ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LECTURE:
TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
DATE OF LECTURE: AUG 26, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

 Is a standardized method of observing or imaging the

CONTENTS body that allows precise and consistent anatomical
references.

I. Body Positions
When in Anatomical Position
II. Directional terms
III. Body parts and Regions The subject is:
IV. Planes
V. Body Cavities
VI. Serous Membrane
 Standing upright (back straight), directly facing the
observer, head level
OVERVIEW
 Eyes facing forward
When you begin to study anatomy and physiology, the
number of new words may seem overwhelming. Learning is easier  Feet are flat, facing forward
and more interesting if you pay attention to the origin, or
 Upper limbs are at the body’s side, with
etymology
 The palms facing forward (ventral)
(et′ĕ-mol′o-jē), of new words. Most of the terms are
derived from Latin or Greek. For example, anterior in Latin means
Supine
“to go before.” Therefore, the anterior surface of the body is the
one that “goes before” when we are walking. Words are often - Lying face upward
modified by adding a prefix or suffix. For example, the suffix -itis
means an inflammation, so appendicitis is an inflammation of the Prone
appendix. As new terms are introduced in this text, their meanings
- Lying face downward
are often explained. The glossary and the list of word roots,
prefixes, and suffixes also provide additional information about the
new terms. Unilateral
- Pertaining to one side of the body
OBJECTIVES
Bilateral
- Pertaining to both sides of the body
I. Describe a person in anatomical position.
II. Define the directional terms for the human body and use
them to locate specific body structures.
REMINDER!
III. Know the terms for the parts and regions of the body. To avoid confusion, relational descriptions are always based on the
IV. Name and describe the three major planes of the body anatomical position, no matter the actual position of the body.
and the body organs.
V. Describe the major trunk cavities and their divisions.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
VI. Describe the serous membranes, their locations, and their
functions.  words used to describe the position of one body relative
to another.
 Many directional terms are grouped in pairs that have
opposite meanings (ex: anterior posterior), or are
grouped together to have combined meanings (ex:
anterosuperior).

BODY POSITIONS

Anatomical Position

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
DATE OF LECTURE: AUG 26, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

DIRECTIONAL TERMS FOR THE HUMAN BODY

Term Etymology Definition Other definition

Right Toward the body’s right side Sides of the person in

Anatomical Position

Left Toward the body’s left side

Superior (Cranial/ Cephalic) Higher Means "towards the head end Above, Up
of the body" or "higher/above."

Inferior (Caudal) Lower Means just the opposite Below, Down

superior: "away from the head"
or "lower or under"

Anterior (Ventral) To go before Describes the "front of" or "in Towards the front of the body
the front."

Posterior (Dorsal) “Posterus” = following Means opposite of anterior: Towards the back of the body
"back of" or “behind/on the
back"

Ventral “Venter” = belly Synonymous to Anterior Towards the front or belly

Dorsal “Dorsum”, back Synonymous to Posterior (Note: Proximal and Distal are
used to refer to linear
structures, such as the limbs.)

Proximal “Proximus”, nearest Means "nearest" or "closer" A structure being closer to the
to a point of attachment root of the limb

Distal di + sto = “To be distant” Means "away from" or A structure being further away
"distant" from attachment or from the root of the limb
origin"

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
DATE OF LECTURE: AUG 26, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

Medial “Medialis” = middle Towards the midline (middle) Refers to a structure being
or center of the body closer to the midline or median
plane of the body

Lateral “Latus” = side Means away from the midline Refers to a structure being
(middle) or from the side of the father away from the midline
body than another structure of the
body

Superficial “Superficialis” = surface Towards or on the surface Structure being closer to the
surface of the body than
another structure

Deep “Deop” = deep Away from the surface, Structure being closer to the
Internal core of the body than another
structure

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
DATE OF LECTURE: AUG 26, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

BODY PARTS AND REGIONS

Health professionals use several terms when referring to different
regions or parts of the body
Pelvis (hips)
3 CENTRAL REGION OF THE BODY CONSISTS OF Anterior:

 Pelvic (pelvis)
 Inguinal (groin)
1. Head
 Pubic (genital)
Anterior:
Dorsal
 Frontal (forehead)
 Orbital )  Scapular (shoulder blade)
 Nasal  Vertebral (spinal column)
 Oral  Lumbar (loin)
 Otic (ear)
 Buccal (cheek Other Dorsal parts
 Mental (chin)  Sacral (between hips)
 Gluteal (buttock)
Posterior:
 Perineal (perineum)
 Cranial (skull)
 Occipital (base of the skull) Upper Limb
 The upper limb is divided into the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.
The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow, and the forearm
2. Neck extends from the elbow to the wrist.
Anterior:
Anterior:
 Cervix
 Clavicular (collarbone)
 Nuchal (back of the neck)
 Axillary (armpit)
 Brachial (arm)
 Ante cubital (front of the elbow)
3. Trunk  Ante brachial(forearm)
Is divided into 3 main parts
Manual (hand):
Thorax (chest)
 Carpal (wrist)
Anterior:  Palmar(palm)
 Digital(fingers)
 Pectoral (chest)
 Sternal (breastbone) Posterior:
 Mammary (breast)
• Acromial (point of the shoulder)
Abdomen (belly)
• Olecranon (point of the elbow)
Anterior:
• Dorsum (back of the hand)
 Abdominal (abdomen)
 Umbilical Cord (navel)

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
DATE OF LECTURE: AUG 26, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

The abdomen is often subdivided superficially into four sections,

or quadrants, by two imaginary lines—one horizontal and one
vertical—that intersect at the navel (The quadrants formed are the
right-upper, left-upper, right-lower, and left-lower quadrants.
Lower Limb
In addition to these quadrants, the abdomen is sometimes
The lower limb is divided into the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. The
subdivided into
thigh extends from the hip to the knee, and the leg extends from the
knee to the ankle.
Regions
Anterior: by four imaginary lines—two horizontal and two verticals. These
four lines create an imaginary tic-tac-toe figure on the abdomen,
 Coxal (hip) resulting in nine regions
 Femoral (thigh)
 Patellar (kneecap)
 Crural (leg)
BASIC BODY PLANES

Pedal (foot):

 Talus (angkle)
 Dorsum (top of the foot)
 Digital (toes)

Posterior:

 Popliteal (hollow behind the knee)

 Sural (calf)
 Plantar (sole)
 Calcaneal (heel)

THE ABDOMEN These terms are used for planes or sections that cut the body
organs, tissues, or cells.

The respective limb. The abdomen is often subdivided superficially BODY PLANES
into: At times, it is conceptually useful to discuss the body in reference
to a series of planes.
Quadrants
Section
is a two-dimensional surface of a three- dimensional structure that
has been cut.

Sectioning the body is a way to “look inside” and observe the

body’s structures

Planes
(Imaginary flat surfaces)

Is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the

body.

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
DATE OF LECTURE: AUG 26, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

ANATOMICAL PLANES Frontal / Coronal Plane

Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior
sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures and posterior portions.

Allows one to obtain a three- dimensional perspective by studying SECTIONING

the body from different views.
Organs are often sectioned to reveal their internal structure

Longitudinal Section
A cut along the length of the organ

Transverse or Cross Section

cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog or
banana into round pieces

Oblique Section
a cut made diagonally

BODY CAVITIES
The cavities, or spaces, of the body contain the internal organs. The
two main cavities are called the ventral cavity the larger cavity and
dorsal cavity which is the smaller cavity.

Two (2) MAIN CAVITIES

3 MAJOR BODY PLANES

Sagittal Plane
runs vertically from top to bottom, divides the body into right and
left portion

Median Plane/ Midsagittal

Is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body,
dividing it into equal left and right halves.

Name for the plane dividing the body into equal left and right
halves

Transverse Plane/ Horizontal Plane

horizontal cut cross-section, divides the body or any of its parts
into superior and inferior portions

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
DATE OF LECTURE: AUG 26, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

Ventral Cavity Dorsal Cavity

Subdivided into Two (2) Subdivided into two (2)

Thoracic Cavity
Surrounded laterally by the ribs also called chest cavity, the second
Cranial Cavity
largest hollow space of the body.
is the space formed inside the skull, which houses the brain.
It is divided into right and left parts by a central structure called
Mediastinum – houses the heart, the thymus, the trachea, Vertebral Cavity
esophagus, etc.
is the narrowest of all body cavities, sometimes described as
threadlike. which houses the spinal cord.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
(Abdominal + Pelvic)

SEROUS MEMBRANES
It is a membrane that protects the organ in the body cavities.

line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities.

Pleura / Pleural
is the serous membrane that encloses the pleural cavity; the pleural
cavity surrounds the lungs.
Abdominal Cavity – bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles
and contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the Pericardium / Pericardial
pancreas, and the kidneys. is the serous membrane that encloses the pericardial cavity; the
pericardial cavity surrounds the heart.
Pelvic Cavity - is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis
and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the
internal reproductive organs Peritoneum / Peritoneal
is the serous membrane that encloses the peritoneal cavity; the
is the largest hollow space of the body. Its upper boundary is the peritoneal cavity surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic
diaphragm. cavity.

The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated and
sometimes are called the abdominopelvic cavity.

MOVEMENTS

 FLEXION
 EXTENSION
 HYPERTENSION
 ADDUCTION
 ABDUCTION
 PRONATION

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
DATE OF LECTURE: AUG 26, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

 SUPINATION Abduction
 RETRACTION moving a body part away from the midline of the body.
 PROTRACTION
 ELEVATION
 DEPRESSION Pronation
Turning the arm or foot downward (palm or sole of the foot down)
Flexion
Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two (2) bones.

Extension
Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two (2) bones.
Supination
Turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot up)
Hyperextension
Excessive extension of the parts at joint beyond anatomical
position.

Retraction
Moving
a part of the body backward

Adduction
Moving a body part towards the midline of the body.

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
DATE OF LECTURE: AUG 26, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

Protraction
Moving a part of a body forward
Circumduction
Tri- planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder.
Elevation
Raising a body part.
External Rotation
Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline.

Internal Rotation
Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline.

Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot outward.

Depression
Lowering a body part.

Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward.
Rotation
Turning on a single axis. Dorsiflexion
Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
DATE OF LECTURE: AUG 26, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

Side- bending left or right.

Plantarflexion
Ankle movement pointing the foot downward.

Radial Deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side.

Ulnar deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side.

Opposition
Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand.

Lateral Flexion

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