ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BSPT l 1B

FORMAT between conception

❖ Level 1 and adulthood.
➢ Level 2
● Level 3 SUBSPECIALTY
Other Format:
Black -> From Lecture/Book
Blue -> Other information from Teacher EMBRYOLOGY
Red -> From Videos - Considers changes from conception
Orange -> Additional Information and/or to the end of the eight of the week of
Concept Guide Questions development
CYTOLOGY
- Examines the structural features of
the cell (using microscope)
Learning Objectives HISTOLOGY
1. Explain the importance of anatomy
- Examines tissues, which are
to physical therapy and to everyday
composed of cells and the materials
life.
surrounding them
2. Name the organ systems of the body
briefly state the major functions of
each system ➢ GROSS ANATOMY
3. Use anatomical terminologies - The study of a
correctly and properly. structures that can be
examined without the
aid of a microscope
❖ ANATOMY
- Scientific discipline that investigates
body structures (like the shape and APPROACH
size of bones)
- The term means to dissect, or cut
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
apart and separate, the parts of the
- A system is a group of structures that
body for study
have one or more common functions
- Examines relationships between
- The body is studied system by
structure of a body part and its
system (nervous, skeletal, muscular,
function
circulatory, etc.)
REGIONAL ANATOMY
➢ DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
- A system is a group of structures that
- Studies the structural
have one or more common functions
changes that occur
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- The body is studied area by area values in a constantly changing

(head, abdomen, arm, etc.) environment.
- often examines systems rather than
➢ SURFACE ANATOMY regions because a particular function
- Involves looking at the can involve portions of a system in
exterior of the body to more than one region.
visualize structures deeper
inside the body ➢ CELL PHYSIOLOGY
- For example, the sternum - Examines the processes
(breastbone) and parts of the occurring in cells such as
ribs can be seen and palpated energy production from food.
(felt) on the front of the ➢ SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY
chest. - Consider the functions of
- Health professionals use organ systems.
these structures as anatomical
landmarks to identify regions
of the heart and points on the TYPES
chest where certain heart
sounds can best be heard. CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
- focuses on the heart and blood
ANATOMICAL IMAGING vessels
- Uses radiographs (x-rays),
ultrasound, magnetic resonance NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
imaging (MRI), and other
- focuses on the function of the
technologies to create pictures of
nervous system.
internal structures
- In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen
(1845–1923) became the first
medical scientist to use x-rays to see
inside the body.
❖ PHYSIOLOGY
- The scientific investigation of the
processes or functions of living
things.
- Understand and predict the body’s
responses to stimuli and to
understand how the body maintains
conditions within a narrow range of
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Learning Objectives
1. Name the six levels of organization
of the body and describe the major
characteristics of each level.
2. List the 11 organ systems, identify
their components, and describe the
major functions of each system.
❖ CHEMICAL LEVEL
- The chemical level of organization
involves how atoms, such as
hydrogen and carbon, interact and
combine into molecules. This is
important because a molecule’s
structure determines its function.
- For example, collagen molecules are
strong ropelike protein fibers that
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give skin structural strength and
flexibility.
- With old age, the structure of
collagen changes, and the skin
becomes fragile and more easily torn
during everyday activities.
❖ CELL LEVEL
- Cells are the basic structural and
functional units of all living
organisms. Cells contain smaller
structures inside called organelles
(little organs)
- Organelles carry out particular
functions, such as digestion and
movement, for the cell.
- For example, the nucleus is an
organelle that contains the cell's
hereditary information, and
mitochondria are organelles that
manufacture adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), a molecule cells use for
- energy.
❖ TISSUE LEVEL
- A tissue is composed of a group of
similar cells and the materials
surrounding them. The
characteristics of the cells and
surrounding materials determine the
functions of the tissue.
- The body is made up of four basic
tissue types: (1) epithelial, (2)
connective, (3) muscle, and (4)
nervous.
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❖ ORGAN LEVEL - The human organism is a network of
- An organ is composed of two or
more tissue types that perform one or
more common functions.
- Examples of organs include: the
urinary bladder, heart, stomach, and
lung.

❖ ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

- An organ system is a group of organs
organ systems, all mutually
- that together perform a common
dependent on one another.
function or set of functions and are
therefore viewed as a unit.
- For example, the urinary system ❖ INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
consists of the kidneys, ureter,
urinary bladder, and urethra. The - Provides protection, regulates
kidneys produce urine, which the temperature, prevents water loss, and
ureters transport to the urinary helps produce vitamin D
bladder, where it is stored until being
eliminated from the body through the - Consists of skin, hair, nails, and
urethra. sweat glands.

❖ ORGANISM LEVEL
- An organism is any living thing
considered as a whole—whether
composed of one cell, such as a
bacterium, or of trillions of cells,
such as a human.

❖ SKELETAL SYSTEM

- Provides protection and support,

allows body movements, produces
blood cells, and stores minerals and
adipose
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- Consists of bones, associated
cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
❖ MUSCULAR SYSTEM
- Produces body movements,
maintains posture, and produces
body heat.
- Consists of muscles attached to the
skeleton by tendons.
❖ NERVOUS SYSTEM
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- A major regulatory system that
detects sensations and controls
movements,physiological processes,
and intellectual functions.
- Consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors.
❖ ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- A major regulatory system
that influences metabolism,
growth, reproduction, and
many other functions
- Consists of glands, such as
the pituitary, that secrete
hormones.
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❖ CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

- Transports nutrients, waste

products, gases, and ❖ LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
hormones throughout the
body; plays a role in the - Removes foreign substances
immune response and the from the blood and lymph,
regulation of body combats disease, maintains
temperature. tissue fluid balance, and
absorbs dietary fats from the
- Consists of the heart, blood digestive tract
vessels, and blood.
- Consists of the lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes, and
other lymphatic organs.
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❖ RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the blood and air
and regulates blood pH
- Consists of the lungs and
respiratory passages.
❖ DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- Performs the mechanical and
chemical processes of digestion,
absorption of nutrients, and
elimination of wastes.
- Consists of the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines, and accessory
organs.
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❖ URINARY SYSTEM
- Removes waste products from the
blood and regulates blood pH, ion
balance, and water balance.
- Consists of the kidneys, urinary
bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
❖ FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
- Produces oocytes and is the site of
fertilization and fetal development;
produces milk for the newborn;
produces hormones that influence
sexual function and behaviors.
- Consists of the ovaries, uterine
tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary
glands, and associated structures.
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❖ MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- Produces and transfers sperm cells
to the female and produces hormones
that influence sexual functions and
behaviors.
- Consists of the testes, accessory
structures, ducts, and penis.
Learning Objectives
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1. Describe a person in anatomical
position
2. Define the directional terms for the
human body and use them to locate
specific body structures
3. Know the terms for the parts and
regions of the body.
4. Name and describe three major
planes of the body.
5. Name and describe the three major
ways to cut an organ.
6. Describe major trunk cavities and
their divisions.
7. Locate organs in their specific cavity,
abdominal quadrant, or region.
8. Describe the serous membranes,
their locations, and their functions.
- Knowing the derivation, or
etymology of these words can make
learning them easy and fun.
- Most anatomical terms are derived
from Latin or Greek.
- For example, foramen is a Latin
word for “hole,” and magnum means
“large.”
❖ BODY POSITIONS
➢ ANATOMICAL POSITION
- refers to a person standing
erect with the face directed
forward, the upper limbs
hanging to the sides, and the
palms of the hands facing
forward
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- very important position ● Medial
because this will serve as the ● Lateral
basis for directional terms. ● Superficial
- all relational descriptions ● Deep
based on the anatomical
position, regardless of body
orientation.
➢ SUPINE POSITION
➢ a person is supine when lying
face upward

➢ SIDELINE POSITION
- a person is on his/her left side
lying or right side lying
position.

➢ QUADRUPED POSITION
- a person is on all forces on
his/her hands and knees.
➢ PRONE POSITION
- a person is lying face
downwards or lying on ➢ LEFT
his/her belly. - towards the left side of the
body
❖ DIRECTIONAL TERMS e.g. left ear, left hand
- Describe parts of the body relative
to each other. ➢ RIGHT
● Left - towards the right side of the
● Right body
● Superior e.g. right ear, right hand
● Anterior
● Posterior
● Ventral ➢ SUPERIOR: ABOVE
● Dorsal - latin word meaning “higher”
● Proximal - structure above another
● Distal
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e.g. the chin is superior to the - Corresponds to anterior since
navel the belly of animals “goes
- can also be used before” the body
interchangeably with the
word cephalic which is from ➢ POSTERIOR: BACK
the greek word kephale - latin word meaning
(head) “posteros” (following)
- back of the body
➢ INFERIOR: BELOW - e.g. the spine is posterior to
- latin word meaning “lower” the breastbone,
- structure below another - can also be used
- e.g. the navel is inferior to the interchangeably with the
chin, the ankle is inferior to word dorsal which is from
the knee the latin word dorso (back)
- can also be used
interchangeably with the ➢ DORSAL: BACK
word caudal (tail) - latin word dorsum meaning
“back”
- Directional term used for
➢ ANTERIOR: FRONT
four-legged animals
- latin word meaning “before”
- Corresponds to posterior
- front of the body
since the back of animals
- e.g. the navel is anterior to
“goes after” the body
the spine, the breast is
anterior to the spine
➢ MEDIAL: CLOSE TO MIDLINE
- can also be used
interchangeably with the - latin word meaning
word ventral which is from “medialis” (middle)
the latin word vent (belly) - e.g. the nose is medial to the
- the word ventral is usually eye
used for animals (LIKE U
HEHE) ➢ LATERAL: AWAY FROM
MIDLINE
➢ VENTRAL: FRONT - latin word meaning “latus”
- Latin word Venter meaning (side)
belly - e.g. the nipple is lateral to the
- Directional term used for breastbone
four-legged animals
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➢ PROXIMAL: CLOSE TO POINT - Body is divided into different
regions:
OF ATTACHMENT
- latin word proximus meaning
“nearest”
- “Approximately” / “close to”
- e.g elbow is proximal to the
wrist

➢ DISTAL: FAR FROM POINT OF

ATTACHMENT
- latin words di meaning “plus”
and sto meaning “to stand”
- “distant”
- e.g wrist is distal to the elbow

➢ SUPERFICIAL : STRUCTURE
CLOSE TO THE SURFACE
- latin word latus meaning
“side”
- toward the surface
- e.g skin is superficial to the
muscle
➢ DEEP : STRUCTURE TOWARD
THE INTERIOR OF THE BODY
- old english term deop
- e.g lungs are deep to the ribs

➢ CENTRAL REGION
- head
- neck
- trunk can be further divided
into three regions:
❖ BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
● THORAX
- Health professionals utilize several
- chest cavity where
terms to name distinct parts of the
the heart and lungs
body.
are located
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● ABDOMEN
- liver
- stomach
- intestine
● PELVIS
- bladder
-reproductive organs

● UPPER LIMBS
- or the upper extremity
- arm (extends from
shoulder to elbow)
- forearm (extends from
➢ QUADRANTS OF THE
elbow to the wrist)
- wrist ABDOMEN
- hand - Upper Right
- Upper Left
● LOWER LIMBS - Lower Right
- or the lower extremity - Lower Left
- thigh (extends from ➢ QUADRANTS OF THE
hip to knee) ABDOMEN
- leg (extends from
- Upper Right
knee to ankle)
- ankle - Upper Left
- foot - Lower Right
- the terms arm and leg - Lower Left
refer to only at a part
of the limb ● REGIONS OF THE
ABDOMEN
Epigastric
❖ ABDOMEN
- medial to the left &
- is divided into 4 quadrants by two
right hypochondriac.
imaginary lines. It can also be
Left & Right
subdivided into 9 regions by 4
Hypochondriac
- uppermost region
Umbilical
- medial to the left &
right lumbar
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Left & Right
Lumbar
- a.k.a lower back
Hypogastric
- medial to the left &
right iliac
Left & Right Iliac
- can be associated
with the Ilium, a.k.a
the hip bone.

**HYPO = below, CHONDRIAC = ribs ➢ MEDIAN PLANE

EPI = around, GASTRIC = stomach** - Sagittal plane along
the midline that
❖ PLANES divides body into
- Divides the body, making it equal left and right
possible to look and observe halves
the body’s structure ➢ TRANSVERSE PLANE OR
HORIZONTAL PLANE
- Horizontal plane that
separates the body
into superior and
inferior parts.

➢ FRONTAL PLANE OR CORONAL

➢ SAGITTAL PLANE PLANE
- Separates the body - Vertical plane that
into right and left separates the body
parts
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into anterior and
posterior parts

❖ PLANES OF SECTION THROUGH AN

ORGAN

➢ LONGITUDINAL SECTION
- A cut along the length
of an organ
➢ TRANSVERSE SECTION OR
CROSS SECTION
- Cut at a right angle to
❖ BODY CAVITIES
the length of the
organ
➢ OBLIQUE SECTION
- A cut is made across
the length of the
organ other than right
angle
- A cut is made
diagonally across the
long axis
- Not a right angle cut
➢ THORACIC CAVITY
- Space within chest wall and
diaphragm.
- Contains heart, lungs, thymus
gland, esophagus, trachea.
➢ MEDIASTINUM
- Space between lungs
- Contains heart, thym
- us gland, esophagus, trachea
➢ ABDOMINAL CAVITY
- Space within chest wall and
diaphragm.
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- Contains heart, lungs, thymus
gland, esophagus, trachea.
➢ PELVIC CAVITY ❖ PERICARDIUM
- Space within pelvis - visceral pericardium covers heart
- Contains urinary bladder,
- parietal pericardium thick, fibrous
reproductive organs, part of
large intestines - pericardial cavity reduces friction

❖ SEROUS MEMBRANES
- line trunk cavities, cover organs
❖ PLEURA
● VISCERAL SEROUS MEMBRANE
- visceral pleura covers lungs
- covers organs
- parietal pleura lines inner thorax
● PARIETAL SEROUS MEMBRANE
- pleural cavity reduces friction and
- outer membrane adheres lungs thoracic wall
● CAVITY
- fluid-filled space between the
membranes
MEMBRANE CAVITY

Pericardium Pericardial
- Around heart cavity

Pleura - around Pleural cavity

lungs
❖ PERITONEUM
Peritoneum - Peritoneal
around cavity - visceral peritoneum covers,
abdominopelvic anchors organs
cavity and its - mesenteries double layers
organs
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- parietal peritoneum lines inner
wall of abdominopelvic cavity
- peritoneal cavity reduces friction