9/22/2017

Learning Objectives

 Objective 1: Identify and utilize anatomical positions,

planes, and directional terms.
• Demonstrate what anatomical position is and how it is used to reference
the body.
• Distinguish between the commonly used anatomical planes and
recognize their individual views.
• Apply directional terms to their location on the human body.

 Objective 2: Demonstrate body movements.

• Compare and contrast the various movements of the body and their

Body Planes & Positions

counter-movements.
• Compare and contrast the various movements of the foot /ankle and
their counter-movements.
Compare and contrast the lateral movements of the wrist/hand and
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY – HONORS •
their counter-movements.
TURNER COLLEGE & CAREER HIGH SCHOOL  2015

Anatomical Position

 Standing erect, with palms

and feet facing forward
 Is the standard reference point
in which all positions,
movements, and planes are
described

Anatomical Planes Anatomical Planes

 Fixed lines of reference Sagittal plane

along which the body  The plane dividing the body into
is often divided or right and left portions
sectioned to facilitate  Midsagittal or median are names
viewing of its structures for the plane dividing the body
into equal right and left halves
 Allow one to obtain a
three-dimensional
perspective by
studying the body from
different views

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Anatomical Planes Anatomical Planes

Frontal/Coronal plane Transverse plane

 The plane dividing the body  The horizontal plane
into front and back portions dividing the body into
upper and lower portions
 Also called the Horizontal
plane.

Positions and Directions Positions and Directions

Terms of position and Anterior

direction describe the  Refers to a structure being more in
position of one body part front than another structure in the
relative to another, usually body
along one of the three
major body planes Posterior
 Refers to a structure being more in
back than another structure in the
body

Positions and Directions Positions and Directions

Superior Medial
 Refers to a structure being  Refers to a structure being
closer to the head or closer to the midline or
higher than another median plane of the body
than another structure of
structure in the body the body
Inferior Lateral
 Refers to a structure being  Refers to a structure being
closer to the feet or lower farther away from the
than another structure in midline than another
the body structure of the body

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Positions and Directions Distal / Proximal

(Reference to the extremities only)

Distal  When you divide the

 Refers to a structure being skeleton into Axial (Blue)
further away from the root and Appendicular (Yellow)
of the limb than another you can better understand
structure in the limb the extremities and their
roots.
Proximal
 Refers to a structure being
closer to the root of the
limb than another structure
in that limb

Positions and Directions Positions and Directions

 Cranial/Cephalic: towards the head Superficial

 Caudal: towards the tail  Refers to a structure being
closer to the surface of the
body than another
structure
Deep
 Refers to a structure being
closer to the core of the
body than another
structure

Positions and Directions Positions and Directions

Ventral Prone
 Towards the front or belly  Lying face down

Dorsal Supine
 Lying face up
 Towards the back
Unilateral
 Pertaining to one side of the body
Bilateral
 Pertaining to both sides of the
body

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Body Movements
 Flexion
 Extension
 Hyperextension
 Adduction
 Abduction
 Pronation
 Supination
 Retraction
 Protraction
 Elevation
 Depression
 Rotation
 Circumduction
 External Rotation
 Internal Rotation
 Inversion
 Eversion
 Dorsiflexion

Body Movements
 Plantarflexion
 Radial Deviation
 Ulnar Deviation
 Opposition

Movements Movements

Flexion Adduction
 Bending a joint or decreasing the angle  Moving a body part towards the midline
between two bones of the body
Extension Abduction
 Straightening a joint or increasing the  Moving a body part
angle between two bones away from the midline
Hyperextension of the body
 Excessive extension of the
parts at a joint beyond
anatomical position.

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Movements Movements

Pronation Retraction
 Turning the arm or foot downward; (palm  Moving a part backward
or sole of the foot - down) Protraction
Supination  Moving a part forward
 Turning the arm or foot upward; (palm or Elevation
sole of the foot - up)
 Raising a part
Depression
 Lowering a part

Movements Movements

Rotation Lateral Flexion

 Turning on a single axis  Side-bending left or right
Circumduction
 Tri-planar, circular motion at
the hip or shoulder
External rotation
 Rotation of the hip or
shoulder away from the
midline
Internal rotation
 Rotation of the hip or
shoulder toward the midline

Movements of the Foot Movements of the Wrist &

Thumb
Inversion Radial Deviation
 Turning the sole of the foot inward  Movement of the wrist towards
Eversion the radius or lateral side.
 Turning the sole of the foot Ulnar Deviation
outward  Movement of the wrist towards
Dorsiflexion the ulna or medial side.
 Ankle movement bringing the Opposition
foot towards the shin
 Movement of the thumb across
Plantarflexion the palm of the hand.
 Ankle movement pointing the
foot downward

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Regional Terms: Regional Terms: Posterior

Anterior View View
 Axial – head,
neck, and trunk
 Appendicular –
appendages or
limbs
 Specific regional
terminology