I ntroduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
D. Neuroanatomy
Human Anatomy
- normal structure of the body
Human Physiology
- functions of normal structure of the body
- process of how these body parts works
 ivision of Anatomy
D - cornerstone of human physiology
A. Gross Macroscopic Anatomy
- study of structures that can be examined
without the aid of microscope
- studied by unaided eye
Types of Gross Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
- the body studied system by system
- group of structures that have one or
more common functions such as
cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory,
skeletal, muscular systems.
Regional Anatomy
- study of structures by body regions
- the body studied area by area within
each region
e. g. head region and thoracic region
Surface Anatomy
- study of landmarks on the body surface
on different visceral organs
- involves looking at the exterior of the
body to visualize structures deeper inside
the body.
B. Microscopic Anatomy
- study of structures of human body through
the microscope
Types of Microscopic Anatomy
Cytology
- study of cells
- examine the structural features of cells
Histology
- study of normal tissue inside the body
C. Embryology
- study of development of human body from
fertilization of ovum
- study of normal microscopic gross features
and development of nervous system
Division of Physiology
A. Cell Physiology
- study function of living things
- scientific study of physiological processes
among cells
B. Special Physiology
- study functions of specific organs
e. g. cardiac physiology
C. Systematic Physiology
- includes all aspects of the function of
specific organ system
e. g. cardiovascular physiology
D. Pathologic Physiology
- study of effects of disease an organ or organ
system
Levels of Structure Organization of the body
1. Chemical Level
- includes atoms, smallest unit and building of
matter and the molecules with atoms joining
together
- involves interactions between atoms
2. Cellular Level
- cell is structural unit of the body
- basic structural and functional units of plants
and animals
3. Tissue Level
- group of cells similar in structure and
function together
4. Organ Level
- different types of tissues joining together
from specific functions
5. System Level
- composed of related organs with some
definite functions
 Different Body Region Dorsal - Back - Posterior
1. Head - toward the vertebral surface of the body
- where the brain and face with nose mouth Medial - Midline Center
ears found - toward the midsaggital plane, away side
2. Neck Lateral - Away from Center
- connects head and trunk - toward the side, away from midsaggital
3. Trunk Intermediate - Between
Thorax Proximal - Close - Origin
- heart and lungs - toward the trunk, limb or appendage
Abdomen Distal - Far - Origin
- most digestive and urinary system - away from the trunk or point of attachment
Pelvic Cavity and Perineum Superficial - External
- reproductive and urinary system - toward the surface of a part, away fr inside
Deep - Internal
4. Upper Extremities
- toward the inside of a part, away fr surface
- shoulder finger hands
Peripheral - Lateral
5. Lower Extremities
Parietal - External
- high tigh legs and foot
Visceral - Internal
Different Body Planes
1. Anatomic Planes Bio - living
- based on 4 imaginary planes that pass Exo/Ecto - outside or exit
through the body in Anatomical Position Endo - inside
Median Plane Supra - above
- imaginary vertical line passing through Hypo - below
longitudinal Pre - before
- also known as MIDSAGGITAL PLANE Post - after
- divides into equal right and left planes Inter - between
Peri - around
Saggital Plane Epi - on or upon
- extends from anterior to posterior and
superior to inferior Medical Terminologies Related to
Frontal Plane Different Body Region
- also called CORONAL PLANE 1. Head
- divides the body organ into anterior (front) Cranial - skull
and posterior (back) Facial - face
Horizontal Plane Frontal - forehead
- also called TRANSVERSE PLANE Oculi - eye or optic
- divides up the body organ into superior Otic - ear
(upper) and inferior (lower) Buccal - cheeks
Nasal - nose
Anatomical Terms and Relationships Oral - mouth
Superior - Upper 2. Neck / Cervical
- towards the top of the body Cervix / Collum / Colli - neck
Inferior - Lower 3. Trunk
- towards the bottom of the body
Chest - thoracic / pectoris
Ventral - Front - Anterior Abdomen
- toward the belly surface of the body
Umbilical - navel
 Coxae / Coxal - hip 2. Responsiveness
Inguinal - groin - ability to change (stimuli) in the
Public Pubis - hypograstic / between tighs environment and then react to them
Dorsal - back 3. Digestion
Lumbar - loin - process of breaking down inserted foods
4. Upper Extremities into simplest molecules
Acromial - shoulder 4. Metabolism
Omo - shoulder - include chemical process occur in the body
Axillary - armpit
Brachial - arm / upper arm 5. Excretion
Cubit - elbow - process of removing excreta or waste from
Antebrachial - forearm the body
Carpal - wrisk 6. Reproduction
Metacarpal - palm - production of offspring can occur on the
Phalageal - fingers
cellular or organismal
5. Lower Extremities 7. Growth
Gluteal - buttocks - increase in size usually accomplished by an
Femoral - thigh
Patellar - anterior surface knee joint increase the number of cells
Popliteal - hollow behind the knee
Crural - anterior leg Homeostasis
Pedal - foot
Tarsal - ankle - homeo ( same ) & stasis ( standing )
Digital Phalanges - toes - ability to maintain relatively stable internal
Plantar - sole conditions even though the outside's changing
Calcaneal - heel - dynamic state equilibrium
Terms of Movement Homeostasis Regulation
Articulation 1. Autoregulation
- bone mussels - occurs when the activities of a tissue organ
- also known as movement or organ system changed automatically
- movement take place at joints were two or 2. Extrinsic Regulation
more joints meet articulate with one another - when organs are controlled by outside
Flexion - bending or decreasing system
Extension - straightening or increasing - nervous and endocrine system
Abduction - moving away from median
Adduction - moving toward from median Components of Extrinsic
Rotation - moving around long axis 1. Receptor
Circumduction - circular movement combining - changes in the environmental stimuli
flexion extension abduction and adduction
2. Control Center
Eversion - moving foot sole laterally
- determines the level of variable
Inversion - moving foot sole medially
Sopination - rotating forearm & hand laterally 3. Effector
Pronation - rotating forearm & hand medially - provides means the control center (output)
Protraction - movement mandible forward stimuli
Retraction - movement mandible backward Negative Feedback Mechanism
- response stimuli to shut off or reduce its
Essential Life Processes
intensity (decrease)
1. Movement Positive Feedback Mechanism
- motion occurring in the human body either - increase the original stimulus
whole body or individual cells
 Homeostatic Imbalance
- result from different disturbance cause a
disease cavities
Dorsal Cavity
1. Cranial Cavity
- space inside the bony skull
- within the skull
Organ : Brain
2. Spinal Cavity
- extended from cranial cavity nearly to the
end of vertebral
- within the vertebral column
Organ : Spinal Cord
Ventral Cavity
1. Thoracic Cavity
- lungs and heart
- within the rib cage
A. Pleural Cavities
- left one third and right one third of
thoracic cavity
Organ : Lung
B. Mediastinum
- middle one third of thorax
Organs : Heart, Trachea, Esophagus
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
- cavity inferior to the diaphram
- from the diaphragm to the bot of the trunk
A. Abdominal Cavity
- from the diaphragm to the rim of pelvic
bones
- upper portion contains stomach, liver &
most of pancreas, spleen, kidneys
B. Pelvic Cavity
- from the pelvic to the floor of the trunk
- lower portions contains the urinary
bladder, portions of intestines
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
1. Right Hypochondriac Region - top right region
2. Epigastric Region - top middle region
3. Left Hypochondriac Region - top left region
4. Right Lumbar Region - middle right region
5. Umbilical Region - central region
6. Left Lumbar Region - middle left region
7. Right Iliac Region - lower right region
8. Hypograstic Region - lower middle region
9. Left Iliac Region - lower left region
4 Quadrants
Right upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Left lower quadrant
The Cell
Cell
- is the smallest unit of living structures
capable of independent existence
3 Main Parts of the Cell
1. Nucleus - control center of the cell
2. Cytoplasm - liquid part of the cell
3. Plasma Membrane - protects the cell from
the outside environment
1. Nucleus
- head quarters or the control center of the cell
- Gene containing which are the carrier of
heredity traits foe an individual
- DNA or the deoxyribonucleic acid, D & R
- is much like the blueprint that contains the
instructions needed for building the whole body
2. Cytoplasma
- cellular material outside the nucleus and
inside the plasma membrane
- site of most cellular activities happen
- called as factory area
Formed Elements of Cytoplasm
1. Organelles
2. Inclusion
3. Cytoskeleton
1. Organelles
- little organs
- performing its own job to maintain lifeof cell
A. Mitochondria
- powerhouse of the cell
- usually depicted as tiny threadlike or
sausage shape organelles
- synthesize ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate 
 B. Ribosomes
- are tiny dark bodies made of CHON and
variety of RNA called ribosomal RNA
- CHON is protein
- actual site of CHON synthesis
- maybe found free or bound to endoplasmic
reticulum
- attached endoplasmic reticulum (rough)
synthesize CHON
- free ribosomes destined for intracellular
consumption 
C. Endoplasmic Reticulum
- system of fluid filled cistern tubules or canal
that coil and twist through the cytoplasm
- network within the cytoplasm
2 kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. Rough or Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum
- contains bound ribosomes hence concerned
with CHON synthesis
2. Smooth or Non Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum
- does not contain ribosomes
- functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification 
D. Golgi Apparatus or Dictyosomes
- appears as a stack of flattened membranous
sacs
- functions to accumulate and concentrate
the secretory of product cells
E. Lysosomes
- appear in different sizes
- are membranous "bags" containing powerful
digestive enzymes
- plays an important role in cellular defense
against foreign substance
- abundant in white blood cells (WBC)
- are vesicles containing digestive enzymes
-repairing plasma membrane 
3 Types of Lysosomes
1. Primary Lysosomes
- are thos not yet become engage in digestive
activity
2. Secondary Lysosomes
- site of current or previous digestive activity
3. Residual Lysosomes
- terminal phases of lysosomal functions
- contains undigestible materials
F. Peroxisome
- membranous sacs containing powerful
oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen
to detoxify a number of harmful or
poisonous substance including alcohol
2. Inclusion
- are not functioning units but chemical
substance that may or may not be present
example : glycogen, lipid, pigments
3. Cytoskeleton
- framework of the cell
Principals Components
A. Microfilaments
- thinnest cytoskeleton
B. Intermediate Filaments
- helps from desmosomes
C. Microtubules
- determined the overall shape of the cells
and distribution of organelles
Centrioles - rod shape bodies that lie at
the right angles to each other
Basal Bodies - anchoring points for cilia
and flagella
Cilia - whiplike cellular extension that
move substances along the cell surface
Flagella - long centrioles
3. Plasma Membrane
- also called as Cell Membrane or
Plasmalemma
- is a fragile, transparent barrier contain the
cell contents and separate them from the
surroundingenvironment
- Hydrophilic heads are exposed on the outer
and inner surfacesand the hydrophobic tails
apposed to each other
Membrane Functions
1. Gives shapes to the cell
2. Separates the cell from its environment
3. Serves as recognition sites acting as
antigenic determinants
4. Serves as barrier
 Cell Diversity
1. Cells that connects body parts
Fibroblast - elongated shape of this cell
lies along the cable like fibers abundant in
rough ER
2. Cells that covers and lines body organs
Epithetal Cells - hexagon shaped cell
3. Cells that moves organs and body parts
Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells
- elongated and filled with abundant
contractile filaments
4. Cells that stores nutrients
Fat cells - huge spherical shape cell
5. Cell that fights disease
Macrophages Phagocytic Cells
B. Bulk Transport
- extends long pseudopods (false feet)
6. Cells that gather information and control
body functions
Nerve Cells
7. Cells of reproduction
Oocyte (female) - largest cell in the body
Sperm Cells (male)
Membrane Transport
Osmosis
- simple diffusion of water
Facilated Diffusion
- same as simple diffusion but the diffusing
substance is attached to a lipid soluble
carrier of CHON
B. Filtration
- movement of water and solute from
hydrostatic pressure
Active Transport Process
A. Active Transport or Solute Pumping
- movement of a substance through a
membrane against a concentration or
electrochemical gradient and requires a
membrane carrier CHON
Exocytosis
- describes the process of vesicles fusing
with the plasma membrane and releasing
their contents to the outside of the cell
Endocytosis
- process capturing the substance or
particle from outside the cell by engulfing I
with te cell membrane

Solution C. Phagocytosis
- mixture of two or more components - cell eating insoluble substance are
Solvent - substance that present in the engulfed and are enclose in a vesicle
largest amount in a solution known as phagosome
Solute - substance or components present D. Pinocytosis
in the smaller amount in a solution
- cell drinking engulfment of small amount
1. Passive Transport Proccess
of fluid enclosed in a pinocytic vesicle
- substances are transported across the

Cell Growth and Reproduction

membrane without the use of energy
2. Active Transport Process
- uses energy to transport substances (ATP) Cell Cycle
Passive Transport Process - interphase (18-24 hours)
- inactive
A. Diffusion - resting phase
- molecules tend to scatter themselves
throughout the available space G1 phase - no DNA but RNA and CHON synthesis
Simple Diffusion S Phase - DNA synthesis and replication
- net movement of particles from an area of G2 Phase - final preparation for cell division
higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration
 Cell Division Characteristic of Epithelia Tissue
- shortest period of cell cycle - epithelia cells fit closely together to form
- ddivision of nucleus continously sheets
Types of Nuclear Division - it has one free surface or edge
- Apical surface is expose to the body exterior
1. Mitosis
or the Cavity of an internal
- nuclear division of vegetative or somatic - avascular
- 46 chromosomes Functions
- protection
4 Phases of Mitosis
- aabsorption
A. Prophase - filtration
- chromosomes progressively shorten and - secretion
thicken to form double structures Classification
- nucleus gradually disappers
1. Simple Epithelium
B. Metaphase - one layer of cells
- double chromosomes occupy the plane of the
equator of the centromere 2. Stratified Epithelium
- two or more layers of cells
C. Anaphase
Simple Epithelium
- separation of sister chromatid and passage - concerned with absorption secretion and
as daughter of chromosomes to the opposite filtration
poles
1. Simple Squamous Epithhelium
D. Telophase
- new nuclear membrane - single thin layer of Squamous cells
- nnucleoli are reformed - flattened cells
- uusually formed membranes where filtration
2. Meiosis or exchange of substance by rapid diffusion
- formation of reproductive cells/gametes occur
- 23 chromosomes 2. Simple Cubodal Epithhelium
- cells that wider than they are tall
The Body Tissue - cube like cells with large spherical central
nuclei
Tissue - common in glads and their ducts
- group of cells that are similar in structures 3. Simple Columnar Epithelium
and functions - tall cells
- common in the GIT (stomach to anus)
4 Types of Tissue
- Goblet Cells produce a lumbricaing mucus
1. Epithelium covering 4. Pseudotratified Columnar Epithelium
2. Connective support - cells that are shorter than others
3. Nervous control - nnuclei appear in different heights above
4. Muscle movement the basement membrane
A. Non Ciliated
Epithelia Tissue - lining of the ducts of male repro and
- epithe is to 'laid on' accessory male repro
- covering B. Ciliated
- linis of the respiratory tracts
 Stratified Epithelia
- primary function is protection
1. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- most common stratified epithelium
- cconsist of several layers (free edge-
Squamous cells;basement membrane Cubodal
or columnar)
- common sites are those friction
(esophagus,mouth,outer layer of skin)
Transitional Epithelium
- highly modified stratified squamous
epithelium
- ccells have the ability slides past one another
and change their shape(transition)
- ccommon at the water and urinary bladder
Granular Epithelium
- consists of one or more cells that makes and
secrete particular products
A. Endocrine Gland - ductless thyroid
B. Exocrine Gland - with ducts, sweet glands
- Granular Epithelium is exocrine gland
Number of Cells
1. Unicellular Gland - goblets cells
2. Multicellular Gland - all glands except goblets
Nature of Secretion
1. Mucous Gland
- secretes thick product (goblets cells)
2. Serous Gland
- secretes thin watery products (parotid gland)
3. Muco-serous Gland
- mixed secretion
4. Cytogenics Gland
- product cells (testis,ovaries)
Connective Tissue
- connects body parts
- functions are supporting and binding together 4. Loose Connective Tissue
Characteristics
- well vasculized (except tendons and
ligaments poor blood supplies)
Extravascular Matrix
2 Elements
1. Ground Substances
- composed of water and some adhesion
CHONs large polysaccharide
2. Fibers
Types of Fibers
1. Collagen(white) - high tensile strength
2. Elastic(yellow) - ability to stretch or recoil
3. Reticular fibers - fine collagen forms
Types of Connective Tissue
1. Bone
- called osseous tissue
- ccomposed of bone cells sitting in cavities
called lacunae
2. Cartillage
- less hard and more flexible
Types of Cartillage
A. Hyaline
- has abundant collagen fibers hidden by
a rubbery matrix e.g Trachea
B. Fibroblast
- forms of cushion like disk between the
vertebrate of the spinal column
C. Elastic
- structure within elasticity desired e.g
External ear
3. Dense Connective Tissue
- aka dense fibrous tissue
- forms strong rope like structures
2 Types of Dense Connective Tissue
A. Tendons
- attach skeletal muscle to joints
B. Ligaments
- connects bones to bones at joints
- are softer and have more cells and fewer
fibers
Types of Loose Connective Tissue
A. Areolar Tissue
- soft,pliable, "cobwebby" tissue that
cushions and protects the body organs
- ffunctions as a universal packing and
Connective tissue glue
5. Reticular Connective Tissue
- consist of delicate network of interwoven
reticular fibers. eg. stroma or internal
framework
6. Blood
- vascular tissue
Muscle Tissue
- are highly specialized to contract or
shorten to produce movement
Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal Muscle
- attached to the skeleton
- ccan be controlled voluntarily
2. Cardiac Muscle
1. Epidermis
- found in the heart
3.Smooth Muscle
- aka visceral muscle
- ccells have single nucleus and are spinal in
shape(pointing at each end)
- ffound in the wall of hollow organs such as
stomach bladder uterus and blood vessels
1. Stratum Basale
Nervous Tissue
- can be found in the brain,spinal cord
nerves
Skin
- aka integument (covering)
- llargest organ in the body
Functions
1. Keeps water and other molecules on the
body
2. Keeps water out
3. Protects the body from external agent
4. Cushion deeper organs
5. Protects body from mechanical,chemical
,thermal damages, ultraviolet radiations and
bacteria(abdominal area)
6. Regulate heat loss
7. Acts a mini excretory system
8. Storage Vitamin D
9. Contains cutaneous organ receptor that
serves as sensor for touch pressure pain and
temperature
Structures/ Layers of
Integumentary System
- superficial protective layer
- ccomposed of stratified squamous
epithelium that is capable of keratinizing
that varies thickness (hard & tough)
- avascular
Layers of Epidermis
- lies closest to dermis
- rreceive oxygen via diffusion
- constantly undergoing division

Integumentary System
- aka stratum germinatium (aerminating
layer)
- cells found in stratum basale
Composed of A. Keratinocytes
- Skin - produce keratin which toughness and
- Skin Appendage waterproof the skin
Cutaneous Gland B. Melanocytes
- sweat gland - synthesis pigments
- subaceous gland - provide protective layer against UV Ray
Hairs
Nails
 C. Tactile or Merkel Cells Coloration Of Skin
- touch or touch receptor 1. Melanin - brown black pigment
2. Carotene - produce yellowish pigment
D. Non Pigmented Granular Dendocytes
3. Hemoglobin - oxygen binding pigment RBC
- langerhan cells
- phagocytosis Appendages Of Skin
1. Cutaneous Gland
2. Stratum Spinosum
- all exocrine gland
- cell contains thick bundles of intermediate
Sebaceous Gland
3. Stratum Lucidem - found all over the skin and except on
- clear layers
palm and soles
- hairless
- ppasses through hair
- eexist in lips and thickened skin (sole and
- sebum keeps the skin moist
palm)
- secretes sebum(mixture of oily and
4. Stratum Granulosum substances) and fragmented cells
- granular - fighting microorganism
- fflatter increasingly full of keratin - contains chemical that kills bacteria
5. Stratum Corneum - active and adolescence (male)
- outermost layer Sweat Gland
-20-30 thick layer - aka suboriterous gland
- ccompletely filled with keratin - widely distributed skin
- cornified or horny cells -palms sole axillary pubic
- callus formattion 2 Types of Sweat Gland

2. Dermis
- deeper and thicker than epidermis
- strong and stretchy envelope
- vasculirized
Layers of Dermis
1. Papillary Layer
- in contact with epidermis
- ddermal papillae (papill-nipple) that
extend from the upper portion of dermis
- fingerprint - enhance gripping and
gasping ability
- ffrom base to friction ridges on finger and
toes
- house pain receptor and touch receptor
2. Reticular Layer
- deeper skin layer
- contain blood vessel sweat gland(oil)
-+ pressure recceptor(pacinian
-+ phagocytosis (bacteria)
1. Eccrine
- odorless
- found all over the body specially iin
forehead, back,palm and soles
2. Apocrine
- localize gland focus on axillary and public
region
- odoriferous secretion
- not functional until puberty
Mammary Gland
- found within the breast
- ssecretes milk during lactation
- under the stimulus of pituitary gland
- tthoracic area
2. Hair
- 1 characteristic of mammal
- hairless part (palm,sole,lips,nipple)
- lifespan 3-4 months (eyelash) 3-4 years
scalp hair
- primary function is protection
 Skeletal System
Parts of the Hair
1. Shaft
- visible but dead portion of the Hair - composed of bones joints cartillage
projecting the above surface of the skin and ligaments forming the framework of
2. Root the body
- enclosed in follicle - sskeleton - dried up (greek)
Axial Skeleton
3. Hair bulb matrix
- growth zone contains melanocytes that - from the longitudinal axist of the body
glues color to the hair Appendicular Skeleton
Arrector Pili - one of the limbs and gridle
- connect each side of follicle to the dermal - uupper and lower extremities
tissue
1. Axial Skeleton
Layers of Hair - consist of 80 bones
1. Mellula - inner part - sskull (28), hyoid bone, vertebrate (26)
2. Cortex - thick median part ribs (24) sternum
3. Cuticle - cover the cortex and forms out portion
2. Appendicular Skeleton
3 Distinct Kind of Hair in Human
- consist of 126 bones
1. Lanugo - fine silky fetal hairs - upper extremities (64)
2. Angora - grows continously in length - lower extremities (62)
3. Definitive - grows in a certain lenght
Functions of Skeleton
Nails 1. Support
- scale like modification of the epidermis - Skeleton serves as the structural
that forms a clear protective covering on framework for body supporting
the dorsal 2. Protection
Parts of the Nails - the skeleton protects the most
important organs from injury
1. Nail Body
- visible attached portion 3. Movement
2. Free Edge - when they contract they pull bones to
- distal part produce movement
3. Nail Root 4. Storage
- embedded in skin - it stores mineral calcium and
phosphorus
4. Nail Bed
- stratum 5. Blood Cell Formation
5. Hyponychium - the red marrow produces red blood
- beneath the free bed
Classification of Bones
6. Eponychium cuticle - adult bone has 206 bones
- cover the nail bed
Bone Tissue
7. Nail Matrix Compact Bone
- growth area of nail - dense act and look smooth
8. Lunula - homogeneous
- crescent shape - ex . outer surface of the bone
 Spongy Bone A. Cranial / Cranium
- composed of small needle like pieces and - frontal (1 bone)
lots of open space - forms the forehead
- eex. inside of bones like skull B.Parietal
Classification of Bones - present in the posterior end of skull and is
According to Shape near the midline
1. Long Bone C. Temporal Bone (2 bones)
- longer and wider - external acoustic
- consists of shaft or diaphysis - meatus - canal leads to the eardrum and
- ex humerous raduis the middle ear
Diaphysis - long axis of bones Styloid Process - sharp
Epiphyses - bone ends Zygomatic Process - thin bridge of bone
2. Short Bones D. Occipital (1 bone)
- cube shape and contain mostly of spongy - forms the floor
bones - foramen magnum,external
- ex.carpal bones of wrisk and ankles Sphenoid (1 bone) - butterfly shape
Sesamoid Bone Ethmoid (1 bone) - irregular shape bone
- special type of shaft bone that are
enclose in tendon and facial tissue Facial Bone (14 bones)
- ex patella or knee cap Maxillae (2 bones)
3. Flat Bones - 2 maxillae fuse to form upperjaw
- thin flattened and usually curved Palatine (2 bones)
- consist of two flat plates of compact - lie posterior
tissue enclosed - hard palate posterior part
- ex ribs,scapula and skull - extension of maxillae
Zygomatic (2 bones)
4. Irregular Bone
- cheek bone
- comprises bones different shapes
- eex vertebrates Lacrimal (2 bones)
- fingersize bone forming part of medial
Bone Formation
Nasal (2 bones)
Bone Cells - small bridge of nose
1. Osteoblast - active in bone formation
Vomer (1 bone)
2. Osteoclast - active in bone resorption - posterior part of nasal septum
3. Osteocytes - principal cell of nature bones
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Division of Skeleton - lateral wall of nasal cavity
A. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) Mandible
1. Skull - lower jaw
- formed by 2 sets of bones - largest and strongest bone of the face
- ccranium enclose and protect the brain 2. Hyoid Bone (1 bone)
facial bone and hold the eyes - horseshoe shape in the upper anterior
neck