Program Studi

Sarjana Terapan Ortotik Prostetik

Poltekkes Kemenkes Jakarta I

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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Basicanatomy/JSPO/Anfis 1
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• Anatomy is the science of body structures and

the relationships among structures.

• Physiology is the science of body functions and

how the body parts works

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SUBDISCIPLINES SUBDISCIPLINES STUDY OF
OF ANATOMY STUDY OF OF PHYSIOLOGY
Structure that
emerge from the Function of Cells
Embryology time of fertilized Cell Physiology
egg through the
eighth week in
utero
Structure that
Developmental emerge from the Functional
Anatomy time of the Neurophysiology properties of
fertilized egg to nerve cells
the adult form
Chemical and Hormones
Cytology microscopic Endocrinology (chemical
structure of the regulators in the
cell blood and how
they control
body functions)

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 Anatomical
landmarks on Functions of the
Surface the surface of Cardiovascular heart and blood
Anatomy the body physiology vessels
through
visualization
and palpation.
Structure that How the body
Gross Anatomy can be Immunology defends itself
examined against disease-
without using a causing agents
microscope
Structure of
Systemic specific systems Function of the
Anatomy of the body such Respiratory air
as Nervous or physiology passageways
respiratory and lungs.
system

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 Renal Functions of the
physiology kidneys

Regional Specific regions of Functions of the

Anatomy the body such as Systemic specific organs
the head or chest physiology

Body structures Changes in cell

Radiographic that can be Exercise and organ
Anatomy visualized by x-ray physiology functions as a
result of muscular
activity
Structure changes Functional
Pathological (from gross to Pathophysiology changes associated
Anatomy microscopic) with disease and
associated with aging.
disease.
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Basic Anatomy

Anatomy à science of the structure and function

of the body.
Clinical anatomy à study macroscopic structure
and function of the body as it relates to the
practice medicine and other health sciences.
Basic anatomy à study of minimal amount of
anatomy consistent with the understanding of the
overall structure and function of the body.

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Body Regions

• Body is divided into many externally identifiable

regions.
– Head
– Neck
– Trunk
– Upper limbs
– Lower limbs

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Term related to position

Anatomical position
• The subject stands erect
facing the observer, the
head level and the eyes
facing directly forward.
The feet are flat on the
floor and directed
forward, and the arms
are at the sides with the
palms facing forward.

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 Location Terminology

• Anterior à Farther to the front

• Posterior à Farther to the back
• Ventral = Anterior
• Dorsal = Posterior
• Volar = Anterior , occasionally used to describe
anterior of arm region

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 Location Terminology
• Medial à Closer to an imaginary line that divides
the body into left and right halves
• Lateral à Farther to an imaginary line that divides
the body into left and right halves
• Superior = Above
• Inferior = Below
• Proximal = Closer to the axial body
• Distal = Farther from the axial body
• Superficial = Closer to the surface of the body
• Deep = farther from the surface of the body
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 Location Terminology

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 PLANES

Basicanatomy/JSPO/Anfis 1
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Body Planes

• Sagittal plane • Vertal plane dividing

body into left and right
• Median plane sides
• Plane passes through
the midline of the body
and divides the body
into equal left and right
sides

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Body Planes cont.

• Parasagittal plane • Plane divides body into

unequal left and right
sides
• Frontal plane
• Divides body into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back)
portions.

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Body Planes cont.

• Transverse plane • Divides body into

superior (upper) and
– Transverse planes are at inferior (lower) potions.
right angles to each
other.

• Divides the body at an

• Oblique plane angle between the
transverse plain and or
frontal plain.

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Joint Movement and Definitions

• Flexion • Bend
• Extension • Open or straighten it
• Abduction • Movement away from
medial
• Adduction • Movement towards
medial
• Ulnar deviation • Movement of hand
towards directions of
little finger at wrist
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Joint Movement cont.

• Radial deviation • Movement of hand

towards thumb direction
at wrist
• Internal rotation • Turning joint towards
the medial
• Turning joint away from
• External rotation medial
• That single point in
• Centre of gravity which the body is
balanced

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 Motion Terminologies of Human Body

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Skeleton Terminologies

• Articulation • Joint between bones

• Bony sinus • Hollow cavity within a
bone
• Border • Bone separating other
bones
• Articulating surface • Bone part that enters
into formation of a joint
• Small, flat articulating
• Facet surface
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Skeleton Terminologies cont.

• Foramen • Hole in a structure

• Fossa • Hollow on a depression
• Tube shaped cavity
• Meutes within a bone
• Portion that separates
• Septum cavities

• Spine • Sharp ridge of bone

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References

• Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M.

(2013). Clinically oriented anatomy. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
• Muscolino, J. E. (2014). Kinesiology-E-Book: The
Skeletal System and Muscle Function. Elsevier
Health Sciences.
• Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2014). Ross & Wilson
Anatomy and physiology in health and illness E-
book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

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