HAPP_100: Human Anatomy & Physiology with 3.

Tissue Level
Pathophysiology LECTURE LESSON 1 - Group of cells with similar structure and
ANATOMY function plus extracellular substance
- Scientific discipline that investigate the body’s  Epithelial tissue
structure and its relationship  Connective tissue
PHYSIOLOGY  Muscular tissue
- Scientific investigation of the normal process or  Nervous tissue
functions of living things 4. Organ Level
- Major Goals: - Combination of 2 or more tissue types
1. Understand & predict the body’s response to 5. Organ System Level
stimuli - Group of Organs that have similar functions
2. Understand how the body maintains conditions 6. Organism
within a narrow range of values in the presence of - Can be human, bacteria or virus
changing environment
PATHOLOGY Characteristics of Life
- Study of the cause, effect and development of 1. Organization
disease - Specific interrelationships among the individual
parts of an organism to perform specific
Ways to Study Anatomy function
MACROSCOPIC: 2. Metabolism
- Examined through naked eye - Ability to use energy to perform vital functions
1. Regional Anatomy - Example:
- studied area by area  Growth & Reproduction
- 12 organ systems of the body 3. Responsiveness
2. Systematic Anatomy - Sense and adjust to changes in the
- studied system by system environment
- head, abdomen, arm, etc. 4. Growth
3. Surface - Increase in the size or numbers of cells which
- external form and relation to deeper structure produces an overall enlargement
4. Anatomical Imaging - Example:
- X-ray, MRI to create pictures of internal  Bone growth
structures  Pregnancy
MICROSCOPIC:  Tumor cells
- Structure seen under the microscope 5. Development
a. Cytology: Cellular Anatomy - Process the body undergoes changes through
b. Histology: Study of Tissue (EX; Pap smear) different stages (from fertilization to death)
Differentation
Importance of Anatomy & Physiology - Changes in cell structure from generalized to
- Basis for understanding diseases mature/specialized type of cells
- Allows an understanding of how the body works 6. Reproduction
and responds to stimuli - Reproduction of new cells or organization

Structural and Functional Organization of the Body Homeostasis

1. Chemical Level - HOMEO – the same ; STASIS – to stop
- Smallest level - Maintenance of relative constant environment
- How atoms combine into molecules within the body
2. Cell Level - To achieve homeostasis, the body must actively
- Basic unit of life regulate body condition
- Most contain organelles (Little Organ)
 Nucleus: contains cell’s hereditary
information
 Anatomical Position
- Body is in an erect (standing) posture
- Arms at the side
- Palms turned forward
- Head and feet are pointing forward

TERM DEFINITION
Left Toward the body’s left side
Right Toward the body’s right side
Lateral Away from the midline of the body
Medial Toward the midline of the body
Feedback Mechanism Anterior Toward the front of the body
A. Negative Feedback Posterior Toward the back of the body
- Deviation from set point is made smaller, lower Superior Higher
or resisted or stop Inferior Below
- Maintain homeostasis Dorsal Toward the back
- Three Components: (Posterior)
1. Receptors – Detecting Stimuli Ventral Toward the belly
2. Control Central – Determines the set point (Anterior)
3. Effector – Adjust the value back toward the set Proximal Close to a point of attachment
point Distal Farther from a point of attachment
B. Positive Feedback
Away from the surface, internal
- Deviation from set point becomes greater, high Deep
or persistent
Superficial Toward or on the surface
- Usually result in deviations further from the set
Supine Refers to lying face UPWARD
point
Prone Refers to lying face DOWNWARD
- Although few positive-feedback mechanisms are
normal for maintaining homeostasis in the body,
Body Regions
some positive-feedback mechanism can be
1. Head
harmful
› Frontal – Forehead
- NORMAL Positive-Feedback:
› Nasal – Nose
 Includes blood clotting and childbirth labor
› Orbital – Eye
- HARMFUL positive-feedback:
› Oral – Mouth
 Decrease blood flow to the heart
› Otic – Ear
› Buccal – Cheek
› Mental – Chin
2. Neck
› Cervical
› Clavicular - Collarbone
3. Upper Limb
› Axillary – Armpit
› Brachial – Arm
 › Antecubial – Front of Elbow Regions of the Abdomen
› Forearm – Forearm 1. Right Hypochondriac
› Manual – Hand › Liver
› Carpal – Wrist › Gallbladder
› Palmar – Palm › Right kidney
› Digital – Fingers › Parts of the Small Intestine
4. Trunk 2. Right Lumbar Region
› Thoracic – Thorax › Gallbladder
› Pectoral – Chest › Right kidney
› Sternal – Breastbone › Part of the liver
› Mammary – Breast › Ascending colon
› Abdominal – Abdomen 3. Right Iliac Region
› Umbilical – Navel - Right INGUINAL Region
› Pelvic – Pelvis › Appendix
› Inguinal – Groin › Cecum
› Pubic – Genital › Right iliac fossa
5. Lower Limb 4. Epigastric Region
› Coxal – Hip › Majority of the stomach
› Femoral – Thigh › Part of the liver
› Patellar – Kneecap › Part of the pancreas
› Crural – Leg › Part of the duodenum
› Pedal – Foot › Part of the spleen
› Adrenal glands
Abdominopelvic Cavity 5. Umbilical Region
Quadrants of the Abdomen › Umbilicus (navel)
1. Right-Upper Quadrant › Many parts of the small intestine
› Liver › Transverse colon
› Stomach › Bottom portions of both the left and right
› Gallbladder kidney
› Duodenum 6. Hypogastric Region
› Right Kidney › Bladder
› Pancreas › Part of the sigmoid colon
› Right adrenal gland › Anus
2. Left-Upper Quadrant › Many organs of the reproductive system
› Liver › Pelvic Bone
› Stomach 7. Left Hypochondriac
› Pancreas › Left Kidney
› Left Kidney › Spleen
› Spleen › Pancreas
› Left Adrenal Gland › Parts of the Colon
3. Right-Lower Quadrant › Part of the Stomach
› Appendix
› Reproductive Organs 8. Left Lumbar Region
› Right Ureter › Descending colon
4. Left-Lower Quadrant › Left kidney
› Left ureter › Part of the spleen
› Reproductive Organs 9. Left Iliac Region
Note: All four quadrants contain portions of the small - Left INGUINAL Region
and large intestines › Part of the descending colon
› Sigmoid colon
› Left iliac fossa
Body Planes
1. Sagittal
- Runs vertically and separates body into left and
right
2. Midsagittal
- Runs down the middle and divides the body
into equal left and right halves
3. Transverse
- Runs horizontally and separates body into top
and bottom
4. Frontal
- Runs vertically and separates body into anterior
and posterior

Organ Planes
1. Longitudinal Section
- Along its long axis
2. Cross (Transverse) Section
- Right angle to the long axis
3. Oblique Section Serous Membranes
- Across the long axis at an angle other than a - Named for the specific cavity and organs they
right angle are in contact with
1. Pericardial Cavity (heart)
Body Cavities
1. Cranial Cavity
- Within the skull
2. Spinal Cavity
- Within the vertebral column
3. Thoracic Cavity
- Rib cage, Diaphragm, Lungs
- Mediastinum
o Divides thoracic cavity into R/L heart,
thymus gland, esophagus and trachea
- Pleural Cavity
o Around lungs 2. Pleural Cavity (lung)
4. Abdominal Cavity
- Stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas,
kidneys
5. Pelvic Cavity
- Enclosed by pelvic bones
- UB, reproductive organs, part of large intestine
3. Peritoneal Cavity (abdomen/pelvic)
- Space between the 2 serous membranes filled
with peritoneal fluid

- Mesenteries
 Double-folded out pouch that holds the
abdominal organs
- Retroperitoneal Organs
 Anatomical space located behind the
abdominal or peritoneal cavity
 Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, nerve
roots, lymph nodes, abdominal aorta, and
inferior vena cava
Serous Membranes of the Ventral Cavity
1. Parietal Serous Membrane
- Lines the wall of the cavity
2. Visceral Serous Membrane
- Cover internal organs
HAPP_100: Human Anatomy & Physiology with  Denoted by using symbol of element
Pathophysiology LECTURE LESSON 2 preceded by mass number as 1H, 2H, 3H
MATTER
- Anything that occupies space and has mass
MASS
- The amount of matter in an object
WEIGHT
- The gravitational force acting on an object of a
given mass Difference Between Molecule and Compound
ELEMENTS Molecule
- The simplest type of matter with unique - Molecules are the smallest units of a compound
chemical properties that retains the characteristics of the compound
ATOMS - The smallest particle of a substance that retains
- Smallest particle of an element that has the chemical
chemical characteristics of that element - A group or like or different atoms held together
ATOMIC STRUCTURE by chemical forces
1. Nucleus
a. Protons (positive charge)
b. Neutron (no electrical charge)
2. Orbit / Shell
a. Electrons (negative charge)
-

Compound
- Contains atoms of different elements chemically
combined together in a fixed ratio
- The list of compounds is endless

Atomic Number and Mass Number -

- Atomic Number = # of Electrons = #of Protons
- Atomic Mass = # of Protons + # of Neutrons
- # of Neutrons = Atomic Mass – Atomic Number

Isotopes
- Atoms of the same element that contain
different numbers of neutrons
- Same # of proton/electrons but different # of
neutrons
- Example:
 Three Isotopes of Hydrogen: Hydrogen,
Deuterium & Tritium