ANCHETA, SAM MICHAEL G.

(2021022271)

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WEEK 2

 Anatomy
 Investigates body structure
 Term means to dissect
 Physiology
 Investigates human processes and functions
 Human Physiology – study of human organism
 Systemic Physiology – studies body organ-
systems
 Cellular Physiology – studies body cell
IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Understand how the body:
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
 Responds to stimuli
 Environmental changes  Organization – functional interrelationships
 Environmental cues between parts
 Diseases  Metabolism – sum of all chemical and physical
 Injury changes sustaining an organism
 Ability to acquire and use energy in support of
TYPES OF ANATOMY:
these changes
 Systemic – studies body organ-systems  Responsiveness – ability to sense and respond
 Regional – studies body regions (medical to environmental changes
schools) - Includes both internal and external
 Surface – studies external features, for environments
example, bone projections  Growth – can increase in size
 Anatomical imaging – using technologies (x-ray, - size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular
ultrasound, MRI) materials
 Development – changes in form and size
STRUCTURAL and FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION - changes in cell structure and function from
Six levels from chemical to organism: generalized to specialized – differentiation
 Reproduction – formation of new cells or new
1. Chemical – smallest level organisms
 Atoms, chemical bonds, molecules - Generation of new individuals
2. Cellular – cells: basic units of life - Tissue repair
 Compartments and organelles
 Examples are mitochondria, nucleus HOMEOSTASIS
3. Tissues – group of cells with similar structure - Maintenance of constant internal environment
and function plus extracellular substances they despite fluctuations in the external or internal
release environment
Four broad types: (Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, VARIABLES
Nervous - Measures of body properties that may change
4. Organs – two or more tissue types acting in value
together to perform function(s) EXAMPLES: (body temperature, heart rate,
 Examples: stomach, kidney, heart, liver, ovary, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, blood cell
bladder, kidney counts, respiratory rate)
Normal Range – normal extent of increase or decrease
around a set point
Set Point – normal or average value of a variable
Over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set
point

5. Organ-System – group of organs contributing to

some function
 Examples: digestive system, reproductive
system
6. Organism – all organ systems working together
 Includes associated microorganisms such as
intestinal bacteria
Set points for some variables can be temporarily
adjusted depending on body activities, as needed:
Examples Common cause of
change
Body temperature Fever
heart rate, blood Exercise
pressure, respiratory rate
Negative feedback is the main mechanism used in
homeostatic regulation which involves:
Detection: of deviation away from set point and
Correction: reversal of deviation toward set
point and normal range
COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK:
1. Receptor – detects changes in variable
2. Control center – receives receptor signal
- Establishes set point
- Send signal to effector
3. Effector – directly causes change in variable
Positive feedback mechanisms occur when the initial
stimulus further stimulates the response
 system response causes progressive deviation
away from
 set point, outside of normal range
 not directly used for homeostasis
 some positive feedback occurs under normal
conditions Example: childbirth
 generally associated with injury, disease
 negative feedback mechanisms unable to
maintain homeostasis
TERMINOLOGY and THE BODY PLAN
Anatomical position – person standing erect with face
and palms forward
- all relational descriptions based on the
anatomical position, regardless of body
orientation
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Superior: above
Inferior: below
Anterior: front (also ventral)
Posterior: back (also dorsal)
Note: In four-
legged animals,
the terms
ventral (belly)
and dorsal
(back)
correspond to
anterior and
posterior in
humans
Medial: close to midline
Lateral: away from midline
Proximal: close to point of attachment
Distal: far from point of attachment
Superficial: structure close to the surface
Deep: structure toward the interior of the body
BODY PLANES
Sagittal plane: separates the body into right and left
parts
Median plane: a sagittal plane along the midline that
divides body into equal left and right halves
Transverse plane: a horizontal plane that separates the
body into superior and inferior parts. (above and below)
Frontal plane: a vertical plane that separates the body
into anterior and posterior parts. (front and back)
BODY REGIONS
Upper limbs: upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Lower limbs: thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
Central region: head, neck, trunk
 BODY CAVITIES Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
Thoracic cavity: space within chest wall and diaphragm
- contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, * visceral
trachea peritoneum
Mediastinum: space between lungs
covers, anchors
- contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea
organs
Abdominal cavity: space between diaphragm and pelvis
- contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, - double layers
kidneys called mesenteries
Pelvic cavity: space within pelvis
- contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of * parietal
large intestine peritoneum lines
inner wall of
SEROUS MEMBRANES – link trunk cavities, cover organs abdominopelvic
Structure: cavity
 visceral serous membrane covers organs
 parietal serous membrane is the outer * peritoneal cavity
membrane reduces friction
 cavity - a fluid-filled space between the
membranes

THREE SETS OF SEROUS MEMBRANES AND CAVITIES

MEMBRANE CAVITY
Pericardium around Pericardial cavity
heart
Pleura around lungs Pleural cavity
Peritoneum around Peritoneal cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
and its organs

Pericardium and Pericardial Cavity

PERICARDIUM

- visceral
pericardium
covers heart

- parietal
pericardium
thick, fibrous

- pericardial
Pleura and Pleural cavity reduces
Cavity friction

* visceral pleura
covers lungs

* parietal pleura
lines inner wall
of thorax

* pleural cavity
reduces friction
and adheres
lungs to thoracic
wall