Anatomy & Physiology - Laboratory

STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / FIRST YEAR

Session # 14

LESSON TITLE: SKELETAL SYSTEM (Part 1) Materials:

Pen and notebook
LEARNING TARGETS:

Upon completion of this lesson, you can:

1. Identify the components of the extracellular matrix,
differentiate shapes of bones and list parts of the long
bone;
2. Explain the structural differences between compact
bone and spongy bone; Reference:
3. Identify different bone fractures;
4. Outline the processes of bone ossification, growth, VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019).
remodeling and repair; Seeley’s essentials of anatomy & physiology (10th
5. Explain the role of bone in calcium homeostasis; and, ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
6. List and define the major features of a typical bone.

LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Identify the following types of bones based on their shape. (Long bones, Flat bones, Short bones, Irregular bones.)

____________ 1. Sternum ____________ 6. Humerus

____________ 2. Femur ____________ 7. Sacrum
____________ 3. Ribs ____________ 8. Cranial Bone
____________ 4. Vertebrae ____________ 9. Carpals
____________ 5. Tarsals ____________ 10. Phalanges

MAIN LESSON
You will study and read their book, if available, about this lesson.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

COMPONENTS OF BONES
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX CELLULAR COMPONENTS.
Organic Matrix Inorganic Osteoblast
Collagen Bone mineral Osteoclasts
(calcium) Osteocytes

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
1. Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are connective tissues. 
2. Varying amounts of collagen, proteoglycan, organic molecules, water, and minerals in the matrix determine the
characteristics of connective tissues.

GENERAL FEATURES OF BONE

TYPES OF SHAPE DESCRIPTION
Long bone Longer than they are wide.
Short bone Approximately as wide as they are long
Flat bones Relatively thin, flattened shape
Irregular bone Include the vertebrae and facial bones. They do not fit in to the category of the three.

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STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE
Long bones consist of a diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), and epiphyseal (growth) plates. The diaphysis contains a
medullary cavity, which is filled with marrow, and the end of the epiphysis is covered by articular cartilage.

HISTOLOGY OF BONE
1. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells. 
2. Osteocytes are bone cells located between thin sheets of extracellular matrix called lamellae. 
3. Compact bone tissue consists of osteons, which are composed of osteocytes organized into lamellae
surrounding central canals.
4. Spongy bone tissue consists of trabeculae without central canals.

Bone Ossification - formation of bone by osteoblasts. Bones develop by two processes:

● Intramembranous ossification occurs within connective tissue membranes.
● Endochondral ossification occurs within cartilage. These two results in formation of compact and spongy bones.

Bone Growth 
Bone elongation occurs at the epiphyseal plate as chondrocytes proliferate, enlarge, die, and are replaced by bone.

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Bone Remodeling 
Bone remodeling consists of removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts.
Epiphyseal plate growth. Five zones of epiphyseal growth plate include: 1. resting zone, 2. proliferation zone,
3. hypertrophic cartilage zone, 4. calcified cartilage zone, and 5. ossification zone.

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Types of bone fracture

TYPES OF SHAPE DESCRIPTION

COMPOUND/ OPEN If the bone protrudes through the skin
SIMPLE/ CLOSED Same as above but skin is not perforated
COMPLETE totally separates the two bone fragments
INCOMPLETE Do not separate into two fragments
GREENSTICK Incomplete fracture that occurs on the convex side of the curve of a bone
Broken into small pieces; fracture is one in which the bone breaks into more than
COMMINUTED
two fragments
when one of the fragments of one part of the bone is driven into spongy bone of
IMPACTED
another fragment
LINEAR Parallel to the long axis
TRANSVERSE At right angles to the long axis
OBLIQUE or SPIRAL At an angle other than a right angle to the long axis.

Bone Repair 
During bone repair, cells move into the damaged area and form a callus, which is replaced by bone.

Bone and Calcium Homeostasis

Bone is the major storage site for calcium in the body, and movement of calcium into and out of bone helps determine
blood calcium levels, which is critical for normal muscle and nervous system function.
1. Osteoclasts remove calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to increase.
2. Osteoblasts deposit calcium into bone, causing blood calcium levels to decrease.
3. Parathyroid hormone increases bone breakdown, whereas calcitonin decreases bone breakdown.

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Calcium moves into bone as osteoblasts build new bone and out of bone as osteoclasts break down bone. 
When osteoblast and osteoclast activity is balanced, the movements of calcium into and out of a bone are equal.
Calcitonin is secreted when blood calcium levels are too high and works to decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting
osteoclast activity.

Calcium homeostasis is maintained by three hormones:
● Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands
● Vitamin from the skin or diet, and
● Calcitonin from the thyroid gland. 

PTH works through three simultaneous mechanisms to increase blood calcium levels. 

1. PTH indirectly stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone, which releases stored calcium into the blood. 
2. PTH stimulates the kidney to take up calcium from the urine and return it to the blood. 
3. PTH stimulates the formation of active vitamin D, which, in turn, promotes increased calcium absorption from the
small intestine. 

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF BONE ANATOMY

There are 206 bones in the average adult skeleton.
TERM DESCRIPTION
Body, shaft Main portion
Head Enlarged (often rounded)
Neck Constricted area between head and body

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 Condyle Smooth, rounded articular surface
Facet Small, flattened articular surface
Crest Prominent ridge
Process Prominent projection
Tubercle, or tuberosity Knob or enlargement
Trochanter Large tuberosity found only on proximal femur
Epicondyle Enlargement near or above a condyle
OPENINGS OR DEPRESSIONS
 Foramen Hole 
Canal, meatus Tunnel 
Fissure Cleft 
Sinus Cavity 
Fossa Depression

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to the
correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in your answer/ratio is not
allowed.

Label the parts of a long bone. Arrange the process of endochondral ossification.
(Write the number sequence before the statements.)

 Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses of

long bones.
 A primary ossification center forms as blood vessels and
osteoblasts invade the calcified cartilage. The
osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, forming trabeculae.
A cartilage Model, with the general shape
 of the mature bone, is produced by chondrocytes.
Perichondrium surrounds most of the cartilage model.
The chondrocytes enlarge, and cartilage is calcified. A
bone collar is produced, and the perichondrium of the
diaphysis becomes the periosteum.

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Match Anatomical terms to their bone features. Write only the letter of the corresponding choice of answer. 

______1. Facet a. main portion

______2. Fossa b. depression
______3. Process c. cavity
______4. Trochanter d. enlargement near or above condyle
______5. Epicondyle e. prominent projection
______6. Sinus f. prominent ridge
______7. Fissure g. knob
______8. Crest h. cleft
______9. Condyle i. hole
______10. Foramen j. found only on proximal femur
______11. Meatus k. smooth, rounded articular surface
______12. Shaft l. small, flattened articular surface
______13. Tubercle m. tunnel
______14. Head n. enlarged end
o. constricted area between head and body

RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY
The instructor will now provide you the rationalization to these questions. You can now ask questions and debate among
yourselves. Write the correct answers beside the answer sheet presented in the CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING part.
Make sure to use another pen color (preferably red ink) for easy distinction.

LESSON WRAP-UP

You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you
track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.

AL Activity: CAT 3-2-1

This strategy provides a structure for you to record your own comprehension and summarize your learning.

Three things you learned:

1. _______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________________

Two things that you’d like to learn more about:

1. _______________________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________________________

One question you still have:

1. ________________________________________________________________________________________

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