident, Dr. Curtin cystoscopy to visually examine my
suggested biopsy swollen, painful knee
arthroscopy

P. Select the correct term to complete each sentence.(key)

VII. Pronunciation of Terms

Ms. Brody had a cough and fever. Her pathology department for a chest x-ray The markings ˉ and ˘ above the vowels (a, e, i, o and u)
doctor instructed her to go to the radiology
hematology indicate the proper sounds of the vowels.
Ms. Thompson had problems holding her urine (a gastroenterologist
condition known as urinary incontinence. She made an pathologist
appointment with a urologist When ˉ is above a vowel, its sound is LONG
Dr. Monroe told a new mother she had anemia and needea a blood ā as in āpe
lost much blood during delivery of her leukocytosis transfusion immediately.
child. She had adenitis ē as in ēven
Mr. Preston was having chest pain during his morning nephrologist
walks. He made an appointment to discuss his new neurologist
ī as in īce
symptom with a cardiologist ō as in ōpen
After the skiing accident, Dr. Curtin cystoscopy to visually examine my
suggested biopsy swollen, painful knee
ū as in ūnit
arthroscopy

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VII. Pronunciation of Terms VII. Pronunciation of Terms

LONG SHORT
When ˘ is above a vowel, its sound is SHORT
ā āpe ă ăpple
ă as in ăpple
ē ēven ĕ ĕvery
ĕ as in ĕvery ī īce ĭ ĭnterest
ĭ as in ĭnterest ō ōpen ŏ pŏt
ŏ as in pŏt ū ūnit ŭ ŭnder

ŭ as in ŭnder

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