Name: Emmalyn Perida Date performed: Sept.

10, 2021
Group No: Date submitted: Sept. 25, 2021
Course/Year/Major: BSED Science lll Rating:

Exercise # 6. Structure and Classification of Bones

Part A.
Label the major structures of this long bone (femur).

1. Articular cartilage 7. Proximal epiphysis

2. Spongy bone 8. Diaphysis
3. Endosteum 9. Distal epiphysis
4. Medullary cavity
5. Yellow marrow
6. Periosteum
Part B.
Complete the following statements: (Note: Questions 1–6 pertain to bone classification by
shape.)
1. A bone that is platelike is classified as a(an) _______flat________________ bone.
2. The bones of the wrist are examples of _________short_______________ bones.
3. The bone of the thigh is an example of a(an) ________long_______________ bone.
4. Vertebrae are examples of _______irregular________________ bones.
5. The patella (kneecap) is an example of a large _______sesamoid________________ bone.
6. The bones of the skull that form a protective covering of the brain are examples of
_____flat__________________ bones.
7. Distinguish the difference between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of a long bone (3pts).
Epiphysis is the tip of a long bone that is initially isolated from the primary bone by a
layer of cartilage but subsequently ossifies and becomes one with the main bone. While, the
diaphysis, the bone's central tubular area, widens outward near the end to form the metaphysis,
which has a mostly cancellous, or spongy, interior.
8. Describe where cartilage is found on a long bone (3pts).
Cartilage is commonly thought of as a tissue that provides the articulating surface at
the ends of long bones.
9. Describe where dense connective tissue is found on a long bone (3pts).
On a long bone, dense connective tissue surrounds the shaft but not the ends.
10. Distinguish between the periosteum and the endosteum (3pts).
The periosteum is a fibrous membrane that surrounds and protects the bones. It houses
the blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone with nutrients and sensibility. In younger
individuals, the periosteum is often thicker. When the bones age, their thickness reduces. After
a fracture, the periosteum permits bone to grow and remodel. While, the inner cavity of long
bones is lined with endosteum, a soft, thin connective tissue. It aids in the healing of fractures
by forming new cells that aid in the fusion of the bone. This connective tissue also contains
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Part C.
Label the features associated with the microscopic structure of bone.

1. Spongy bone
2. Compact bone
3. Osteon
4. Periosteum
5. Central canal
6. Performing canal
7. Blood vessels
8. Nerve
9. Canaliculus
10. Osteocyte
Part D.
Complete the following(5pts):
1. What differences did you note between the structure of compact bone and spongy bone?
Compact bone
An osteon is the structure of compact bone. Each osteon is made up of lamellae, which
are concentric rings of calcified matrix. The central canal, also known as the Haversian canal,
runs down the center of each osteon and contains blood arteries, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.
Through a perforating canal, also known as Volkmann's canals, these vessels and nerves branch
off at right angles to reach the periosteum and endosteum.
Spongy bone
Osteocytes are housed in lacunae in spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone,
although they are not grouped in concentric rings. Instead, the lacunae and osteocytes are
distributed in trabeculae, a lattice-like network of matrix spikes. Although the trabeculae
appear to be a random network, each trabecula forms along stress lines to produce bone
strength.

2. How are these structural differences related to the locations and functions of these two
types of bone?
Both compact and spongy have solid bone matrix secreted by osteoblast cells, but the
placement of bony tissue in relation to the area occupied by marrow differs. Within the long
bones of the human body, there are two types of bone tissue. Compact bone, which is found on
the surface, and spongy bone, which is found deeper in the bone, are the two types.

3. From your observations, how does the marrow in the medullary cavity compare with the
marrow in the spaces of the spongy bone?
The medullary cavity is a flat region inside the diaphysis that is covered with yellow
marrow. The diaphysis is made up of dense, strong, compact bone. The endosteum is a fragile
membrane lining that surrounds the medullary cavity and is responsible for bone healing,
development and remodelling. The periosteum is a fibrous membrane that covers the bone's
outer surface. The epiphysis is a spongy bone filled region at each end of the bone. The spongy
bone's spaces are filled with red marrow. At the metaphysis, where each epiphysis meets the
diaphysis, the epiphyseal plate, a layer of hyaline (transparent) cartilage in a growing bone, is
found.
In life-threatening conditions, yellow bone marrow stores fat and produces red blood
cells. Our bodies can lose blood quickly in life-threatening situations. During
this circumstances, yellow bone marrow converts to red bone marrow, which produces blood
cells and keeps us alive. Red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells are all produced in
the red bone marrow. The lungs and organs are supplied with oxygen via red blood cells. Our
immune system is strengthened by white blood cells, which help the body fight illnesses.
Part E.
Identify the structures indicated in (a) the epiphysis of a long bone and (b) the diaphysis of a
long bone.

1. Spongy bone
2. Articular cartilage
3. Compact bone

1. Bone collar
2. Primary ossification center