Welcome to WMU!

Systemic Anatomy
 Yihua Mao (毛以华)
Department of Anatomy
Wenzhou Medical University
Office：Room A217, Building 07
Lab： Room A205, Building 10
Cell: 15868717210 (667210)
E-mail: maoyihua721@163.com

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 Why do students of medicine need to
learn anatomy？

◼ Anatomy is an important basic course in

medicine.
◼ Many courses of medicine are closely related
to anatomy.

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Lay the foundation
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 What is anatomy?
◼ Anatomy is the science of the structure and
function of normal human body and the relations
of its various parts.

◼ Anatomy deals with those structures that can be

seen by naked eyes, it can be studied by two
methods:
(1) According to nine systems of the human body---
Systemic Anatomy
(2) According to different parts of the human body---
Regional Anatomy
 History of Human Anatomy

Hippocratic
（BC460——BC370）
He is an ancient Greek physician.

"Father of medicine"

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 History of Human Anatomy

Vesalius（1514-1564）：
Belgian doctor.
Founder of modern anatomy.

Father of anatomy.

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 Body Organization

• Human beings are the most complex and amazing

organisms on this planet.

• The human body is made up of billions of smaller

structures of six major kinds: atoms, molecules, cells,
tissues, organs, and systems.

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 Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules Atoms

1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
Smooth form molecules
muscle
tissue
Heart
3 Tissue level
Cardiovascular
Tissues consist of
system Blood
similar types of cells
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth Blood
muscle vessel
tissue (organ) 6 Organismal level
Connective The human organism is
tissue made up of many organ
systems
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of 5 Organ system level
different types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs
that work together closely
 Nine systems of human body
1. Locomotor system
2. Alimentary system
3. Respiratory system Can you give
4. Urinary system some examples
5. Reproductive system for each system?
6. Circulatory system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
7. Sense organ
8. Nervous system
9. Endocrine system

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 The Anatomical Position:

➢ Standing erect.
➢ Head, eyes, and toes
directed forward .
➢ The heels and the toes
together.
➢ Upper limbs by the sides.
➢ Palms facing anteriorly.

Is this posture the same as a straight posture???

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Important explaination:

◼All descriptions of the human body take this

position as a standard /reference.

◼This anatomical position is adopted globally for

medical description.

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 Terms of Direction
1. Superior (cranial, above)
closer to the head.
Inferior (caudal, below)
closer to the feet.

2. Anterior (ventral, front)

on the front of the body.
Posterior (dorsal, back)
on the back of the body.
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 midline
3. Medial

➢ closer to the midline.

A B
Lateral

➢ farther from the midline.

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4. Proximal

➢ closer to the trunk.

proximal
Distal
distal
➢ farther from the trunk.

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 5. Superficial: closer to the surface.

Deep: farther from the surface.

superficial

deep

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 Anatomical Planes

➢ Sagittal plane

• This plane divides human

body into left and right parts.

• A mid-sagittal plane
divides the body into two
equal halves.
➢ Coronal plane

• This plane divides human body

into anterior and posterior parts.

• They are sometimes named

frontal planes.

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➢ Horizontal plane

• This plane divides body into

superior and inferior parts.

• They can also be called

transverse planes.

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 ➢Sagittal plane
➢Coronal plane

➢Horizontal plane

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 How to study anatomy?

The learning effect is determined by yourself.

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 How to study anatomy?

➢ Vocabulary
Anatomy has a lot of specialized vocabulary, and you
have to remember and understand them. Anatomy is
the foundation of medicine. It is really very helpful
for you study other subjects.

Students who are lazy cannot do well in this subject !

 How to study anatomy?

➢ The cadaver is your best teacher

◆ The time you invest in dissection and learning will
benefit you throughout your career in medicine.

◆ Labs involve samples, models or body materials.

You must pass the lab portion independently in order
to pass the entire course.
 How to study anatomy?

➢ Attendance
Classes will start on time and will run the entire time.
So you can't go out halfway. If you are absent for any
reason, please notify the teacher as soon as possible.

Your attitude decides everything !!!

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 Points to Remember

➢ Conception of anatomy
➢ History of human anatomy
➢ Body Organization
➢ Anatomical position
➢ Terms of direction
➢ Anatomical planes
 The Locomotor System
Composition：
the skeletal system is to provide the framework for our body,
and to protect the organs as well as to move passively.
the articular system is to provide the axis for movement.
the muscular system is to provide the force for movement.

Function：support，protection ，movement

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 THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

Part 1 Osteology

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 General Introduction

•There are 206 bones in adult.

Including：
➢skull (29)
➢bones of trunk (51)
➢bones of limb (126)
 Morphological classification of bones

Flat bone
Long bone

Short bone

Irregular bone

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1. Long bones
➢ Long bones are usually found in limbs.
➢ Long bone is characterized by one shaft
(diaphysis) and two ends (epiphysis).
➢ In childhood, a “cartilage” is retained
between the shaft and the end, which can
divide and differentiate(分化) and make
the bone longer.
➢ In adult, the cartilage is ossified(骨化),
leaving a line between the shaft and the
end , and the bone is no longer
lengthened.
2. Short bones
They are located in wrist and ankle joint, cubical-shaped,
clumped distribution, including the carpal and tarsal bones.
3. Flat bones
➢ They are thin, flat and
usually somewhat curved.
➢ They form the walls of
body cavities.
➢ Examples: most bones of
the skull, sternum, and ribs.
4. Irregular bones
They have various shapes and cannot be summarized in any
of the above. Typical examples are vertebrae and hip bones.
Review
Structures of the bone

Bone substance

Bone periosteum

Bone marrow

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1. Bone substance
Spongy substance
Compact substance
A. Compact substance
----on the surface of bone
----consist of solid tissue
----covered by periosteum
except articular surfaces.
B. Spongy substance
----in the deep of bone
----consist of slender, needle-
shaped osseous tissue
----arrange in lines of greatest
pressure and tension
The design of the Eiffel Tower is inspired by the
spongy substance.
2. Bone periosteum
----a layer of solid connective
membrane
----cover the surface of bone
----attach to bone firmly
----has abundant blood vessels
Bone periosteum
and nerves
----pay attention to protect the
periosteum during fracture repair.
 3. Bone marrow
It is a soft tissue that is filled in
marrow cavity and the space of
spongy bone.

----red bone marrow contains a

lot of hematopoietic stem cells
(造血干细胞) which can produce
blood cells.
---- After 5 years old, the red bone
marrow in the shaft of long bone
loses its function and is gradually
replaced by adipose tissue to
Smear of red bone marrow
become yellow bone marrow.
（红骨髓涂片）
 Functions of bone
◼ Support: maintains upright posture.
◼ Protection: protects the brain and internal organs.
◼ Blood cell formation: hematopoiesis(造血)
◼ Storage: stores fat and minerals.
◼ Leverage(杠杆作用): A lever (杠杆) is a simple
machine that magnifies speed and strength of movement.
Labeling Exercises
Spongy bone 1
Compact bone 3
Epiphyseal disks 7
Medullary cavity 4
Yellow marrow 5
Periosteum 6
Proximal epiphysis 8
Distal epiphysis 10
Diaphysis 9
Space occupied by red marrow 2
 Points to remember

➢ Classification of bones

➢ Structures of the bone

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