09/02/2024

Human Anatomy

Why Study Anatomy?

Communication within the health professions.
In order to understand the pathology of the human body, one must understa
Learn the interaction between body systems.
Define the significance between structure and function.
It’s Fun. (Personal opinion)

1
 09/02/2024

Goals of the Course

To provide a common anatomical language
To relate the common language of anatomy to the functional morpholog
To provide a baseline of knowledge for the study of physiology.
Illustrate the principle that structure and function are related.

Why Study Anatomy?

Provides an education rather than training.
ie: you can train a monkey to do surgery but the monkey cannot fix a probl
Terminology allows clear communication between medical professionals.
Things aren’t always what they appear to be…

2
 09/02/2024

Some definitions
Morphology
-form that structures take on.
-Morphology affects function
Structure
-a part of the body. Can either be microscopic (small) or macroscopic (large).
Function
-refers to physical behavior. What a structure does.
-Function is related to structures=Functional Morphology

3
 09/02/2024

Normal vs. Abnormal

-We must understand the normal situation to be able to compare it with an
Topographic Anatomy
-Structures on the surface of the skin can be used to identify and locate de

Structure defines and restricts function.

- certain joints can only move in one direction. For example a hinge joint

4
 09/02/2024

Laboratory Information
Hands on training.
Bring lab book, an atlas, and information your instructor tells you.
You must supply your own gloves.
Dissection kits will be supplied for you.
DO NOT CUT ANYTHING! This is blunt dissection.
Get a 4 or 5 color pen or a set of colored pencils.

YOU MUST PASS BOTH LECTURE AND LAB TO PASS THE COUR

5
 09/02/2024

Drugs and Alcohol Don’t Mix

ANATOMY
Study of structure.
ANA = apart
TOMY = to cut

6
 09/02/2024

Anatomy

HISTOLOGY

GROSS
Structures can only be
Surface Anatomy
seen with a microscope

Study of shapes and landmarks

Cells and cell parts
on the surface of the body

Structures can be seen with

the naked eye.

Dissection

Regional

All structures of a region are studied together

Systemic

All structures with related functions are studied together

Our study of Human Anatomy will look at both, gross and histological anatomy.

Anatomical Terminology

7
 09/02/2024

Anatomical Axes - axes are like skewers which pass through the body. They are used to describe axes about whi

Superior Inferior

8
 09/02/2024

Anatomical Position
This is a reference position that allows for the use of consistent direction
All descriptions of location are made from within anatomical position.
Subject is facing forward with palms forward, thumbs facing to the sides.

Anatomical
Position

This is the position

from which all directions and descriptions are m

The person is standing

erect, palms facing anteriorly, feet together and

forward.

9
 09/02/202

Superior

TRANSVERSE PLANE
Inferior

Body Midline

EYES

Medial

Sagittal
Plane Lateral
EARS

1
 09/02/202

The Extremities have a different set of terms

The arm is DISTAL

TO THE TRUNK or MIDLINE OF THE BODY

The upper arm is

PROXIMAL

1
 09/02/202

The eyes are SUPERIOR to the mouth.

The mouth is INFERIOR to the eyes.

BACK FRONT

CORONAL

The gluteus The umbilicus is

PLANE
maximus is POSTERIOR to ANTERIOR to the gluteus maximus.
the umbilicus.

IN BACK OF IN FRONT OF

Also called Also called

DORSAL VENTRAL

1
 09/02/202

In four legged animals, the head is ANTERIOR to the tail. In two legged
In four legged animals, the region toward the head is CRANIAL. The regi

1
 09/02/202

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

What is the relationship? knee to thigh
Nipple to belly button
Chin to eyes
Little toe to big toe

SKIN

SUPERFICIAL – toward the surface

DEEP – away from the surface

1
 09/02/202

DIRECTIONAL TERMS FOR

MUSCLES

ORIGIN – attachment of
muscle on a fixed point, closest to midline

THIGH BONE (FEMUR)
INSERTION – attachment of
muscle that is moveable,
Lfarthest from midline.
E
GBONE

Medial vs. Median

A median structure is one which is in the median (midline) plane of the body (such a

The term medial is a relative term and must be used to compare two structures; one s

1
 09/02/202

Hands and Feet:

Palmar or Volar means the anterior surface or palm of the hand.

Plantar means the inferior surface or sole of the foot.

Dorsum of the hand and foot refers to the superior surface of the foot and posterior s

Ipsilateral and Contralateral refer to the same or opposite sides of the

Ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body,

e.g., the right arm and right leg are ipsilateral structures.

Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body;

e.g., the right arm and the left arm are contralateral structures.

1
 09/02/202

Cardinal Body Planes

Regional Terminology

1
 09/02/202

Reference Positions

Note the synonomous pairs:

Dorsal : posterior Ventral : anterior

Oxymoron?

1
 09/02/202

Organization of the Human Body

The body is organized from the smallest part to the largest part.
Chemical Level
atoms, molecules
carbohydrates, lipids, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
Cellular Level
-simplest structural unit
-basic unit of life
-smallest unit that can live on its own

Tissue Level
a group of cells with common origin, structure, and function.
cells within a tissue all work toward a common goal (i.e.: movement, nutri
Organ Level
a group of tissues that have a common function.

1
 09/02/202

Organ System Level

a group of organs with a special function.
Digestive System, Nervous System, etc…
Organismal Level
A group of organ systems that at some point in time is capable of sustaini
All organ systems work together in an organism.

Human Body Plan

Vertebrates Have Some Common Features
Tube within a tube body plan
inner tube – mouth to anus
- respiratory organs
- digestive organs
outer tube – axial skeleton
- axial musulature

2
 09/02/202

Bilateral Symmetry
- left half of the body is a mirror image of the right half.
- structures in the median plane are unpaired, but have identical left and r

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

- develops into the brain and spinal cord.

4.Notochord

5. stiff rod just deep to the spinal cord.

6.
present in the embryo, but is replaced
by
7. the vertebrae later in development.

2
 09/02/202

Segmentation
- repeating units of similar structures running along the length of the trun
- examples include the ribs and intercostal muscles and the vertebral colu

6.Pharyngeal Pouches

7.-pharynx – outpouchings called pouches

that correspond to the clefts between the gills of a fish.

8. - present in the embryo only.

2
 09/02/202

Body Cavities and Membranes

Dorsal Body Cavity
cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
contains the viscera
2 divisions
thoracic cavity
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardium
abdominal cavity
Abdomen
Pelvis
Serous Cavities
2 layers
parietal layer - outer walls of the cavity visceral layer – inner layer covers the
visceral organs
water between the membranes is a watery
fluid

The abdomen is divided into four quadrants which are further subdivided into nine regions.

Each region is named for its relationship with the umbilicus.

Clinically, each region is associated with specific organs.