Anatomy and Physiology of Animals Part 1

1. Embryology  The science that deals with the study of the development of an organism from a
zygot to a fetus
branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other  ANATOMY
living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts
(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/anatomy)
branch of anatomy that deals with the minute structure of animal and plant tissues as  HISTOLOGY
discernible with the microscope (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/histology)
comparative study of the body structures of different species of animals in order to  COMPARATIVE
understand the adaptive changes they have undergone in the course ANATOMY
of evolution from common ancestors
(https://www.britannica.com/science/comparative-anatomy)
study of family ancestries and histories. descent from an original form or progenitor;  GENEALOGY
lineage; ancestry (https://www.tamurajones.net/WhatIsGenealogy.xhtml)
2. ARTHROLOGY  A branch of anatomy that deals with study of joints
branch of anatomy that studies muscles and musculature  MYOLOGY
(https://www.thefreedictionary.com/myology)
branch of anatomy dealing with the bones  OSTEOLOGY
(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/osteology)
branch of medicine concerned especially with the structure, function, and diseases of  NEUROLOGY
the nervous system (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neurology)
branch of medicine dealing with the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases  DERMATOLOGY
(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dermatology)
3. SPLANCHOLOGY  A branch of anatomy that deals with the study of the urinary system
study of blood vessels and lymphatics  ANGIOLOGY
(https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/angiology)
the study of the senses and of sensations  AESTHESIOLOGY
(https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aesthesiology)
medical science that deals with the blood and blood-forming organs  HEMATOLOGY
(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hematology)
branch of medicine concerned with the structure, function, and disorders of  ENDOCRINOLOGY
the endocrine glands (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/endocrinology)
4. DISTAL  Directional term in anatomy that is used to describe the location of an organ to be
further away from a reference point, which is often the point of attachment
of or relating to the sole of the foot 
refers to sites located away from a specific area, most often the center of the body 
of, relating to, or involving the palm of the hand 
means nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body 
5.  Directional term which means at or towards the abdomen
towards the tail 
towards the head 
of or relating to the belly or on the anterior surface of an animal opposite the back 
towards the back / rear 
6.  Imaginary plane in the study of anatomy that divides the body into a dorsal
(posterior) and ventral (anterior) part
 same as dorsal, coronal or Y-X plane
divides the body into right and left parts 
divides the body into superior and inferior parts 
 divides the body into EQUAL right and left parts; MID-SAGITTAL plane 
another term for transverse plane 
7.  That part in the external anatomy of the Sus scrofa where the tibia and fibula meet
the metatarsus joints
femur 
 phalanx 
femur, patella and tibia 
tibia and fibula 
8.  Bones that make up the limbs and serve as the site of erythrocyte synthesis in
young animals
protect tendons from stress and wear 
protect internal organs 
air filled spaces known as sinuses have the effect of reducing the weight of the bone 
provide stability and some movement 
9.  The vertebrae of animals are composed of irregular bones. The vertebral formula of
swine is ------------
C7 T13 L6-7 S4 Cy16-18 
C7 T13 L6 S5 Cy18-20 
C7 T13 L7 S4 Cy12 
C14 T7 LS14 Cy6 
10.  There are three types of bone cells found in long bones that have specific role in
bone formation. The bone forming cells are called -------------
mature bone cells 
morphological and functional unit of the bone 
responsible for resorption of aged bone 
small spaces containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage 
11.  The joint between a tooth and its socket is an example of what type of immovable
joint?
fibrous joint connecting the bones of the skull 
cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline) 
found between the bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) and the leg (tibia and fibula) 

12.  Part of the long bone that contains the bone marrow which serves as a site
of hemopoiesis, the creation of red blood cells
plays an essential role in the structural functionality, the transport of oxygen and immune 
support, and mineral and fat storage
thin connective tissue layer that covers the medullary cavity of all long bones; helps in the 
bone growth, repair, and remodelling
a plate of hyaline cartilage located in the metaphysis at the ends of each long bone which 
permit growth and lengthening of the bone
a tissue at the ends of long bones, providing the articulating surface 
13.  This corresponds to the knee of animals
bone of the upper arm / front leg of the animal 
bone of the ankle in humans; carpal bones of the upper limb in animals that walk on their 
toes or hoofs
thighbone 
14.  Type of bone that presents a shaft and two ends
thin, flattened, and usually curved 
does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not fit any other 
classification
Cube-like shape, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness 
Small and round; embedded in tendons 
15.  The muscular system gives form to the body and is composed of three types of
muscles: cardiac, skeletal and visceral. Cardiac muscles are also called
Voluntary striated muscles 
Smooth muscles 
Involuntary unstriated muscles 
None of the above 
16.  Muscles that are responsible in increasing or decreasing angle between segments
or joints
a muscle that draws one part towards another 
 a muscle that draws one part away from another 
a ring-shaped muscle whose contraction narrows or shuts an orifice 
the main muscle that does an action 
the main muscle that resists a movement 
muscles that work together to create a movement 
a muscle that lies in the subcutaneous tissue and attaches to the skin 
17.  The main breast muscle of chicken
Biceps femoris and sartorius 
Biceps brachii and deltoid 
Biceps brachii and triceps humeralis 
Gastrocnemius 
18.  The muscle that enables horse to move their skin to dislodge irritating insects that
land on their skin
chief muscle of the calf of the leg, which flexes the knee and foot 
muscle located in the eyelids which contracts to close the eyes 
runs along each side of the spine;  It's purpose is to extend the spine 
lies below the longgisimus dorsi and is important for lateral flexion of the spine 
19.  The primary function of skeletal muscle is -----------------------
Movement of body extremities and locomotion 
Production of heat 
Movement of contents through the vessels 
Ensuring the operation of the heart 
20.  Which muscle is not involved in speech and mastication
responsible for the action of mastication (chewing) 
functions during swallowing, chewing, and speech 
anterior and mid fibres of the temporalis muscle elevate the mandible; posterior fibres of 
the temporalis muscle function to retract the mandible
Muscle of the buttocks 
21.  Which is not a component of the Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic and autonomous nervous system 
Brain and spinal cord 
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system 
Cranial and spinal nerves 
22.  Nerve cells and muscles do not come in contact with each other; instead there is a
small gap between them called -------------------------------
carry nerve signals to and from the central nervous system 
create neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the 
central nervous system (CNS)
nerves for sensory transduction - stimuli from varying sources are received and changed 
into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system
provides nourishment, waste removal, and protection to the brain 
23.  Which is not a function of the Sympathetic Nervous System?
Dilate pupils 
Stimulate salivation 
Contract bladder 
Inhibit activity of stomach 
Increase heartbeat 
24.  There are 12 cranial nerves that have either sensory or motor functions or both. The
nerve responsible for the sense of smell, whose receptors are located in the
epithelium of the mucus membranes that lines the nasal cavity
visual acuity 
facial expression 
hearing 
taste, gag, and swallow 
25.  Changes in the external and internal environment, referred to as stimulus are
 received by receptors, which converts them to impulses. The receptors for pain are
---------------------------
Vater-pacini corpuscles 
Corpuscles of ruffini 
End bulb of Krause 
Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel’s disc, and free endings 
Free nerve endings 
26.  Which taste is imparted by a number of substances, predominantly the amino
acid glutamate and 5′-ribonucleotides such as inosinate and guanylate
basic taste most commonly perceived when eating foods rich in sugars 
quality characterized by sodium chloride 
Having a sharp, acid taste of lemon juice, vinegar, green fruit, etc. 
described as a sharp, pungent, or disagreeable flavor 
27.  Photoreceptors comprise of the cones that is responsible for black and white vision
and the rods for colored vision. These two lie in the ----------------------- of the eye
the primary function of the lens is to bend and focus light to create a sharp image 
colored part of the eye which helps regulate the amount of light entering the eye 
changes size to adjust for the amount of light available 
clear front window of the eye which transmits and focuses (i.e., sharpness or clarity) light 
into the eye
28.  Which anatomical structure is part of the outer ear?
 It is the portion of the ear that we see / the concave cartilaginous structure of the
outer ear
Eardrum;  a
serves as a divider between the outer ear and the middle ear structures  a
acts as an air pressure equalizer and ventilates the middle ear 
the balance part of the ear; helps maintain balance regardless of head position or gravity, 
in conjunction with eye movement
the portion of the ear that we see; concave cartilaginous structure of the outer ear 
29.  Organ which serves as a mechanical protector and an organ of touch
Supports the weight of the animal; Provides traction for the animal 
adapted for scratching, clutching, digging, or climbing 
serve purposes as sensory organ, for insulation, camouflage and of sexual recognition 
and attraction among the members of a species
used for social dominance, territoriality and anti-predator interactions 
30.  Which among the five senses are the most important?
Smell and sight 
Sight and hearing 
Touch and smell 
Touch and sight 
31.  Estrogen is the female hormone secreted by the ovarian follicle, it is involved in the
following functions EXCEPT
Stimulate duct growth in mammary glands 
Initiation of sexual receptivity 
Regulate LH secretion 
Promote lobuloalveolar growth in mammary gland 
32.  Testosterone is secreted by the male animal for the following functions EXCEPT
Development of body features 
Development and maintenance of libido 
Development of Leydig cells 
Responsible for the secretory activity of accessory organs 
33.  The glands that secrete hormones that stimulate other glands to secrete their own
hormones are
Hypothalamus and adenohypophysis 
Posterior and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland 
Thyroid and the parathyroid 
 Adrenal cortex and medulla 
Ovaries and testes 
34.  The hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates the secretion of the
Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone by the anterior pituitary gland
Corticotrophin releasing hormone 
Thyroid stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (TRH) 
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) 
Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRLH) 
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) 
35.  Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland in response to an abnormally high circulating
Ca
stimulates water reabsorbtion by stimulating insertion of "water channels" or aquaporins 
into the membranes of kidney tubules
promotes retention of sodium and excretion of potassium by the kidneys; regulate salt and 
water in the body
promote sodium and potassium transport, usually followed by changes in water balance 
plays a role in regulating the circadian rhythm — the periods of sleepiness and 
wakefulness in a 24-hour cycle
36.  Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?
ADH 
Oxytocin 
TSH 
MSH 
Cortisol 
37.  Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to stress
 primary endogenous adrenal steroid in most mammals, including humans
man-made version of cortisol used to treat inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune 
diseases as well as joint swelling and pain
can be considered a metabolite of cortisol
primary adrenal corticosteroid in rodents; involved in regulation of energy, immune 
reactions, and stress responses
stimulate the production and release of cortisol from the cortex (outer part) of the 
adrenal gland
a peptide hormone that stimulates both the synthesis and the secretion 
of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the corticotropin-producing cells
(corticotrophs) of the anterior pituitary gland
38.  Hormones recognize their target organs by the presence of the appropriate ___
cells of the organ
a protein that allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane 
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are proteins located on the cell surface involved in 
binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM)
molecular triggers that set off cell responses (such as release of hormones or opening of 
channel proteins)
Carrier proteins are integral membrane proteins 
39.  Insulin and glucagon are protein hormones that have opposing functions, secreted
by the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Insulin functions to
Lower blood sugar 
Raise blood sugar 
Increase Ca concentration in blood 
Decrease Ca concentration in blood 
Stimulate Na reabsoprtion from the kidneys 
40.  The target organ of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) that is secreted by the
adenohypophysis is the -----------------
Kidney 
Mammary glands 
Gonads 
Adrenal medulla 
41.  Oxytocin is a protein hormone secreted by cells in the hypothalamus and
 temporarily stored in the neurohypophysis. It functions to
Regulate the concentration of Na in the body 
Regulate the volume of water in the body 
Enable some animals to change skin color 
Stimulates milk letdown 
Enable animals to deal with emergencies 
42.  Undersecretion of thyroxin and triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland due to a defect
in thyroid gland or lack of supply of iodine will result in -------------------- young
animals
Severely advance hypothyroidism 
“Thyroid Eye Disease” 
Hypoparathyroidism 
caused by damage to the adrenal glands, resulting in low cortisol and, often, not enough 
aldosterone as well; also known as primary adrenal insufficiency and hypocortisolism
43.  This hormone helps in reducing urine volume by increasing reabsorption of water in
the collecting ducts of the kidney
control of overall pigmentation, by effecting melanogenesis 
stimulates testosterone release by the Leydig cells of the testes; steroid release from the 
ovaries, ovulation, and the release of progesterone after ovulation by the corpus luteum
sometimes called the “parenting” hormone; prolactin or leutotropin; acts with other 
hormones to initiate secretion of milk by the mammary glands; has a role in mediating the
care of progeny
prepares the sympathetic nervous system to fight or flee, and released in response to a 
stressor or threat
44.  Oversecretion of this hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis results in
gigantism while undersecretion results in dwarfism




45.  The reproductive hormone that is responsible for stimulating the arborization of the
ductal system of the mammary glands
sexual and reproductive development, mainly in women 
stimulate contractions of the uterus during labor, to stimulate the ejection of milk 
(letdown) during lactation, and to promote maternal nurturing behavior
promotes the growth of mammary alveoli 
Affects digestive and metabolic function, mood, and body temperature 
46.  Pulmonary circulation refers to the movement of the blood from the
Heart to the lungs and back to the heart 
The left ventricle of the heart to various parts of the body 
Heart to the different parts of the body back to the heart 
from the digestive organ to the liver before returning to the heart 
from the ascending aorta to the heart muscle and return of deoxygenated blood from the 
heart muscle to the right atrium
47.  The blood vessels that convey oxygenated blood to the different parts of the body
are called
blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart 
the main lymphatic vessel for the return of chyle / lymph to the systemic venous system 
exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells 
reservoirs for plasma and other substances 
48.  “Lub” is the first heart sound caused by the closure of the atrio-ventricular valves
while “dub” is the second sound caused by the closing of the semilunar valves. The
valve that prevents backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right
ventricle is called the
Prevents the backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle 
Prevents the back flow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium 
Prevents the back flow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium 
 Same as bicuspid valve 
49.  The heart has four chambers, each with specific role in circulation. The right atrium
Receives venous blood from the different parts of the body 
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs 
Pumps out oxygenated blood to the different parts of the body 
Pumps out venous blood into the lungs 
Receives venous blood from the right atrium 
50.  Contraction of the heart is spontaneous and not dependent on the nervous system.
Contraction is initiated by the depolarization of the so-called pacemaker which is the
Atrio-ventricular node 
Bundle of His 
Purkenje network 
Sinu-atrial node 
Atrio-ventricular septum 

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