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 TABLE OF CONTENT
The Table of Content is CLICKABLE!

Anatomy and Physiology

Medical Surgical Nursing

Hallmark Signs and Symptoms

Nutrition

EKGs

Pharmacology

Nursing Assessment

Maternity

Lab Values

Nursing Fun Facts

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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aNATOMY nursebossstore.com

& pHYSIOLOGY & function

Body System
Musculoskeletal: Mechanical support,
TISSUE TYPE posture and locomotion

Cardiovascular: Transportation of
CONNECTIVE NERVOUS EPITHELIAL MUSCLE oxygen, nutrients and hormones
throughout the body and elimination
of cellular metabolic waste
TISSUE TYPE
Respiratory: Exchange of oxygen
y

and carbon-dioxide between the

od

body and air, acid-base balance

eb

Smooth muscle cells

regulation.
th

Nervous: Initiation and regulation of

of

vital body functions, sensation.

ion

Digestive: Breaks down food to be

at

absorbed as nutrients
niz

Cardiac muscle cells

ga

Urinary: Filters and removes waste

Or

from the blood, maintains fluid and

electrolyte balance

Endocrine: secretion of hormones

Skeletal muscle cells
CardiaC definitions Lymphatic: Draining of excess tissue
fluid, immune defense of the body.
1. Cardiac Output: amount of blood pumped per
minute. (Formula: SV*heart rate= CO) Reproductive: Production of
2. Cardiac cycle: a heartbeat, complete series of
reproductive cells, reproduction
systolic and diastolic events.
3. Blood pressure: the force that blood exerts process.
against the inner walls of blood vessels.
4. Systolic bp: maximum pressure during Integumentary: Physical protection
ventricular contraction of the body surface, sensory
5. Diastolic bp: minimum arterial pressure during reception.
ventricular relaxation.
 nursebossstore.com

Introduction
Introduction
Anatomy: the structure (example: the lungs, bronchi and
alveoli)
Physiology: the function (gaseous exchange)

Organization of the body

The human body is organized starting with the cell to human
organism.

Atoms Molecules Organelles

Organs Tissues Cells

Organ System Human Organism

CARDIOVASCULAR
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 Mouth
-Amylase breaks down starch.
THE
DIGESTIVE
-Salivary gland: moistens and
lubricate food

SYSTEM
esophagus
-Carries food
down the mouth @NURSEBOSSESSENTIALS
to stomach

Stomach
-Secretes gastric
acid and HCL to
break down food.
-Pepsin digest Anus
protein -defecation

Liver RECTUM
-produces bile -stores feces
pancreas
-makes enzymes
Large intestines
for digestion. -Also known as
-Bicarbonate to colon
neutralize -Absorption of
stomach acid water, electrolytes
-Makes insulin and vitamins
GALLBLADDER
Small intestines
-stores bile and -The small intestine has three parts:
releases it into the the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
small intestine when -Absorption of nutrients
needed to digest fat -Chyme propels at a slower rate to
facilitate absorption

MEDSURG DISORDERS
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Causes Expected
Diagnostic Test Findings
Pathophysiology

Signs & Symptoms

Treatment Nursing Assessment Nursing Interventions

 nursebossstore.com
Causes Expected
Diagnostic Test Findings
Pathophysiology

Signs & Symptoms

Treatment Nursing Assessment Nursing Interventions

 nursebossessentials

mnemonics
maternity nursing Med-Surg nursing nursing assessment

veal-chop heart failure pupillary reaction

p- Pupils
V ariable deceleration C ord compression Left-sided heart failure evident in e- Equal
the Lungs (SOB, crackles, etc.) r- Round
E arly deceleration H ead compression
r ight-sided heart failure evident in r- Reactive to
A cceleration O xygenated or OK the r est of the body (edema, etc) l- Light and
a- Accomodation
L ate deceleration P placental insufficiency caution-us
cranial nerves
HELLP Syndrome CAUTION-US are the signs and
symptoms of cancer. Oh Oh Oh to Touch And Feel Very Good
HELLP syndrome is a life-threatening c- changes in bladder or bowel Velvet AH!
pregnancy complication usually a- a sore that doesn’t heal o- Olfactory
considered to be a variant of u- unusual bleeding or discharges o- Optic
preeclampsia. t- thickening or lumps o- Oculomotor
H- Hemolysis i- indigestion
E- Elevated t-Trochlear
o- obvious changes in the skin t- Trigeminal
L- Liver enzymes
L- Low n- nagging cough or hoarseness
a- Abducens
P- Platelets u- unexplained anemia
f- Facial
s- sudden weight loss
bubble-he v-Vestibulocochlear
BUBBLE-HE is an acronym used to hyper vs hypoglycemia g- Glossopharyngeal
denote the components of the v- Vagus
Hyper- hot/dry (high sugar)
postpartum maternal nursing a-Accessory
Hypo- cold/clammy (low sugar)
assessment. h- Hypoglossal
B- Breast H- Homan's sign
U- Uterus E- Emotional Status rome priority nursing assessment
B- Bladder The ROME method can be used to ABCDE is the priority nursing assessment
B- Bowels interpret arterial blood gases format.
L- Lochia
E- Episiotomy
r- respiratory a- airway
o- opposite b- breathing
pre (preeclampsia) m- metabolic c- circulation
Preeclampsia is a serious blood pressure e- equal d- disability
condition that can happen after the
e- exposure
20th week of pregnancy Alzheimers Disease
a- amnesia (loss of memory)
p- Proteinuria
a-
anomia (unable to recall names of every
day objects)
nursing PROCESS
ADPIE- Assessment, Diagnosis,
r- Rising blood pressure a-
apraxia (inability to execute out skilled
movements ) Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
agnosia (inability to recognize and
a-
e- Edema identify objects or persons)
a- aphasia (disruption in communication
ability)
 fractures

fractures fractures
Impacted: a part
A NORMAL of the bone that

BONE

impact another
bone

Greenstick: one
Transverse: side of the bone

straight across


is broken,
the
the bone. other side is
bent

Complete fracture:
Oblique: fracture complete break

that run at

an
through the

bones
angle across that separates
into two.

Spiral: fracture Open fracture

that circles or (compound):

spirals around fracture with an

the shaft. open wound.

Comminuted Fissure fracture

break into

more
are cracks
in the
than two bone.
fragments.

Closed fracture: Compression:

bone break one bone

without open compresses

wound in skin. another bone
 ELECTROLYTE

+
@nursebossessentials
+= +
+= +

NORMAL RANGE:135-145mEq/L

+
Maintains: blood volume + bp + fluid balance
+ = +
+ = +
+ = ++
+ = ++ NORMAL RANGE: 3.5-5.0mEq/L
Maintains: Heart and muscle contraction

++=
++= +
+
++
+
++=
++= ++ NORMAL RANGE: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Myoneural junction, skeletal muscles, and cardiac contractions.

+ += ++
++
+ BONE
++ =
NORMAL RANGE: 8.5-10.5mEq/L
Maintains: bones, clotting factor, neuron stability, muscle contraction
 nursebossstore.com

CARDIOVASCULAR

DISORDERS
Coronary Artery Narrowing or occlusion of the coronary
Disease

arteries due to atherosclerosis.

Chest pain due to decreased myocardial

Angina

oxygenation.

Myocardial Myocardial tissue damage as a result of

Infarction oxygen deprivation

The inability of the heart muscle to pump

Heart failure

enough blood to meet
the metabolic
demands of the body.

Cardiogenic Decreased cardiac output and decreased

Shock tissue perfusion.

Pericarditis is an infection of the

Pericarditis

pericardium.

Inflammation and infection of the

Endocarditis

endocardium

Myocarditis is the inflammation

of the heart
Myocarditis
muscles (myocardium).

Cardiac tamponade decreases ventricular

Cardiac

filling and cardiac output.

Due to pericardial
Tamponade
effusion.

Aortic Aortic aneurysm is an enlargement/dilation

Aneurysm of the aorta.

 nursebossstore.com

RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
asthma
Smooth muscle constriction

of the bronchi.

COPD- Chronic Overproduction of mucus due to

Bronchitis inflammatory response.

Progressive respiratory disease

COPD-

EMPHYSEMA characterized by the enlargement

of the
alveolar.

PLEURAL
EFFUSION
Accumulation of fluid in
the pleural space.

HEMOTHORAX Accumulation of blood

in the pleural cavity.

Air leaks into pleural space. Causes impaired

PNEUMOTHORAX

lung expansion.

PNEUMONIA Inflammation of the pulmonary tissue

caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses

pancreatic disorders

Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas.

Digestive
enzymes starts digesting the pancreas.

Cholecystitis Inflammation of the gallbladder.

Cholelithiasis

Most of cholelithiasis is
caused by
cholesterol gallstones.
 nursebossstore.com

GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Hiatal hernia occurs when a portion of the

Hiatal Hernia stomach herniates through

the diaphragm
and into the thorax.

GERD A digestive disorder that occurs due to the

backflow of gastric content.

Gastritis
Gastritis is the inflammation of the gastric

mucosa.

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the vermiform

appendix.

Peptic Ulcer

Ulceration that erodes

the gastric or
Disease duodenal mucosa.

Characterized by the ulceration and

Ulcerative

inflammation of the colon

and rectum.
Colitis
Causes poor nutrient absorption.

Crohns Disease

Inflammation in the gastrointestinal

tract

hepatic disorders

Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a chronic progressive

disease of
the liver characterized by fibrosis

Portal Increased pressure in the portal veins due to

Hypertension obstruction of the portal blood flow.

Increased pressure from the portal vein

Esophageal

causes blood to flow into

smaller veins in the
Varices esophagus. Smaller veins may rupture.
 nursebossstore.com

Genitourinary DISORDERS
Acute Kidney

Renal cell damage characterized

by a
Injury sudden deterioration in kidney function.

chronic kidney Slow, progressive and irreversible loss of

disease kidney function.(GFR <60mL/min).

A group of renal diseases caused by

Glomeruloneph

immunologic response
that triggers the
ritis
inflammation of the glomerular tissue.

Nephrotic Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by

Syndrome proteinuria, leading to

low protein levels in
the blood (hypoproteinemia).

Renal Calculi Renal calculi is also known

as kidney stones.

Urinary Tract UTI is the infection/inflammation of any part

Infection of the urinary system.

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the renal

pelvis caused by
bacterial infection.

neurological DISORDERS

Head Injury Trauma to the skull that

causes brain
damage.

Stroke Stroke is the loss of neurological functions

due to the lack of blood flow to the brain.

Seizures is characterized by a sudden,

Seizures
uncontrolled electrical
disturbance in the
brain.
 coronary artery disease
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pathophysiology
CAD is caused by atherosclerosis (plaque formation) that
results in the narrowing or occlusion of one or more
coronary arteries.

Risk factor
1. Age, Gender
2. Family hx, HTN signs & symptoms
3. High blood cholesterol level, 1. Chest pain
4. Diabetes, 2. Dyspnea/SOB
5. Smoking, 3. Fatigue
6. Obesity 4. Dizziness
5. Syncope
6. Cough
nursing interventions 7. Normal findings
during asymptomatic
1. Pain assessment, vital signs/ECG period
2. Administer oxygen
3. Administer medications
4. Promote bed rest diagnostic tests
5. Place client in a Semi-Fowler's Electrocardiography
position. -ST segment elevation, t-wave
Patient Education inversion and abnormal Q
1. Lifestyle modifications wave(MI)
2. Low-sodium and low-cholesterol 2. Cardiac catheterization
diet. -may show atherosclerotic lesions.
3. Stress management 3. Blood lipids level would be
elevated.
Anatomy Physiology
1.Cardiac contractility: force and
velocity of contraction
2.Cardiac Output: the amount of

blood pumped by the ventricles

per minute.
3.Stroke volume: the volume of
blood discharged from the
ventricle with every contraction

4.Preload: ventricular stretch at

the end of diastole.
5.Afterload: the 'load' to which
the heart must pump against.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1.Heart failure (HF) occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough
blood to meet the body's demands.
2.Heart failure can affect the left or right side of the heart (left and
right HF)
3.Left sided heart failure is evident in the pulmonary system. Remember:
Left = Lungs
4.Right sided heart failure is evident in the systemic system
Note: in order to understand the signs and symptoms based on left sided and right sided heart
failure, you need to understand the flow of blood through the heart and body.

RISK FACTORS SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

1.CAD
Right-sided HF
2.MI

Edema of the extremities,

3.Myocarditis/Endocarditis
abdominal distention, JVD,

4.Diabetes
5.Hypertension splenomegaly, hepatomegaly,

6.Abnormal heart valves

weight gain
7.Cardiomyopathy

8.Congenital heart disease Left-sided HF

Dyspnea, crackles, tachypnea,

pulmonary congestion, dry cough

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 pericarditis
Anatomy
The pericardium can be
divided into:
The parietal pericardium is
the outer membrane.
The visceral pericardium is
the inner membrane.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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Physiology
Major functions of the
pericardium:
1. Protects the heart
2. Lubricates to reduce
friction (The pericardial
sac contains 5-20ml of
pericardial fluid)

1. Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium (mostly

with fluid accumulation)
2. Acute pericarditis: inflammation of the pericardium+ a
pericardial effusion. Symptoms develops quickly.
3. Subacute pericarditis: within weeks to months
4. Chronic pericarditis: pericarditis >6 months
5. Pericardial effusion z: fluid accumulation in the pericardium.
6. Complication: cardiac tamponade

RISK FACTORS SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

1. MI Pain
Pain that radiates to the
2. Autoimmune diseases left side of neck, shoulders
3. Injury and back
4. Heart surgery Pain experienced during
inspiration
5. Bacterial, viral and Pain experienced when in a
fungal infections supine position
Fever
Fatigue
Pericardial friction rub (during
auscultation)
 angina
Anatomy Physiology
LAYERS OF THE HEART The myocardium is also
Epicardium: outermost known as the heart
layer of the heart muscle.
Myocardium: middle It is responsible for the
layer of the heart
involuntary contractions
Endocardium: innermost
and relaxation of the
layer of the heart
heart.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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1. Angina is characterized by chest pain due to the imbalance of

myocardial oxygen demand and oxygen supply by the
coronary arteries.
2. Types of Angina:
a. Stable angina-occurs due to physical exertion. It has a
regular pattern. Pain relieved by rest.
b. Unstable angina- unexpected chest pain that increases in
severity, duration and occurrence (may occur at rest).
c. Variant angina- occurs due to coronary artery spasm.
Occurs at rest.
d. Intractable angina- chronic (recurrent angina)
e. Preinfarction angina- occurs before an MI

RISK FACTORS SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

1. Family history of 1. Pain
heart disease 2. Dyspnea/SOB
2. Hypertension 3. Tachycardia
3. High blood 4. Palpitations
cholesterol 5. Dizziness
6. Syncope
4. Diabetes
7. Diaphoresis (Sweating)
5. Smoking 8. Pallor
6. Obesity 9. Elevated BP
 Myocardial Infarction
Anatomy Physiology
LAYERS OF THE HEART The myocardium is also
Epicardium: outermost known as the heart
layer of the heart muscle.
Myocardium: middle It is responsible for the
layer of the heart
involuntary contractions
Endocardium: innermost
and relaxation of the
layer of the heart
heart.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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1. A prolonged and severe imbalance between myocardial

oxygen supply and demand causes myocardial infarction.
2. Myocardial infarction is mostly caused by coronary
atherosclerosis.
3. Acute MI + unstable angina = acute coronary syndrome.
4. Acute MI can be non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
(NSTEMI) or ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
(STEMI).

RISK FACTORS SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

1. CAD 1. Pain- crushing substernal
2. Atherosclerosis pain that radiates to the
3. High cholesterol level left arm, jaw or back.
4. Diabetes 2. Dyspnea
3. Dysrhythmias
5. Hypertension 4. Pallor
6. Smoking 5. Cyanosis
7. Stress 6. Diaphoresis
7. Anxiety
 asthma
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pathophysiology
Chronic inflammatory disease of the airway.
Inflammation and hypersensitivity to a trigger
(stimuli). Smooth muscle constriction of the bronchi.
Intermittent airflow obstruction.

Risk factor
Allergies
Stress signs & symptoms
Hormonal changes
Chest tightness
Wheezing
Shortness of breath
Cough
Restlessness

nursing interventions
Assess patient's respiratory rate,
depth and pattern
Monitor pulse ox
Monitor vital signs
Maintain patent airway diagnostic tests
Administer O2 therapy as ABGs
prescribed Pulmonary function tests
Administer medications as Peak expiratory flow
ordered. Spirometry
Patient Education Allergy test
Medication regimen. Pulse oximetry
Identify and avoid triggers. CBC
Long term management.
 gerd
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pathophysiology
A digestive disorder that occurs due to the backflow of gastric
content.
Impaired or dysfunctional lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
causes regurgitation of stomach content into the esophagus.

Risk factor

Hiatal Hernia
Pregnancy signs & symptoms
Pyloric surgery Heart burn
Smoking Dysphagia
Obesity Regurgitation
Alcohol Epigastric pain
Fatty foods Dyspepsia
(indigestion)
nursing interventions
Assess pain
Elevate head of bed (HOB)
Avoid eating 2 to 3 hours before bedtime
Avoid lying down after eating
Administer medications as ordered
diagnostic tests
Patient Education
Avoid alcohol, fatty foods, caffeine, Upper endoscopy
tobacco, and other irritants Esophageal pH studies
Avoid eating 2 to 3 hours before bedtime Barium swallow
Avoid lying down after eating (esophagram)
Avoid NSAIDS and anticholinergics
Maintain healthy body weight (exercise)
 STROKE
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pathophysiology
Stroke is the loss of neurological functions due to the lack of blood
flow to the brain.
Types
Ischemic Stroke, Hemorrhagic Stroke, Transient Ischemic Attack

Risk factor

TIA
Hypertension signs & symptoms
Smoking Drooping of face
Atherosclerosis One sided weakness
Diabetes Slurred speech
High cholesterol Blurred vision
Agnosia
High BP
nursing interventions Unilateral neglect
Maintain patent airway Apraxia
Administer 02
Administer tPA
Monitor VS-maintain BP @
150/100 diagnostic tests
Monitor LOC
CT scan
Monitor for signs of increase ICP
MRI
Elevate HOB
Electroencephalography
Administer IV fluids
Carotid ultrasound
Insert Foley's catheter
Prevention of DVT Cerebral arteriography
Assist with self care and ADLs
hallmark
signs and
symptoms
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 signs and symptoms

disorderS

signs and
symptoms
myocardial pain- crushing substernal pain that radiates to the

infarction: left arm, jaw or back.

Angina: crushing pain (relieved by NTG)

Cardiac Tamponade: beck's triad

Deep Vein

Thrombosis: homan's sign (dorsiflexon sign

test)

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Cardiovascular system

example:
signs and symptoms

disorderS

signs and
symptoms

Emphysema: barrel chest

Pneumothorax: absent breath sounds on affected

side

Pneumonia: rust-colored sputum

Pulmonary

Tuberculosis: low grade afternoon fever.

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respiratory system
 signs and symptoms

disorderS

signs and
symptoms
rovsign sign and localized pain in RLQ-McBurney's

Appendicitis:

point
Gastroesophageal

Reflux Disease: heart burn.

Pancreatitis: cullen’s sign

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GASTROINTESTINAL system

signs and symptoms

disorder

signs and symptoms

Graves Disease: goiter + bulging eyes

Cushings

moon face + buffalo hump

Syndrome:

Acromegaly: large hands and feet + husky-sounding

voice

Diabetes mellitus:

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

DKA: kussmaul's respiration

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ENDOCRINE system
 signs and symptoms

disorder

signs and symptoms

disease:
Addison’s bronzelike skin pigmentation.

Myasthenia

Gravis: ptosis

ascending muscles weakness.

Guillain-Barre

Syndrome:

DKA:
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ENDOCRINE system

example:
signs and symptoms

disorder

signs and symptoms

Meningitis: positive kernig's and brudzinski's

sign

Parkinsons: tremor described as pin-rolling

increased icp: cushing's triad

sle:

butterfly rash

Kawasaki Syndrome: strawberry tongue.

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neurological system and others
 example:
signs and symptoms

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disorderS

signs and symptoms

Gestational

Hypertension: high Bp after 20 weeks gestation

with no proteinuria

Preeclampsia:

hypertension + proteinuria after

20 weeks gestation

Placenta

Previa: painless bright red bleeding

Abruptio
Placenta: bleeding: dark red

MATERNITY DISORDERS

example:
signs and symptoms

ecg

description

atrial
flutter P wave: sawtooth

atrial fibrillation:

fibrillatory waves before QRS
complex.

Ventricular

mountain peaks

TACHYCARDIA

sinus bradycardia rate: less than 60 beats/min

sinus TACHYCARDIA rate: >100 beats/min

ecg/ekg nursebossstore.com
 example:
signs and symptoms

disorderS

signs and symptoms

Cystic Fibrosis: high Na + Cl in sweat (skin)

Hypertrophic

pyloric stenosis: projectile vomiting + Olive-shaped

mass

Intussusception:

mass (sausage-shaped).

Epiglottitis: drooling, tripod position

pediatric DISORDERS nursebossstore.com

example:
signs and symptoms

disorderS

signs and symptoms

Hirschsprungs

Disease: ribbon-like stool

Tetralogy of

Fallot: cyanosis especially during feeding

Scarlet
fever: strawberry tongue, fine red rash

feels like sandpaper

Croup: barking like cough

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pediatric DISORDERS
 NUTRITION
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 4 THERAPEUTIC DIETS
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Clear- Liquid Diet FULL LIQUID DIET
A clear liquid diet is a diet consisting Clear fluids that are thicker (opaque).
of exclusively light clear liquid at
room temperature. Use: short-term diet used as a
transition step between clear liquids
Use: post-surgically and soft diet.

WATER BROTH FRUIT JUICE ICE THIN

CREAM PUDDING
CEREALS

TEA COFFEE CLEAR SODAS MILK SOUP JELLO

pureed diet MECHANICAL SOFT DIET

A puréed food diet is a texture- Foods that are easy to chew and
modified diet (requires no chewing) swallow

Use: patients who have trouble Use: patients who have trouble
chewing or swallowing chewing or swallowing

MASHED PUREED PUREED TENDER GROUND CHOPPED

POTATO PASTA RICE FRUITS MEAT FOODS

YOGURT PUMPKIN PUREE COOKED VEGES TOFU

 EKGs
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 Steps in EKG Interpretation
STEP 1: DETERMINE THE HEART RATE
Calculate the rate: Normal, Bradycardia,
Tachycardia Rate: 60-100
Count a 6 second strip and multiply by 10

step 2: determine the rhythm

Determine R-R interval: Regular or
r-r r-r
Irregular regular

step 3: Evaluate the P wave

Evaluate the P wave
Present, Regular, P wave for
each QRS complex.

step 4: PR INTERVAL
Calculate PR interval: 0.10-0.20 (<5 small
squares) <5 small squares

step 5: Analyze the QRS complex

QRS complex for every P wave, <0.12
seconds 0.06-0.12 seconds
ECG MADE
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EASY
NORMAL SINUS RHYTHM
Normal heart beat
sinus bradycardia Ventricular TACHYCARDIA

QRS complex: QRS complex is wide, bizarre

Rate: less than 60 beats/min VT can lead to Ventricular Fibrillation and then death.

sinus TACHYCARDIA Ventricular FIBRILLATION

VT is fatal
Rate: >100 beats/min Rhythm: chaotic rapid rhythm

atrial fibrillation PAC

No P wave. Fibrillatory waves before P wave: premature, appears different than normal. P
QRS complex. wave may be buried in the preceding T wave.

atrial flutter pvc

P wave: absent (no P wave with PVCs). QRS complex:

P wave: sawtooth QRS complex in PVC is premature, wide and
abnormal

FIRST-degree block SECOND-DEGREE av bLOCK (TYPE 1)

PR interval: prolonged PR: lengthens progressively until QRS drops

SECOND-DEGREE av bLOCK (TYPE 2) THIRD-DEGREE av bLOCK

PR: Normal and consistent P wave: no relationship with QRS complex

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PHARMACOLOGY
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Indications MOA SIde/Adverse Effects

Contraindications Nursing Considerations Patient Education

 nursebossstore.com

Indications MOA SIde/Adverse Effects

Contraindications Nursing Considerations Patient Education

AGONIST VS ANTAGONIST
 nursebossstore.com

CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
DRUG CLASS MEDICATIONS MECHANISM OF ACTION

Thrombolytic drugs dissolve clots by

Thrombolytics Tenecteplase
activating plasminogen that forms plasmin.

Antiplatelet drugs prevent the aggregation or

Antiplatelets ASPIRIN adhesion of platelets.

Anticoagulants interfere and prevent the

Anticoagulants HEPARIN formation of clots by inhibiting factors in the
clotting cascade.

Cardiac Cardiac glycosides- increase cardiac

digoxin contractility/positive inotropic effect,
Glycosides
negative chronotropic effect

Thiazide Thiazide diuretics increase the excretion of Na

Chlorothiazide
Diuretics and water in the distal convoluted tubule.

Loop diuretics decrease the reabsorption of

Loop Diuretics Furosemide sodium and chloride in the ascending Loop of
Henle.

Potassium- Potassium-sparing diuretics cause sodium

Spironolactone
and water excretion in the distal tubule,
Sparing Diuretics
whilst promoting potassium retention (blocks
aldosterone receptors)

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor

ACE Inhibitors Enalapril
(ACE Inhibitors) prevents the conversion of
angiotensin I to angiotensin II which
prevents vasoconstriction.
 nursebossstore.com
DRUG CLASS MEDICATIONS MECHANISM OF ACTION

ARBs prevent aldosterone release and

ARBS Losartan
peripheral vasoconstriction by selectively
blocking angiotensin II receptors.

Calcium channel blockers prevent calcium

Calcium Nifedipine ions movement across myocardial cell
Channel Blockers membrane. This causes relaxation of
smooth muscle.

Beta Beta adrenergic blockers block the effect of

Atenolol,
Adrenergic Blockers epinephrine at the receptor sites.

Adrenergic Adrenergic agonist stimulates the adrenergic

Epinephrine receptors (both alpha or beta receptors) of
Agonist
target organs.

Antianginal Nitrates are antianginal agents that relax

Nitroglycerin
Agents smooth muscles, resulting in vasodilation,
reduced preload (dilating veins) and afterload
(dilating arteries) and decreased myocardial
oxygen demand.

respiratory DRUGS
DRUG CLASS MEDICATIONS MECHANISM OF ACTION

Inhaled Inhaled anticholinergics prevent the binding of

Atrovent
acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) by blocking
Anticholinergics
muscarinic receptors.
This results in bronchodilation (relaxation of
smooth muscle in the bronchi).

Antihistamines Brompheniriamine Decreases bronchial secretions

Expectorants reduce the surface tension of

Guaifenesin
Expectorants bronchial secretion and induce productive
cough to promote patent airway.
 nursebossstore.com
DRUG CLASS MEDICATIONS MECHANISM OF ACTION

Mucolytics Mucolytics liquefy or thins respiratory

Acetylcysteine
secretions (mucus) for airway clearance
(productive cough).

Decongestants cause vasoconstriction in the

Decongestant Oxymetazoline upper respiratory system. This leads to
shrinking swollen mucous membrane and
reduced fluid secretion.

Antitussives suppress the cough reflex by

Antitussives Benzonatate
directly acting on the cough control center in
the medulla.

Glucocorticoids are anti-inflammatory agents

Glucocorticoids
Beclomethasone that decrease inflammatory response in the
(Corticosteroids) airway.

Sympathomimetic Sympathomimetic affects the beta-receptors

Salmeterol
Bronchodilators found in the bronchi which leads to the
relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchi.

gastrointestinal DRUGS
DRUG CLASS MEDICATIONS MECHANISM OF ACTION

Proton Pump Proton pump inhibitors suppress the

Omeprazole
secretion of HCL in the stomach
Inhibitor

Histamine (H2) receptor antagonist blocks the

Histamine (H2) Ranitidine action of histamine, which produces HCL
secretion.
Receptor Antagonist
Antacid are alkaline compounds that
Antacid Calcium neutralizes acids and prevents the conversion
carbonate of pepsinogen to pepsin in the stomach.
 nursebossstore.com

DRUG CLASS MEDICATIONS MECHANISM OF ACTION

Antiemetics suppress nausea and vomiting

Antiemetics Ondansetron
by acting on the brain's control center to
stop the nerve impulse.

Laxatives Psyllium Laxatives promote bowel elimination.

ANTIBIOTICS
DRUG CLASS MEDICATIONS MECHANISM OF ACTION

Penicillins inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Penicillin Penicillins
Therefore, the bacteria's cell wall swells,
ruptures and dies.

Cephalosporins inhibit bacterial cell wall

Cephalosporin Cefazolin
synthesis.

Aminoglycosides inhibit bacteria protein

synthesis. They inhibit the translation of mRNA
Aminoglycosides gentamicin
to protein by irreversibly binding to bacteria
ribosome.

Tetracycline are broad-spectrum and inhibits

Tetracycline doxycycline protein synthesis which causes the inability for
bacterial growth

Sulfonamides inhibit the metabolic process

Sulfonamides sulfadiazine
essential for the function and growth of the
bacterial cell.

Flouroquinolones interfere with DNA gryase

Fluoroquinolones levofloxacin
(an enzyme) needed by the bacteria for the
synthesis of DNA
 nursebossstore.com
NEUROLOGICAL DRUGS
DRUG CLASS MEDICATIONS MECHANISM OF ACTION

NSAIDs have anti-inflammatory, analgesic and

NSAIDs diclofenac
antipyretic properties. NSAIDs inhibits
prostaglandin synthesis

Salicylates inhibit synthesis of prostaglandin.

Salicylates ASPIRIN Salicylates have anti-inflammatory,
antipyretic and analgesic properties.

Acetaminophen inhibits prostaglandin

Acetaminophen Acetaminophen
synthesis (limited to CNS and not periphery)

Opioid Analgesics
Morphine Suppresses pain impulses.

Anti- Used to treat muscle weakness in myasthenia

Edrophonium
gravis. Anticholinesterases blocks
cholinesterases
acetylcholine breakdown.

Dopaminergic drugs stimulate dopamine

Dopaminergics Apomorphine receptors and increase dopamine
concentration.

Benzodiazepines are used to treat absence

Benzodiazepines DiazepaM
seizures.
They enhance the effect of GABA

Blocks sodium channels and inhibits neurons

Hydantoins Phenytoin
from firing to stabilize central nervous
system membrane
 @NURSEBOSSESSENTIALS

lantus
humulin
Intermediate
humulin
Rapid Acting

Short Acting

Long Acting
lispro
INSULIN

n
r

nset 15 min

30 min

1-2 hr

1-2hour

eak 1 hour

2-4 hr

8 hr

No Peak

uration 2-4 hrs

5-8 hrs 12-18 hrs

24 hrs

HYPERTENSIVE MEDS

A
ACE INHIBITOR
-PRIL
Enalapril Lisinopril captopril

B
bETA blockers
-LOL/
OLOL Atenolol Carvedilol Propranolol

C
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER
-PINE
-AMIL Amlodipine Verapamil Diltiazem

-ZEM

D
DIURETICS
-SEMIDE
-THIAZIDE
furosemide HCTZ
 CARDIOVASCULAR @nursebossessentials

beta blockers CC BLOCKERS ARBS ACE INHIBITORS LOOP DIURETICS Thiazide Diuretics
-LOL -PINE -SARTAN -PRIL -SEMIDE -THIAZIDE

nursebossstore.com
CARDIO RESP GI PAIN

H2 Receptor
statinS Xantine PPIs: NSAIDS

nursebossessentials
Antagonists OPIOIDS
-STATIN -PHYLLINE -OPRAZOLE -DONE -PROFEN
-TIDINE

@nursebossessentials
ANTIBIOTICS ANTIVIRAL
prefixes

nursebossstore
suffixes +

Cephalosporin Penicillin Quinolones: Macrolides SULFONAMIDES Antiviral

CEF-, CEPH- -CILLIN -FLOXACIN -MYCIN SULF- -VIR
nursebossstore.com


medication

antidote medication antidote

name: name: name: name:

OPIOIDS NALAXONE CHOLINERGICS ATROPINE

antidote

medication

nursebossstore.com
medication antidote

name: name: name: name:

WAFARIN VIT K ACETAMINOPHEN ACETYLCYSTEINE

medication

antidote medication antidote

nursebossessentials

name: name: name: name:

HEPARIN PROTAMINE INSULIN GLUCAGON

medication

antidote

medication

antidote
antidote
drug and

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name: name: name: name:

BENZODIAZEPINES FLUMAZENIL DIGOXIN DIGIBIND
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 NURSING HEALTH
ASSESSMENT

DOWNLOAD THE
FULL NURSING ASSESSMENT
GUIDE IN THE BUNDLE
 NURSING ASSESSMENTnursebossstore.com
REVIEW
GENERAL SURVEY
1. Assess physical appearance,
mood, affect and grooming.
2. Assess orientation: Oriented to
Person, Place, Time and Situation.
3. Assess level of consciousness.
4. Assess speech.
Vital Signs
Pulse: 60-100 bpm
Blood Pressure Systolic: 120
Diastolic: 80
Respiratory Rate: 12-18 bpm
O2 Saturation: 95-100%
Temperature: 36.5-37.5 degrees C
HEAD AND FACE
1. Assess head size, shape,
symmetry.
2. Inspect and palpate head,
scalp
3. Palpate sinuses and TMJ
Face
1. Assess facial symmetry
2. Assess cranial nerve 7
Eyes/ Ears/ Nose
Inspect external eye structures,
conjunctiva and sclera.
Test cranial nerve III, IV, VI
PERRLA- Pupils are Equal,
Round, Reactive to Light and
Accommodation.
Pupil size: 3-5mm
Ears: Assess for redness, drainage.
Test cranial nerve-
Vestibulocochlear
Nose: Assess shape, symmetry, size,
patency. Test cranial nerve I
Mouth
1. Inspect lip color, sores, gums,
tongue, teeth, soft and hard
palate, uvula
2. Test cranial nerve 9, 12 and 10
Neck
1. Palpate lymph node, carotid
artery, presence of goiter.
2. Auscultate for bruits.
3. Test cranial nerve 11
Lungs
1. Inspect symmetrical chest
movement
2. Palpate for pain and lumps
3. Percuss using the Z-block
method
4. Auscultate lung sounds
HEART
1. Auscultate heart sounds (Aortic,
Pumonic, Erb's Point, Tricuspid
and Mitral)
ABDOMEN
1. Inspect, Auscultate, Percuss,
Palpate
2. Inspect skin color, contour and
aortic pulsations.
3. Auscultate bowel sounds from
RLQ clockwise.
SKIN + EXTREMITIES
1. Assess and inspect skin, nails,
muscle strength, ROM,
curvature of spine.
2. Palpate pulses
 breathing pattern

NORMAL
EUPNEA:


BREATHING
RATE
+ PATTERN

DECREASED
Bradypnea:


RESPIRATORY

RATE

INCREASED
Tachypnea:


RESPIRATORY

RATE

ABSENCE OF
Apnea:

BREATHING

DEEP
Hyperpnea:


RESPIRATIONS/

BREATHING
INCREASE AND
Cheyne DECREASE
IN
-stokes:

RESPIRATIONS WITH
APNEA
RAPID GASPS WITH
Biot's:


SHORT PAUSES

BETWEEN SETS

TACHYPNEA AND
Kussmaul's:

HYPERPNEA

PROLONGED
INSPIRATION AND
Apneustic:

SHORTENED

EXPIRATION
 cranial nerves
cranial
nerve function

test

Ask the patient to occlude one nostril

I Olfactory

Sense of smell

with eyes closed and

identify the smell.

II
Visual Acuity- Snellen Chart
Optic

Ability to see

Visual fields-Confrontation test

Reaction to light: Swing the penlight from

III Oculomotor

Ability to move and

eyes.

blink your the side towards the pupil.

Accommodation: Move an object towards

the client’s nose
Instruct the client to follow the penlight
IV
Ability to move your eyes up and
Trochlear


only with their eyes without

moving their
down or back and forth. head.

Sensations in your face and Ask the patient to close their eyes and touch

Trigeminal cheeks, taste and

movements.

jaw the forehead, cheeks, and
cotton swab

chin regions with a

VI
Ask the client to follow the penlight through
Abducens

Ability to move your

eyes

the six cardinal fields of gaze.

Ask the client to perform different facial

Facial expressions and sense of
VII Facial

taste.

expressions (smile, frown,

puff cheeks, close
eyes, raise eyebrows)

VIII
Vesti-

bulocochlear Sense of hearing

and balance. Weber test, Rinne test

Swallowing
IX
Glosso- Ability to taste and swallow.

pharyngeal Taste—posterior one third of tongue

Vagus Digestion and heart

rate Gag reflex, Swallowing,

Say AHH

Instruct the client to turn their head

XI
SPINAL Shoulder and neck muscle


from side to side.

Accessory movement
Shoulder shrug

XII
Ability to move your

tongue. Ask the client to protrude

the tongue
Hypoglossal
and move from side to side
MATERNAL AND CHILD
HEALTH

DOWNLOAD THE
FULL MATERNITY GUIDE IN
THE BUNDLE
 nursebossstore.com

gtpal
GTPAL: DESCRIBES PREGNANCY OUTCOMES

1. Number of pregnancies
(twins and triplets are
counted as one)
GRAVIDITY 2. Present pregnancy included.

1. The number born at term

(longer than 37 weeks of
TERM BIRTHS gestation)
2. Twins and triplets are
counted as one.

20-37 weeks of gestation.

(Count twins and triplets as
PRETERM BIRTHS one)
Includes alive and still birth

Less that 20 weeks of

gestation.
ABORTIONS Count twins and triplets as one

also includes miscarriages

current living children.

LIVING CHILDREN Count children individually
 lochia nursebossessentials

Lochia description
Lochia rubra
Bright red.
Last for 1-3 days

Heavy flow

lochia SEROSA
Pink/Brown

Lasts: Day 4 to Day 10

Moderate-small

lochia alba
Whitish/yellow
Lasts: may last up to 6

weeks
Gradually
reduces/disappears
INFECTION/ WARNING SIGNS
Foul smelling or purulent
lochia

Fever
Abdominal
pain/tenderness
LAB VALUES & IV GAUGES
CHEAT SHEET

DOWNLOAD THE
FULL LAB VALUES GUIDE IN
THE BUNDLE
 coag- abgs elec- renal cbc
Liver ulation trolytes
Al
bu pH s
10- PT 135 odi
3.4 mi 13 7.3 -14 u BU W
-5
.4 n sec 5-
7.4 5m m
7-2
0m N 4,5
00 B
g/d on 5 Eq -11 C
L ds /L g/d
L ,00
0
Bil
ir po
ub PT Pa ta Cr
in T CO s ea
2 t

nursebossstore.com
0.1 To 25 35 3.5 si in
-3 - -5 um RB
-1.2
mg
ta
l 5s 45
mm .0 m
O.6
-1.2 in
e 4.5 C
ec -5
/dL s Hg Eq
/L mg .5
/dL

ma
AS aP Pa gn
T TT 80 O2
1.5
e
si Hg
10- 30 -1 -2 um GF
40 -4
0s 00
mm .5 m 90 R 12- B(
F
U/ ec Eq 16
L HE
PA s Hg /L
-12
0 g/d )
RIN L

nursebossessentials
Sp
ca ec
HC ifi
AL IN
R l c
T 2-
3s
22
-2
O3 9- ci gr Hg
7-5
ec 6 11 m um 1.0 av 14- B(
6U mm it 18 M)
on y
10-
/L ds Hg g/d 1.0
L 30 g/d
L

Sa ch Pl

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AL
P 95 O2 95 lor 150
a t
20 % -10 ,00 el
-4 -10 5 m ide
0U 0% Eq ce 0-4 ets
/L /L lls/ 00
mc ,00
L 0
nursebossstore.com
lab values
 coag- abgs elec- renal cbc
Liver ulation trolytes
Al so
bu PT pH di
mi um BU W
n N BC

Bil
ir po
ub PT Pa ta Cr
in T CO ss ea
2

nursebossstore.com
To iu ti RB
ta m ni C
l ne

ma
AS aP Pa gn
T TT O2 es
iu GF Hg
m R B(
F)

nursebossessentials
Sp
ca ec
IN HC ifi
AL
R lc c
T O3 iu gr Hg
m av B(
it M)
y

Sa ch Pl

nursebossstore
AL lo at
P O2 ri el
de et
s
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lab values TEMPLATE
 meds meds hba1c other Lipid Cardiac
Am Ch Tr
di non ol
ab mon toest
op
4- etic 15- <20 0- on
5.6 45 ia ta er 0.4 in
% U/
dL
0m l ol ng I
g/d /m
L L

pharmacy
Digoxin:
pharmacy

4-12 mg/L
0.5-2 ng/mL

Carbamazepine:
pr
e- My
di ic
nursebossstore.com

ab p LD og
l

nursebossstore.com
et 5- L
5.7
-6 ic 15 <10 0- ob
.4% mm 0m 85 in
Hg ng
g/d /m
L L

pharmacy
pharmacy

Phenytoin
10-20mg/L
Theophylline
10-20 mcg/mL
di
ab bm
et
6.5 ic i CK
%& : 18.
5- >60
HD
L 0- -M
ab
ov 24
.9 mg 3n B
e g/m
/dL L

pharmacy
pharmacy

1.5-5mg/L
Lidocaine

nursebossessentials
15-40 mcg/mL
PhenobarbitaL
Tr
D- ig
Di ly CP
me ce
r <15 ri K-
<0. de
50 0m s 3%
-5
MB
g/d %
L

Lithium
pharmacy

0.8-1.5 mmol/L

nursebossstore
70 ma
-10 p
0m
mH
g
lab values
nursebossstore.com
lab values

MB
Cardiac

bin

B
in

-M

K-
on

lo

CP
CK
op

og
Tr

My
l ol

s
ta er

de
Lipid
toest

ri
HD

ce
L
ol

LD

ly
Ch

ig
Tr

r
a
other

me
ni

p
i
mo

Di

ma
bm
ic

D-
Am

ic
ic

:
di non

et

ic
hba1c

et

et
ab
ab

di

ab
e-

di
pr
meds

pharmacy pharmacy pharmacy

pharmacy
Digoxin: Theophylline Lithium
PhenobarbitaL

meds

pharmacy pharmacy pharmacy

Carbamazepine: Phenytoin Lidocaine

nursebossstore.com nursebossessentials nursebossstore

 nursebossstore.com
IV
TYPE

SOLUTION USES

CONSIDERATIONS

Isotonic Severe vomiting + Monitor closely for

0.9% Normal 0.9% Diarrhea hypervolemia, especially

Saline

NaCl

Blood transfusion with heart failure or renal

To replace Na + Cl failure.

Isotonic Burns Should not be used if serum

Lactated
Ringer’s

GI tract
fluid pH is greater
than 7.5


LR
losses because it will worsen
Traumas alkalosis.

Isotonic Patients with

Starts as isotonic and then
5% Dextrose

hypernatremia
in Water

D5W changes to hypotonic when

Used to
treat

dextrose is metabolized
hypoglycemia

Fluid and
Lactated Ringer’s
5% Dextrose and

Hypertonic
electrolyte Monitor signs of

D5LR

replenishment

hypervolemia

and caloric
supply
10% Dextrose

Hypertonic
in Water

Monitor signs of

(D10W)

Caloric
supply

hypervolemia

Hypertonic
5% Dextrose in
0.45% Saline

D50.45% Maintenance
Monitor signs of

NaCl
fluid hypervolemia

Hypotonic Used to treat

Avoid in patients with
0.45% Saline

intracellular
0.45% dehydration trauma, risk for increased

NaCl Fluid replacement

ICP or burns.
among patients
with hypovolemia Monitor for hypotension
TEMPLATE
 NURSING
FUN FACTS
BLOOD TYPE MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES
COMPATIBILITY FRACTURES
IV CATHETER GAUGE EKGS
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES SHOCK
INSULIN CARDIOVASCULAR
PHARMACOLOGY DISORDERS
CONVERSIONS RESPIRATORY
DISORDERS
LAB VALUES
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
ROME-ABGS
SPINAL CORD INJURY
OXYGEN THERAPY
STROKE
BREATHING PATTERN
PAD VS PVD
ANTIDOTES
GI DISORDERS
ANTIBIOTICS
CANCER
 nursing fun facts nursebossstore.com
blood type COMPATIBILITY iv catheter gauge
donor size

color

uses

0+ 0- a+ a- b+ b- ab+ab-

0+








14G

Trauma, Rapid infusion

0-








16G

Trauma, Surgery

recipient

a+

18G

Blood transfusions

a-

20G

IV fluids and

medications

@nursebossessentials
b+

22G

IV fluids, small veins

b-

24G

ab+

Fragile veins, pediatrics

ab-

26G

Neonates

Prefixes and Suffixes insulin

CARDIOVASCULAR @nursebossessentials
nset nset
g

cting
15 mins 30 mins
Rapid Actin

Short A
beta blockers
-LOL
CC BLOCKERS
-PINE
ARBS
-SARTAN
ACE INHIBITORS LOOP DIURETICS Thiazide Diuretics
-PRIL -SEMIDE -THIAZIDE eak eak
1 hour 2-4 hR
CARDIO RESP GI PAIN uration
2-4 hRS uration
5-8 hRs

nset
H2 Receptor
statinS Xantine PPIs: Antagonists OPIOIDS NSAIDS
nset
Intermediate

cting
-STATIN -PHYLLINE -OPRAZOLE -DONE -PROFEN
-TIDINE
1-2 hrs 1-2Hours
ANTIBIOTICS ANTIVIRAL
@nursebossessentials

eak eak
Long A
8 hr no peak

Cephalosporin Penicillin Quinolones: Macrolides SULFONAMIDES Antiviral uration uration

CEF-, CEPH- -CILLIN -FLOXACIN -MYCIN SULF- -VIR 12-18 hrs 24 hrs

pharmacology conversions
Thrombolytics Anticoagulants Antilipidemic Diuretics
prevent the LOWERS
dissolve clots CHOLESTEROL promotes
formation of diuresis
clots LEVEL

Cardiac Glycosides Antiplatelets ACE Inhibitors Antihistamines

Decreases
1mg=1000mcg 1g=1000mg 1kg=1000g 1kg=2.2lbs
increase prevent the lowers blood
cardiac aggregation pressure bronchial
contractility Of platelets. secretions

Mucolytics bronchodilator PPI Antacid

Reduce neutralizes
thins mucus dilate airway
gastric acid acids
1gr=60mg 1L=1000mL 1mL=1cc 1 tsp=5mL
Antiemetics Laxatives Opioid Analgesics ssri
suppress Laxatives
promote bowel Suppresses anti-
nausea and
vomiting elimination. pain impulses depressant

Penicillin Aminoglycosides Sulfonamides Fluoroquinolones

antibiotic antibiotic antibiotic antibiotic 1 tbsp= 15mL 1oz=30mL 1 tbsp=3 tsp 1oz= 2 tbsp
 nursing fun facts
nursebossstore.com
lab values rome
CBC
WBC: 4,500-11,000
renal
BUN: 7-20mg/dL
RBC: 4.5-5.5 Creatinine: O.6-1.2
HgB (F): 12-16 g/dL GFR: 90-120 espiratory pH CO2 Alkalosis
HgB (M): 14-18 g/dL
Specific gravity:
Platelets: 150,000-
1.010-1.030
400,000 cells/mcL
pposite pH CO2 Acidosis

electrolytes abgs
Na+: 135-145 mEq/L pH: 7.35-7.45 etabolic pH hCO3 Alkalosis
K+: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L PaCO2: 35-45mmHg
Mg+: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L PaO2: 80-100mmHg
Ca+: 9-11 mg/dL
PO4: 3.0-4.5 mg/dL
HCO3: 22-26 mmHg
SaO2: 95%-100%
qual pH hCO3 Acidosis
Cl-: 95-105 mEq/L

oxygen therapy breathing pattern

Simple face mask: Nasal Cannula EUPNEA: Cheyne-stokes:
FiO2: 40% to Fio2: 24% to NORMAL BREATHING RATE + PATTERN increase and decrease in
60% 44% respirations with apnea
FLOW Rate: Flow rate:
6 to 8 L/min 1 to 6 L/min Bradypnea:
decreased respiratory rate
Biot's:
rapid gasps with short pauses
Venturi Mask Partial Rebreather between sets
FIO2: 24% to fio2: 60% to 80% Tachypnea:
50% Flow rate: increased respiratory rate
Flow rate: 6 to 10 L/min Kussmaul's:
4 to 15 L/min tachypnea and hyperpnea
Apnea:
Non- Rebreather Face Tent absence of breatHing Instagram: @nursebossessentials
fio2: 60%-100% Flow rate: 10 L/min
Flow rate: Hyperpnea: Apneustic:
10 to 15 L/min prolonged inspiration and
deep respirations/breathing shortened expiration

antidotes antibiotics
OPIOIDS CHOLINERGICS
ANTIDOTE:
Penicillin Tetracycline
ANTIDOTE:
Nalaxone Atropine Inhibits protein synthesis
Penicillins inhibit bacterial
which causes the inability for
cell wall synthesis.
bacterial growth
WAFARIN ACETAMINOPHEN

ANTIDOTE: ANTIDOTE:
Vit K Acetylcysteine Cephalosporin Sulfonamides
Cephalosporins inhibit Inhibit the metabolic process
HEPARIN INSULIN
@nursebossessentials

bacterial cell wall synthesis. essential for the function and

growth of the bacterial cell.
ANTIDOTE: ANTIDOTE:
Protamine Glucagon Fluoro-
Aminoglycosides quinolones
BENZODIAZEPINES DIGOXIN
Inhibit bacteria protein Interfere with DNA gryase
ANTIDOTE: ANTIDOTE: synthesis. They inhibit the needed by the bacteria for the
Flumazenil Digoxin Immune Fab translation of mRNA to protein synthesis of DNA
 nursing fun facts
medical terminologies fractures
gastritis carditis hepatitis TRANSVERSE Oblique: fracture
inflammation of inflammation of the inflammation of the A NORMAL BONE straight across that run at an
lining of the stomach heart liver the bone. angle across

Comminuted Closed
nephritis pharyngitis glossitis Spiral: fracture
fracture: bone
that circles or break into
inflammation of the inflammation of the inflammation of the spirals around more than break without
kidneys pharynx tongue two open wound in
the shaft.
fragments. skin.
Instagram: @nursebossessentials
Instagram: @nursebossessentials

myelitis enteritis cystitis Impacted: a part Greenstick: one Complete fracture:

side of the bone complete break
inflammation of the inflammation of the of the bone that
inflammation of the is broken, the through the bones
spinal cord small intestine impact another
urinary bladder other side is that separates
bone into two.
bent
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colitis laryngitis metritis Open fracture fissure fracture Compression:
inflammation of the (compound): are cracks in the one bone
inflammation of the inflammation of the
uterus fracture with bone. compresses
inner lining of the larynx
an open another
colon
wound. bone

ekgs shock
normal sinus rhythm atrial flutter
Atrial and ventricular rhythms are Atrial rhythm is regular cardio- hypo- ANAPHY NEURO-
regular.
Rate: 60-100 beats/min
Rate: 250-400 beats/min
P wave: sawtooth

GENIC volemic SEPTIC

LACTIC GENIC

PR interval and QRS width are within PR interval: not measurable

Chest pain Hypotension, Hypotension, Tachycardia, Hypotension,
normal limit QRS complex: less than or equal to 0.12s fast/weak tachycardia
CARDIAC:

pulse,

(rapid, weak and

tachycardia

hypotension

bradycardia

SINUS BRADYCARDIA Ventricular TACHYCARDIA systolic bp thready pulse)

Atrial and ventricular rhythms are Rhythm: regular Orthopnea, Shortness of affects breathing
regular Rate: 140-250 beats/min rapid, shallow Rapid, shallow increased breath, (depending

on the
Rate: less than 60 beats/min P wave: absent RESP:

respirations,

breathing

respirations

bronchoconstric type of injury)

Normal P wave precedes each QRS complex PR: not measurable crackles tion
PR. interval & QRS width= normal limits QRS complex: QRS complex is wide, bizarre Pale, Initial stage- Hives, flushed,
Cool/Clammy
SKIN:
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Dry, warm skin

Skin, Cyanosis Cool/Clammy flushed & warm itching, localized

sinus TACHYCARDIA Ventricular FIBRILLATION Skin edema

Rhythm: chaotic rapid rhythm no bladder
Atrial and ventricular rhythms are regular Oliguria (late control
Rate: Not measurable Oliguria Oliguria Oliguria
Rate: >100 beats/min
Normal P wave precedes each QRS complex P wave: absent GU:

stage)

(depending on the
type of injury)
PR interval and QRS width are within normal PR: not measurable
Confusion, Anxiety,
limits QRS complex: not measurable
Confusion restlessness, Decreased LOC
CNS:

restlessness,

atrial fibrillation pvc anxiety lethargy

Atrial rhythm is irregular Rhythm: Irregular, Rate: is that of
Ventricular rhythm is irregular
Rate: 350-600bpm, No P wave
underlying rhythm.
P wave: absent (no P wave with PVCs) PR: not
IMMUNE:



Fever

PR interval is not measurable measurable, QRS complex: QRS complex in PVC

Fibrillatory waves before QRS complex is premature, wide and abnormal
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cardiovascular respiratory
Accumulation of fluid in Accumulation of blood in
CAD ANGINA MI the pleural space. the pleural space.
buildup of plaque in chest pain due to myocardial tissue PLEURAL HEMOTHORAX
decreased myocardial damage as a result EFFUSION
the arteries oxygenation of oxygen deprivation

fluid BLOOD
HEART FAILURE PERICARDITIS ENDOCARDITIS
inability of the heart Pericarditis is an infection Inflammation and
muscle to pump enough of the pericardium. infection of the air in the pleural space collection of pus IN THE
blood. endocardium PLEURAL SPACE
causing lung collapse
PNEUMO-
THORAX EMPYEMA
HYPERTENSION CARDIAC TAMPONADE AORTIC ANEURYSM
an increase in blood accumulation of fluid in balloon-like bulge in
pressure (chronic). the pericardial cavity the aorta air pus
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pulmonary embolism spinal cord injury

stroke pad vs pvd

gi disorders cancer
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