INTRODUCTION
Anatomy - is the science of the structure & function of
the body
Clinical Anatomy - is the study of the macroscopic
structure & function of the body as it related to the
practice of medicine
Basic Anatomy - is the study of the minimal amount of
anatomy consistent the understanding of the overall
structure & function of the body
Human Anatomy – is the study of the parts
special emphasis on relationship
Divided into:
Gross Anatomy (macroscopic)
DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMICAL TERMS
- Parts & structures that are visible to the naked
eye
Histology (microscopic)
- Is the study of the minute structure
the help of microscope
Developmental Anatomy
- Is the study of the various changes undergone
& ’ r stages of
development
Embryology
- Part of developmental anatomy limited to the
study of all body changes occurring while
developing inside the uterus
Gross Anatomy – is the study based on the knowledge of
forms & relations of the different structures that make up
the human body
Divided into:
Regional or Topographic Anatomy
- Study of the relationship of all the structures
found in the particular area
- Form of study by means of which structure of
the body was found in definite & particular area
are studied in detail
Systematic Anatomy
- Study in which all parts of the body made up of
the same structure & of related function are
taken up individually or as a group
Surface Anatomy
- Delineating the external surface, the relative
positions of the organs & structures found
inside the body
- Achieved by making use of constantly seen of
palpable body projections or depressions for
external landmarks
Radiographic Anatomy
- Study of the normal contour, location, &
relation of the parts of the body as pictured in
X-ray plates
 PT ’ relay results of X-ray
 PT ’ give an impression towards the
Pt
 Only r r’ rv
Applied Anatomy
- Application (based on practice in your clinical
setting) of the knowledge gained in the study of
anatomy to actual practice
- Enables medical professionals to communicate
their colleagues both nationally & internationally
- this, 1 cannot accurately discuss or record the
abnormal functions of joints, the action of muscles,
the alteration of position of organ or the exact
location of swelling or tumors
Anatomical Position
- Fixed imaginary position to which description of
any part of the body is referred to
- Body is in standing erect, the upper limbs by
the sides & the palms of the hands are facing
directly forward & thumb away from the medial
plane
Planes & Surfaces
- Used as a reference when trying to obtain clear
image of the relative positions of 2 or more
structures to one another
 Median / Sagittal (midsagittal) plane
- A vertical plane passing through the
center of the body
- Dividing it into ® & Ⓛ
 Coronal or Frontal plane
- Are imaginary vertical planes @
® angles to the median Plane
- Dividing it into Front & Back
 Transverse or Horizontal plane
- Are ® angles to both median plane
& the coronal plane
- Dividing it into Upper & Lower
Terms Related to Position Terms Related to Movement
1. Medial med - A site where 2 or more bones come together is
known as a JOINT.
- Near to the median plane
2. Lateral lat  Some joints have no movement (sutures
of the skull)
- Lies further away from the median plane
 Some have only slight movement
3. Paramedian
(superior tibiofibular joint)
- A plane situated to one of the other sides  Some are freely movable (shoulder joint).
of the median plane & parallel to it.
4. Anterior (Ventral) ant.
Flexion Flex or ✓
- Front
5. Posterior (Dorsal) post. - Is a movement that takes place in a sagittal
- Back plane
6. Superior (Cranial) - A bending movement around a joint in a limb
that ↓ the angle between the bones of the limb
- Upper part of the body @ the joint
7. Inferior (Caudal) - Usually is an ant. movement, but it is
- Lower part of the body occasionally directed post. , as in the case of
8. Internal & External the knee joint.
- Distance of a structure from the center of - Implies a relatively more powerful, antigravity
an organ movement directed toward the embryonic
9. Proximal & Distal ventral aspect of the body.
- Distance from the roots of the limbs Extension Ext or /
10. Superficial & Deep - Straightening the joint & usually takes place in
- Distance of structure from the surface of a post. direction
the body - An unbending movement around the joint in a
11. Ipsilateral limb that ↑ the angle between the bones of the
- Same side of the body limb @ the joint.
12. Contralateral
- Opposite side of the body
13. Supine
- Body lying on the back
14. Prone
- Body lying face down
15. Plantar & Dorsal
- Lower & upper surface of the feet
16. Palmar & Dorsal
- Anterior & posterior of the hand
Lateral Flexion Rotation
- Is a movement of the trunk in the coronal plane - Is the term applied to the movement of a part of
- Movement of the body to the side the body around its long axis.

Medial Roation
- Is the movement that results in the ant.
surface of the part facing medially.
Lateral Rotation
- Is the movement that results in the ant.
surface of the part facing laterally.

Abduction Abd
- Is a movement of a limb away from the midline
of the body in the coronal plane
Adduction Add
- Is a movement of a limb toward the body in the
coronal plane

Pronation
- Is a med rotation of the forearm in such a
manner that the palm of the hand faces
posteriorly.
Supination
- Is a lat rotation of the forearm from the
pronated position so that the palm of the hand
comes to face anteriorly.
Circumduction
- Is the combination in sequence of the
movements of ✓, ext, abd, & add.
Inversion
- Is the movement of the foot so that the sole
faces in a med direction.
Eversion
- Is the opposite movement of the foot so that the
sole faces in a lat direction.
Opposition of the thumb
- Refers to the ability to turn & rotate the thumb
so that it can touch each finger.
Protraction
- Is the term used to describe moving a body part
forward.
Retraction
- Is to move a part backward
Protraction & Retraction is used for the Jaw
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Skeletal System (Osteology)
- Includes bones & associated cartilages and
membranes
- Bones are made up of water & solids
Solids are divided into:
 Organic Components
- Consist of white fibrous connective
tissue
- Toughness & elasticity of bones in
younger individuals
 Inorganic Components
- Mineral salts principally calcium
phosphate
Functions of bones
- Framework by giving support to the softer
tissues
- Attachments muscle, tendons, & ligaments
- protection by forming boxes or cages wherein
delicate organs are lodged
- Locomotion by acting as a passive levers
during the movement
- Blood cell foundation by producing RBC from
the contained red bone marrow
- Depository of Calcium & Phosphorus
Structures of Bones
 Compact
- Hard or solid mass forming the outer
layer of the bone structure just beneath
the periosteum
 Cancellous (spongy)
- Hard but provided numerous spaces of
branching network of trabeculae
Characteristics of Bones
- Has articular surfaces which is smooth,
polished covered cartilage
- Has smaller apertures which is found all over
surfaces of bones & serve as openings of bony
canals where blood vessels & nerve pass
- Has nutrient foramen usually 1 large opening
where the main blood vessel supply to the bone
passes to the inside
- Has elevation & depression found along the
external surfaces of the bones indicating
attachments, muscle, tendons, & ligaments
Classifications of Bones
- Bones may be classified Regionally or according to their General Shape.

General Shapes Regionally

 Long bones Table 1.2 Regional Classification of bones
- Found in limbs
- Has an elongated shaft & 2 Region of Skeleton Number of Bones
extremities
 Proximal Epiphysis Axial Skeleton
 Distal Epiphysis Skull
- Their length is greater than their
breadth Cranium 8
- E.g. Humerus, femur, radius, ulna,
tibia, fibula Face 14
 Short bones Auditory Ossicles 6
- Cubical or cuboidal in shape
- Cancellous bone a thin layer of Hyoid 1
compact bone
- E.g. Carpal bones, tarsal bones Vertebrae 26
 Flat bones Sternum 1
- Classified as 2 thin plates of compact
bone enclosing a layer of spongy Ribs 24
bone
- E.g. Cranium/skull, scapula, sternum Appendicular Skeleton
 Irregular bones
Shoulder Girdle
- Composed of a thin shell of compact
bones an interior made up of Clavicle 2
cancellous bone
- E.g. Vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, Scapula 2
lumbar), face (anterior), pubic bone
Upper Extremities
 Sesamoid bones
- Small nodules of bones that are Humerus 2
found in certain tendons where they
rub over bony surfaces Radius 2
- Is buried in the tendon to reduce
friction & can alter the direction of Ulna 2
pull of tendon Carpals 16
- E.g. Knee cap, metatarsal
 Pneumatic bones Metacarpals 10
- Skull bones provided air sinuses
- Hollow Bones Phalanges 28
- E.g. Sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla Pelvic Girdle

Hip Bone 2

Lower Extremities

Femur 2

Patella 2

Fibula 2

Tibia 2

Tarsals 14

Metatarsals 10

Phalanges 28

206
Surface Markings of Bones Table 1.3 Surface Markings of Bones
- Bones show various markings or Bone Marking Examples
irregularities
- Fascia, ligaments, tendons, or aponeuroses Linear Elevation
are attached Line Superior nuchal line of the
- Not present @ birth, appears @ puberty & occipital bone
becomes obvious during adulthood
Ridge The medial and lateral
supracondylar
Cartilages ridges of the Humerus
- Connective tissue which cells & fibers are Crest The iliac crest of the hip
embedded in a matrix bone
- Except on the exposed surfaces in joints, a
fibrous membrane called the Rounded Elevation
PERICHONDRIUM (covers the cartilage) Tubercle Pubic tubercle
Protuberance External occipital
Types of Cartilage protuberance
 Hyaline Tuberosity Greater and lesser
- Important part in the growth in Tuberosities of the Humerus
length of long bones
Malleolus Medial malleolus of the
- I ’ gr r w r& v r tibia, lateral malleolus of the
the articular surfaces of nearly all fibula
joints
Trochanter Greater and lesser
- E.g. Ventral ends of ribs, larynx, trochanters of the femur
trachea, bronchi, & articulating
Sharp Elevation
surfaces of bones
 Fibrocartilage Spine or Spinous Process Ischial spine, spine of
vertebra
- Has many collagen fibers found in
the joint disks Styloid Process Styloid process of temporal
- If damages, repairs slowly bone
- E.g. Knee (ACL), sternoclavicular Expanded Ends for Articulation
joint
Head Head of humerus, head of
 Elastic cartilage femur
- Possess large numbers of elastic
Condyle Medial and lateral condyles
fibers of femur (knuckle like
- If damage, repairs itself r process)
tissues
Epicondyle Medial and lateral
- E.g. ear epicondyles of femur
Small Flat Area for Articulation
Facet Facet on head of rib for
articulation with vertebral
body
Depressions
Notch Greater sciatic notch of hip
bone
Groove or Sulcus Bicipital groove of humerus
Fossa Olecranon fossa of humerus,
Acetabular fossa of hip bone
Openings
Fissure Superior orbital fissure
Foramen Infraorbital foramen of the
maxilla
Canal Carotid canal of temporal
bone
Meatus External acoustic meatus of
temporal bone
 Definition of descriptive terms: Classification of Joints
1. Aditus - entrance to a cavity - Based on function
2. Ala - wing shaped projection  Determined by the amount of mobility
3. Alveolus - deep, narrow pit found between the adjacent bones
- Based on structure
4. Antrum - cavity lined by mucus
 Based on the material that binds the
membrane filled air bones together, & on the presence or
5. Canal - passageway complete walls absence of joint cavity
surrounding it
6. Capitulum - head-light rounded process
7. Condyle - smooth rounded enlargement Fibrous Joints or Synarthrosis
whosoever articular surface is surrounded - Immovable
by cartilage  The immobile nature of these joints
8. Cornu - horn-like projection is to provide a strong union between
the articulating joints
9. Crest - sharp, prominent linear body
 Important locations @ locations
elevation where bones provide protection for
10. Epicondyle - smaller projection situation internal organs.
in smooth articular eminence - Articulating surfaces are almost direct
11. Facet - small, smooth area covered contact & the uniting medium either
cartilage fibrous tissue/ hyaline cartilage/
fibrocartilage
12. Foramen - hole, opening
13. Fossa - shallow depression  Sutures
14. Groove - elongated depression - Found in bones of the skull,
15. Hamulus - hook like projection characterized by the presence
16. Hiatus - slit like opening or gap of fibrous tissue connecting
17. Labium - margin or rim of a groove media
 Gomphosis
18. Lamina - clean sheath of bone
- Characterized by a conical
19. Lingula - tongue like projection process received into a
20. Linea - low/ narrow elevation corresponding socket
21. Meatus - passage, narrow short canal - E.g. Teeth in alveolar process
22. Process - any mark projection of Maxillae & Mandible
23. Ridge - slightly more prominent than a line
24. Spina or Spine - sharp, slender projection  Synchondrosis
- Characterized by having
25. Squamous - scale like portion of a bone
cartilaginous uniting medium
26. Styloid - more pronounces spine which may be later ossify
27. Sulcus - groove - E.g. Anterior Tibiofibular
28. Trochlea - pulley shaped surface joint, Interosseous membranes
29. Tubercle - rough in forearm & leg
30. Tuberosity - larger & rougher elevation
31. Uncus- projection shaped like a hook Cartilaginous Joints or Amphiarthrosis
- Slightly movable
Whole human skeleton made up of 206 Bones - Articulating surfaces connected by a wide
disc of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Axial skeleton = 80
Appendicular skeleton = 4 Primary Cartilaginous Joint or Symphysis
Upper extremity = 60 - Wide fibrocartilage disk unites the
Pelvic Girdle = 2 bones
- A small amount of movement is
Lower Extremity = 60 possible.
____________________________________________ - E.g. Intervertebral Disk (lumbar) &
Symphysis pubis
Articular System or Joints
Secondary Cartilaginous Joint or
- Also known as ARTHROLOGY Syndesmosis
- A study of structure & corresponding functions
- larger amount of fibrous connective
of the union of 2 or more bones of the body &
tissue
the associated ligaments
- No movement is possible
- E.g. Epiphyseal plate, articulation of 1st
rib manubrium of sternum
Synovial Joints or Diarthrosis  Condyloid Joint
 Articular surface that is covered a thin - An ovoid articular surface/ condyle
layer of Hyaline cartilage separated by a received into a corresponding
joint cavity elliptical shallow cavity
 Freely movable joint - All movement (✓, ext., Abd Add)
 The cavity of the joint is lined by but small rotation
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE - E.g. knuckle joint
 ARTICULAR CAPSULE is a tough fibrous
membrane that protects the synovial
membrane.
 Articulating surfaces of the bones are not
directly connected, but instead come in
contact each other within a joint cavity
that is filled a lubricating fluid called
SYNOVIAL FLUID
 FATTY PADS are found in some synovial
joints lying between the synovial
membrane & the fibrous capsule or bone.
 Friction between the bones @ a synovial
joint is prevented by the presence of the
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

 Saddle/ Reciprocal Joint

Types of Movements - reciprocal convex-concave
 Ginglymus/ Hinge Joint surfaces
- movement along a transverse - ✓, ext, Abd, Add & Rotation
axis - E.g. Carpometacarpal joint of the
- ext. & ✓ (Backward & forward ) Thumb
- E.g. Elbow, Knee & Ankle joints

 Ball & Socket Joint

- Rounded ball like head received in
 Trochoid/ Pivot Joint a cup like cavity
- Movement along the long axis
- ✓, ext, Abd, Add, med rotation,
- Rotation is only possible
lat rotation & Circumduction
- E.g. Atlantoaxial & Superoir
- E.g. Shoulder & Hip joints
Radiounlar joints
  Plane Joint
- Flat articulating surfaces which
may at times be slightly curved
- Bones slides on one another
- E.g. Sternoclavicular
Acromioclavicular joints
Ligaments
- A cord band of connective tissue uniting 2
structures commonly found the joints
- Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue
& which connects the bones outside of the
articulating surfaces
- Strengthen & support the joint by
anchoring the bones together & preventing
their separation.

o Fibrous Ligaments
 Composed of dense bundles of
collagen fibers & are
unstretchable under normal
condition
 Prevents excessive movement
o Elastic Ligaments
 Composed largely of elastic
tissue & can rejoin its normal
length after stretching
 Ellipsoid Muscle Tone
- Elliptical convex articular surface - In most joints, it is the major factor
fits into an elliptical concave controlling stability
articular surface. Synovial Sheath
- All movement (✓, ext, Abd, Add) - Tubular bursa that surrounds a tendon
except Rotation - Found when tendons pass under ligaments,
- E.g. Wrist joint retinacula, & through osseofiber tunnels
- Function is to reduce friction between the
tendon & its surrounding structures
Bursae
- Lubricating device consisting of a closed
fibrous sac lined a delicate smooth
membrane
- Found wherever tendons rub against bones,
ligaments, skin against bones or other
tendons
Tendon
- Dense connective tissue structure that
attaches a muscle to bone
Movement of Joint Surface ____________________________________________
 Gliding Muscular System
- Simple sliding/ rubbing of the opposed - Structures that cause part of the body to move
flat surfaces
 Angular
Types of Muscles
- Rotatory movement
 No angular/ rotary movement  Skeletal
- Attached to the Skeleton
- Voluntary movement
Stability of joints - Under control by will
- Has 2 points of attachments
- Depends on three main factors: the shape,
 Origin
size, & arrangement of the articular surfaces; - Least movement
the ligaments; & the tone of the muscles - Fixed point of attachment
around the joint. - “H ”
- Proximally located
Articular Surface  Insersion
- Most movement
- Shape of the bones contribute to the - Movable point of
stability attcahemnt
- “T ”
- Distally located
 - Are attached to the following
 Flesh or Belly
- Whereby the perimysium
(outer covering) of the
muscle is united to the
periosteum bone
- E.g. Gastrocnemius
 Tendinous
- Muscle is prolonged into a
fibrous structure before
becoming attached to the
bone
- E.g. Gastrocnemius &
Achilles Tendon
 Smooth
- Found in different organs of the body
- Involuntary
- Not controlled by will
- Consists of long, spindle-shaped cells
closely arranged in bundles or sheets.
Type of Skeletal Muscle
Muscle Actions
 Unipennate
- Fibers are parallel to one another
- Fibers on one side of tendon
- E.g. Extensor Digitorum
 Bipennate
- Fibers converge towards a common
tendon
- Fibers on both sides of tendon
- E.g. Rectus Femoris
 Multipennate
- Fibers are running in several directions
- Tendon branches within muscle
- E.g. Deltoid
 Aponeurotic
- Wide sheath of fibrous
tissue that serve as
connection of the muscle
to the bone
- Aponeurosis of External
Oblique
 Raphe
- Interdigitation of the
tendinous ends of the
fibrous muscle
- Raphe of myloid muscles
 Cardiac
- Muscle solely limited to the Heart
- Involuntary
- Not controlled by will
- Composed of Striated muscles fiber
that brances & unite each other.
- Is supplied by aoutonomis nerve fibers
 Prime Mover / Agonist
- Muscle that produced the actual
desired muscle action.
- E.g. Quadriceps Femoris (knee)
 Synergist
- Muscles that may individually have
different actions, but now act as a
group to produce the desired effect by
steadying the joints
- E.g. Deltoid
 Antagonist
- Muscles that inhibits / prevents the
movement to help produce a smoother
primary action
- E.g. Quadriceps: prime mover
Hamstring: antagonist
 Fixators
- Contracts isometrically (produce an
increase in muscle tone but no
movement)
- E.g. Shoulder girdle muscles
 Names of Muscles

Table 1.1 Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Name Shape Size Number of Position Depth Attachments Actions

Head or bellies

Deltoid Triangular

Teres Round

Rectus Staright

Major Largest

Latissimuss Broadest

Longissimus Longest

Biceps 2 Heads

Quadriceps 4 Heads

Digastric 2 Bellies

Pectoralis Of the chest

Supraspinatus Above the spine

scapula

Brachii Of the arm

Profundus Deep

Superficialis Superficial

Externus External

Sternocleidomastoid From Sternum

& Clavicle to
Mastoid Process

Coracobrachialis From Coracoid

Process to Arm

Extensor Extend

Flexor Flex

Constrictor Constrict

Intermuscular Septa
- Fibrous connective tissue sheets derived
from the deep fascia surrounding &
binding several muscles of similar actions
into muscular groups. (A Covering)
____________________________________________
Nervous System  Serous Membrane
o Lines the cavities of the trunk &
 Central Nervous System
reflected onto the viscera
o Consists of BRAIN & SPINAL CORD
o Consist of a smooth layer of
o Composed of large no. of nerve cells &
mesothelium supported by a thin
their processes, supported by specialized
layer of connective tissue
tissue called NEUROGLIA.
o 2 types:
o NEURONS is an individual nerve cell,
 Viscera
including all its processes
- Deep
o Nerve cell has 2 types of process
- Developed from the
 Dendrite
splanchnopleure
- Short process of the cell
(inner cell layer of
body
mesoderm) & is
 Axon
supplied by
- The longest process of the
autonomic nerves.
cell body
- It is insensitive to
o Organized by
touch & temperature
 Grey Matter
but very sensitive to
- Consists of nerve cells
stretch.
embedded in neuroglia
 Parietal
 White Matter
- Superficial
- Consists of nerve fibers
- Is developed from
embedded in neuroglia
the somatopleure
 Peripheral Nervous System
(inner cell layer of
o Cranial Nerve (12 pairs) & Spinal
mesoderm) & is
Nerves (31 pairs) & their associated
richly supplied by
ganglia)
spinal nerves.
o Plexuses
- Therefore sensitive
 Network of nerves
to all common
- Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar
sensations such as
& Sacral
touch & pain.
o Is further divided into
 Autonomic
- Controls the Involuntary
Activites
- Controled by the
HYPOTHALAMUS

o Sympathetic
 Emergency, ↑
Heart Rate &
BP, Constriction
of the Blood
Vessels, Inhibits
peristalsis of the
intestinal tract
& closes the
sphincters.
o Parasympathetic
 Conservation &
restoration
 Somatic
- Controls the Voluntary
Activities

Together ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, controls &

integrates the activities of the different parts of the
body

Membranes
 Mucous Membrane
o Lining of organs or passages that
communicate the surface of the
body
___________________________________________
Cardiovascular System
- Includes the heart & blood vessel, arteries,
veins & capillaries

Functions
 Supply of nutrition to all parts of the body
for its growth, maintenance, & normal
activity
 Conduction of by-products of metabolic
processes & internal secretion form or to the
tissues
 Elimination of waste products, either through
the lungs, skin, or kidney

Arteries
- Transport blood from the heart & distribute it
to the various tissues of the body

Arterioles - smaller branches of arteries (<0.1

mm)
Anastomosis - the joining of branches of arteries
Anatomic End Arteries - vessels whose
terminal branches do not anastomose branches
of arteries supplying adjacent areas
Functional End Arteries - vessels whose
terminal branches do anastomose those of
adjacent arteries, but the caliber of the
anastomosis is insufficient to keep the tissue
alive should one of the arteries become blocked

Veins
- vessels that bring blood from tissues back
to heart

Venules - the smallest veins

Venous Plexuses - a congregation of small
veins that unite to form a large vein
Portal veins - enters the liver & breaks up
again into the vein of diminishing size. It also
join capillary-like vessels, termed as sinusoid

Capillaries
- Microscopic vessels in the form of network
connecting the arteries to venules

Sinusoids
- Found in bone marrow, spleen, liver, & some
endocrine glands
- Resemble capillaries but thin walled blood
vessel
- Have an irregular cross diameter & wider
than capillaries
- ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSIS
o Direct connection occur between
arteries & veins intervention of
capillaries
o Found in tips of fingers & toes
 Lymphatic System Skin
- A system of vessels similar to the veins acting - Largest organs of the body
as accessory drainage for the lymph from the - Divided into 2 parts:
tissues of the body & emptying into the general o Epidermis
venous circulation  Superficial part
 Stratified Epithelium whose cells
Lymphatic Tissues become flattened as they mature
& rise to the surface
- Contains large number of lymphocytes  On the palms of the hands & the
- Essential for immunologic defenses against soles of the feet, the epidermis is
bacteria & sinuses extremely thick, to withstand the
wear & tear that occurs in these
Lymphatic Vessels regions.
- Found in all tissues & organs of the body  In other areas of the body, for
except the CNS, the eyeball, internal ear, example, on the anterior surface
epidermis of the skin, cartilage & bone of the arm & forearm, it is thin
 Consist of 5 layers:
Lymph Capillaries  Stratum Corneum
- Network of fine vessels that drain lymph o Responsible for the
from the tissue waterproof
characteristics of the
- Are in turn drained by small lymph vessels
skin & serves to
which unite to form a large lymph vessels protect the body
Lymph from infection
 Stratum Lucidum
- Tissue fluid found in the lymph vessel &
o Function is unknown
passes through @ least one lymph node &  Stratum Germinativum
often through several o Responsible for
- includes: water retention &
 Afferent Vessels heat regulation
 lymph vessels that transport it  Stratum Spinosum
toward o Protection for the
underlying basal
 Efferent Vessels
layer
 lymph vessels that transport it  Stratum Basale
away o Adjacent to the
___________________________________________ dermis

Other System o Dermis

Digestive System - includes the main and
accessory organs that makeup the alimentary tract
Respiratory System - includes all organs
associated in the maintenance of the exchange of
gases
Urogenital System - includes all organs associated
in the urinary and genital functions of the body
Endocrine glands - includes all the glands of
internal secretion
Why Study All The Systems?
- So that we can properly diagnose the Pt
- To acquire a PT impression the condition of
the Pt
- T v r r g
situation & give the bets Plan of Care.
 Deep part
 Composed of dense connective
tissue containing many blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels &
nerve
 Connected to the underlying
deep fascia or bones by a fascia
known a subcutaneous tissue
called SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
or Subcutaneous Tissue
 Bundles of collagen fibers are
mostly arranged
 Shows considerable variation in
thickness in different parts of the
body, tending to be thinner on
the ant. than on the post. surface.
 It is thinner in women than in
P’ men. considerably

As a PT how do you preform or get the plan for care and

understand the condition?
- Through proper evaluation & examination
which is based on the history of the Pt.
- the history of the Pt, you will be able to
assess the situation
Appendages of the Skin
Nails
- Keratinized plates on the dorsal surface
of the tips of the fingers & toes
Nail Root - proximal end
Nail Folds - surrounded & overlapped by
folds of skin
Nail Bed - merely the surface of the skin
covered by the nail
Hairs
- Invagination of the epidermis into the
dermis
- Expanded extremities, called HAIT
BULBS, penetrate to the deeper part of
the dermis
Arrector Pili - smooth muscle that connects
the undersurface of the follicle to the
superficial part of the dermis
Sebaceous gland
- Secretes sebum
- SEBUM is an oily material that helps
preserve flexibility of the emerging hair
- oils the surface epidermis around the
mouth of the follicle
Sweat glands
- Long, spiral, tubular glands
- Distributed all over the body, except
on the red margins of the lips, nail
beds, & the glans penis & clitoris
- Extend through the full thickness of
the dermis
- Sweat glands are therefore the most
deeply penetrating structures of all the
epidermis appendages
Fascia
Superficial fascia
- “SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE”
- Mixture of loose areolar & adipose tissue
that unites the dermis of the skin to the
underlying deep fascia
- In the scalp, back of the neck, palms of
hands & soles of feet, it contains
numerous bundles of collagen fibers that
hold the skin firmly to the deeper
structure
- In the eyelids, auricle of ear, penis, &
scrotum and clitoris, it is devoid of
adipose tissue
Deep fascia
- Membranous layer of connective tissue
that invest the muscles & other deep
structures
- In the limbs, it forms a definite sheath
around the muscles & other structures,
holding them in place
- In the region of joints, may be
considerably thickened to form
restraining bands called RETINACULA
- Function to hold underlying tendons in
position or to serve as pulleys around
which the tendons may move